APPENDIX
My attention has been called (too late for a reference in the text) to a medieval Latin poem giving a gloomy account of student life in Paris in the twelfth century. The verses, which have been printed in the American Journal of Philology (vol. xi. p. 80), insist upon the hardships of the student's life, and contrast his miserable condition with the happier lot of the citizens of Paris. For him there is no rejoicing in the days of his youth, and no hope even of a competence in the future. His lodgings are wretched and neglected; his dress is miserable, and his appearance slovenly. His food consists of peas, beans, and cabbage, and
"libido
Mensæ nulla venit nisi quod sale sparsa rigorem
Esca parum flectit."
His bed is a hard mattress stretched on the floor, and sleep brings him only a meagre respite from the toils of the day:--
"Sed in illa pace soporis
Pacis eget studii labor insopitus, et ipso
Cura vigil somno, libros operamque ministrat
Excitæ somnus animæ, nec prima sopori
Anxietas cedit, sed quæ vigilaverat ante
Sollicitudo redit, et major summa laboris
Curarum studiis in somnibus obicit Hydram."
In the early hours of the morning he goes to his lectures, and the whole of his day is given to study. The description of the student at lecture is interesting:--
"Aure et mente bibit et verba cadentia promo
Promptus utroque levat, oculique et mentis in illo
Fixa vigilque manet acies aurisque maritat
Pronuba dilectam cupida cum meute Minervam."
SELECTED BIBLIOGRAPHY
- Savigny: Geschichte der römischen Rechts im Mittelalter. (Heidelberg, 1834.)
- Sir William Hamilton: Discussions on Philosophy and Literature, Education, and University Reform. (London, 1852.)
- Denifle: Die Entstehung der Universitäten des Mittelalters bis 1400. (Berlin, 1885.)
- Rashdall: The Universities of Europe in the Middle Ages. (Oxford, 1895.)
- Kaufmann: Geschichte der Deutschen Universitäten. (Stuttgart, 1888.)
- Article on Universities in the Encyclopædia Britannica.
- Archiv für Lit. u. Kirchengeschichte des Mittelalters. Jurist Statutes of Padua (1331) in vol. vi.; Salamanca documents in vol. v.
- Malagola: Statuti della università e dei collegi dello studio bolognese. (Bologna, 1888.)
- Denifle and Chatelain: Chartularium Universitatis Parisiensis. (Paris, 1889-1897.)
- (Many of the statutes of the Colleges of Paris will be found scattered through Felibien: Histoire de la Ville de Paris. Paris, 1725.)
- Antony Wood: History and Antiquities of the University of Oxford. (Ed. Gutch. Oxford, 1792-6.)
- —— History and Antiquities of the Colleges and Halls in the University of Oxford. (Ed. Gutch. Oxford, 1786.)
- Anstey: Munimenta Academica. (Rolls Series, 1868.)
- Statutes of the Colleges of Oxford. (London, 1853.)
- Clark: The Colleges of Oxford. (London, 1892.)
- (The best account of Oxford will be found in vol. ii., Part ii., of Dr Rashdall's "Universities of Europe." There are two short histories of the University by Maxwell Lyte (London, 1886) and Brodrick (London, 1886.).)
- Documents relating to the University and Colleges of Cambridge. (London, 1852.)
- Mullinger: The University of Cambridge from the Earliest Times to the Royal Injunctions of 1535. (Cambridge, 1873.)
- In two subsequent volumes Mr Mullinger has continued the narrative to the latter half of the seventeenth century, and he has also written a short "History of the University of Cambridge." (Epochs of Church History. London, 1888.)
- Gherardi: Statuti della università e studio Fiorentino. (Florence, 1881.)
- Villanueva: Statutes of the University of Lerida in "Viage Literario á las Iglesias de España." T. xvi. (Madrid, 1851.)
- Marcel Fournier: Les Statuts et Privilèges des Universités françaises depuis leur fondation jusqu'en 1789. (Paris, 1890-92.)
- Dittrich und Spirk: Monumenta Historica Universitatis Pragensis. (Prague, 1830.)
- Kink: Geschichte der Kaiserl. Univ. zu Wien. (Vienna, 1854.)
- Hautz: Geschichte der Universität Heidelberg. (Mannheim, 1862.)
- Vernulæus: Academia Lovaniensis. (Louvain, 1667.)
- Molanus: Historiæ Lovaniensium, ed. De Ram. (Brussels, 1861.)
- Zarncke: Die Statutenbücher der Univ. Leipzig. (Leipzig, 1861.)
- —— Acta Rectorum Univ. Lipsiensis. (Leipzig, 1858.)
