FOOTNOTES
[1] E. Acton (1909) has described a primitive lichen Botrydina vulgaris, in which there is no fruiting stage, and in which the fungus seems to show affinity with a Hyphomycete.
[2] Luyken 1809.
[3] Hornschuch 1819.
[4] Raab 1819.
[5] Dillenius 1741, p. 200.
[6] Wallroth 1825.
[7] Agardh 1820.
[9] Schwendener 1867.
[10] Fink 1913.
[11] Lindsay 1876.
[12] Nylander 1869.
[13] Crombie 1891.
[14] Nylander 1891.
[15] Crombie 1874.
[16] Crombie 1877.
[17] Crombie 1885.
[18] Fink 1913.
[19] Elfving 1913.
[20] Moreau 1918.
[21] Peirce 1898.
[22] French 1898.
[23] Morison 1699.
[24] Tournefort 1694 and 1700.
[25] Dillenius 1741.
[26] Krempelhuber 1867-1872.
[27] Grete Herball 1526.
[28] Ruel 1536.
[29] Dorstenius 1540.
[30] Camerarius 1586.
[31] Tabernaemontanus 1590.
[32] L’Obel 1576.
[33] Dodoens 1583.
[34] Gerard 1597.
[35] Schwenckfeld 1600.
[36] Colonna 1606.
[37] Bauhin 1623, pp. 360-2.
[38] Parkinson 1640.
[39] How 1650.
[40] Merrett 1666.
[41] Plot 1686.
[42] Morison 1699.
[43] Ray 1670.
[44] Ray 1686.
[45] Ray 1690.
[46] Petiver 1695.
[47] Plukenet 1691-1696.
[48] Malpighi 1686.
[49] Porta 1688.
[50] Tournefort 1694.
[51] Tournefort 1700.
[52] Rupp 1718.
[53] Buxbaum 1721.
[54] Vaillant 1727.
[55] Dillenius 1724 and 1741.
[56] Micheli 1729.
[57] Dillenius 1719.
[58] See Druce and Vines 1907.
[59] Crombie 1880.
[60] Haller 1742.
[61] Linnaeus 1753.
[62] Schneider 1897.
[63] Hill 1751. Hill’s genus Collema is Nostoc, etc.
[64] Hill 1760.
[65] Watson 1759.
[66] Scopoli 1760.
[67] Adanson 1763.
[68] Hudson 1762 and 1778.
[69] Withering 1776.
[70] Lightfoot 1777.
[71] Dickson 1785.
[72] Weber 1780.
[73] Sibthorp 1794.
[74] Relhan 1785 and 1820.
[75] Smith 1790.
[76] Hoffmann 1798.
[77] Persoon 1794.
[78] Buxbaum 1728.
[79] Petiver 1712.
[80] Sloane 1796 and 1807.
[81] Swartz 1788 and 1791.
[82] Desfontaines 1798-1800.
[83] Georgi 1797.
[84] Willomet, etc. 1787.
[85] Acharius 1798.
[86] Acharius 1803.
[87] Acharius 1810.
[88] Acharius 1814.
[89] Hue 1908.
[90] De Candolle 1805.
[91] Flörke 1815-1819.
[92] Davies 1813.
[93] Forster 1816.
[94] S. F. Gray 1821.
[95] Carrington 1870.
[96] See List of the Books, etc. by John Edward Gray, p. 3, 1872.
[97] Hooker 1821.
[98] Hooker 1831.
[99] Greville 1823-1827.
[100] Greville 1824.
[101] Hooker 1833.
[102] Taylor 1836.
[103] Fries 1831.
[104] Fée 1824.
[105] Flörke 1828.
[106] Wallroth 1829.
[107] Delise 1822.
[108] Chevalier 1824.
[109] Wallroth 1825.
[110] Meyer 1825.
[111] Holle 1849.
[112] Koerber 1839.
[113] Michaux 1803.
[114] Mühlenberg 1813.
[115] Torrey 1819.
[116] Halsey 1824.
[117] Tuckerman 1839.
[118] Fée 1824.
[119] Martius 1833.
[120] Montagne 1851.
[121] Hooker 1841.
[122] Schaerer 1850.
[123] Eschweiler 1824.
[124] Fée 1824.
[125] De Notaris 1846.
[126] Massalongo 1852.
[127] Norman 1852.
[128] Koerber 1855.
[129] Mudd 1861.
[130] Lindsay 1856.
[131] Leighton 1851, etc.
[132] See Hue 1899.
[133] Nylander 1854 and 1855.
[134] Tulasne 1852.
[135] Lauder Lindsay 1859.
[136] Itzigsohn 1854-1855.
[137] Speerschneider 1853.
[138] Sachs 1855.
[139] Thwaites 1849.
[140] Schwendener 1863-1868.
[141] Leighton 1851.
[142] Leighton 1854.
[143] Leighton 1856.
[144] Mudd 1865.
[145] Th. Fries 1858.
[146] Schwendener 1867.
[147] Nylander 1874.
[148] Crombie 1885.
[149] Lett 1890.
[150] Fünfstück 1898.
[151] Zahlbruckner 1903-1907.
[152] Ventenat 1794, p. 36.
[153] Cassini 1817, p. 395.
[154] Agardh 1820.
[155] Scopoli 1760, p. 79.
[156] Persoon 1794, p. 17.
[157] Sprengel 1804, p. 325.
[158] Wallroth 1825, I.
[159] Wallroth 1825, I., p. 303.
[160] Fries 1831, pp. lvi and lvii.
[161] Kützing 1843.
[162] Thwaites 1849, pp. 219 and 241.
[163] Flotow 1850.
[164] Sachs 1855.
[165] Itzigsohn 1855.
[166] Itzigsohn 1854.
[167] Hicks 1860 and 1861.
[168] Speerschneider 1853.
[169] Famintzin and Baranetzky 1867.
[170] Baranetzky 1869.
[171] Itzigsohn 1867.
[172] Bayrhoffer 1851.
[173] Tulasne 1852.
[174] Speerschneider 1854.
[175] de Bary 1866, p. 242.
[176] Schwendener 1860, p. 125.
[177] de Bary 1866, p. 291.
[178] Nylander 1870.
[179] Elfving 1903 and 1913.
[181] Minks 1878 and 1879.
[182] Müller 1878 and 1884.
[183] Zukal 1884.
[184] Darbishire 1895¹.
[185] Schwendener 1860, etc.
[186] Schwendener 1867.
[187] Schwendener 1868, p. 195.
[188] Schwendener 1869.
[189] Rees 1871.
[190] Bornet 1872.
[191] The authors quoted have been followed in their designation of the various green algae that form lichen gonidia. It is however now recognized (Wille 1913) that either Protococcus viridis Ag., Chlorella or other Protococcaceae may form the universal green coating on trees, etc., and be incorporated as lichen gonidia. Pleurococcus vulgaris Naeg. and Pleurococcus Naegeli Chod. are synonyms of Protococcus viridis. In that alga there is no pyrenoid, and no zoospores are formed.
The genus Cystococcus, according to Chodat (1913), is characterized by the presence of a pyrenoid and by reproduction with zoospores and is identical with Pleurococcus vulgaris Menegh. (non Naeg.), though Wille regards Meneghini’s species as of mixed content. Paulson and Hastings (1920) now find that Chodat’s pyrenoid is the nucleus of the cell.
[192] Woronin 1872.