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Life among the butterflies

Chapter 2: LIFE AMONG THE BUTTERFLIES
By Vance Randolph
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Nature/Gardening/AnimalsScience - Biology

About This Book

The book surveys historical and contemporary literature on butterflies, then explains butterfly anatomy, physiology, and complete metamorphosis from egg through larva and pupa to adult. It provides life-history details illustrated by a case study of a red silverwing's egg-laying, larval molts, pupation, and emergence. Classification and family-group characteristics are outlined, with keys to major butterfly families and subfamilies. The final chapters discuss predators, defensive coloration and mimicry, chemical defenses, and behavioral strategies such as feigning death.

LIFE AMONG THE BUTTERFLIES

CONTENTS

Chapter I. Books About Butterflies 7
Linnaeus—Clerck—Fabricius—Peter Cramer—Hübner—Smith and Abbot—Boisduval and LeConte—Harris—Morris—W. H. Edwards—S. H. Scudder—G. H. French—C. J. Maynard—W. J. Holland—William G. Wright—Longstaff—C. M. Weed.
Chapter II. The Butterfly’s Body 12
The Head, Eyes, and Mouth Parts—The Thorax, Wings, and Legs—The Abdomen—The Digestive Apparatus—The Circulatory System—The Respiratory Tract—The Excretory Organs—The Nervous System—The Reproductive Organs.
Chapter III. Butterfly Metamorphosis 19
The First Stage or Egg—The Second or Larval Stage—The Third or Pupal Stage—The Fourth Stage or Imago.
Chapter IV. The Case of the Red Silverwing 23
Oviposition—The Egg—The Emergence of the Caterpillar—The Caterpillar—Moulting—Pupation—The Chrysalis—Pupal Movements—The Appearance of the Butterfly.
Chapter V. The Classification of Butterflies 33
Subkingdoms, Classes, Orders and Suborders—The Four Families—Subfamilies, Genera, and Species—The Value of Scientific Nomenclature—Varieties.
Chapter VI. The Four Families 38
The Four-footed Butterflies—The Euploeinae—The Heliconiinae—The Nymphalinae—The Satyrinae—The Libytheinae—The Gossamer-winged Butterflies—The Lycaeninae—The Swallowtails and their Allies—The Pierinae—The Papilioninae—The Skippers.
Chapter VII. Enemies and Protection 55
Protective Coloration—Offensive Odors and Tastes—Warning Coloration—Protective Mimicry—Heliotropism and List—Feigning Death.