- Evidence taken and received by the Scottish Universities Commissioners of 1826. (London, 1837.)
- Innes: Fasti Aberdonenses. Spalding Club. (Aberdeen, 1854.)
INDEX
Abelard,
6.
Aberdeen, Univ. of,
105,
106,
107,
122-3.
Ælius Donatus,
138.
Aix, Univ. of,
39,
112,
114.
Alexander de Villa Dei,
138.
Alfonso the Wise,
9.
Alyard, Edmund,
153-4.
Angers, Univ. of,
7,
147.
—— Coll. of Breuil at,
90.
Anselm, St,
6.
Arezzo, Studium at,
7.
Aristotle,
138-143.
Arts, The Seven Liberal,
137-9.
Avignon, Univ. of,
88,
112.
—— College of Annecy at,
113.
—— College of Notre Dame de Pitié at,
88,
90.
—— Confraternity of St Sebastian at,
112.
Bagley Wood,
97.
Bateman, Bishop,
70.
Boethius,
139.
Bologna, Spanish College at,
19,
34,
93.
—— Studium Generale at,
6,
8,
9.
—— Universities of,
11-34,
44,
46-7,
48,
140.
Caen, Univ. of,
148.
Cahors, College of St Nicholas de Pelegry at,
89,
91.
Caius, Dr,
61,
68.
Cambridge, Univ. of,
3,
7,
10,
120,
136-7,
146-7.
—— College discipline at,
49-78.
—— Colleges of—
Caius,
61,
68,
70;
Christ's,
66,
69,
71;
Clare,
59;
Jesus,
67;
King's,
62,
64,
66;
Peterhouse,
58,
62,
63,
69,
72;
Trinity,
68;
Trinity Hall,
70.
Chaucer, Prologue to Canterbury Tales,
1-3,
73,
74,
75.
Chichele, Archbishop,
73.
Cicero,
138,
139.
College, meaning of word,
5.
Cologne, Univ. of,
48.
Dôle, Univ. of, 39.
Eberhard,
139.
Ely, Bishop of,
47.
Erfurt, Univ. of,
48.
Estoutville, Cardinal,
94-5,
143-4.
Euclid,
139.
Farleigh,
51,
52.
Florence, Univ. of,
34-7.
France, Universities of,
12.
Frederick Barbarossa,
24-5.
Frederick II.,
8.
Germany, Universities of,
47-8,
142.
Gilbert de la Porrée,
139.
Glasgow, Univ. of,
105,
106,
140.
Gloys, James,
153.
Gregory IX.,
9.
Hearne, Thomas,
122.
Heidelberg, Univ. of,
48,
107-8,
117,
141.
Henry II.,
6.
Henry VI.,
58,
61,
63,
66.
Henry VIII.,
58.
Holler, Thomas,
153.
—— Robert,
154.
Holywood, John,
139.
Ingolstadt, Univ. of,
105.
Innocent III.,
42,
43.
—— IV.,
7,
9.
John XXI.,
139.
—— XXII.,
10.
—— King,
7,
45.
Knox, Vicesimus, 149.
Leipsic, Univ. of,
48.
—— Collegium Maius at,
89.
—— Collegium Minus at,
90.
—— University discipline at,
102-5,
108.
—— "Town and Gown" at,
128-131.
Lerida, Univ. of,
37-8.
Lincoln, See of,
45,
46.
Louvain, Univ. of,
48,
145-6,
149.
—— University, discipline at,
101-2,
116.
Lyons, Studium at,
7,
9.
Lyra, Nicolaus de,
139.
Maldon,
51,
52,
54.
Marsilius,
139.
Melville, Andrew,
140.
Modena, Studium at,
7,
9.
Merton, Walter de,
50-6,
134.
Montpellier, Univ. of,
7.
—— College of Douze Medecins at,
89.
—— College of St Benedict at,
91-3.
—— College of Saint Ruf at,
89,
90.
Naples, Univ. of,
8.
"Nations,"
14,
15,
18,
19,
20,
43,
44,
46,
78,
79,
131.
Nicholas IV.,
9,
10.
Orleans, Univ. of,
7,
115,
128.
Ovid,
139.
Oxford, Univ. of,
6,
10,
39,
45,
47,
49,
120,
133-142,
146,
147,
149-155.
—— College discipline at,
49-78.
—— University discipline at,
095-101.
—— "Town and Gown" at,
124-128.
Oxford, Colleges of—
Balliol,
71,
122;
Brasenose,
66,
67,
122;
Christ Church,
68;
Corpus Christi,
60,
67,
68,
72,
105;
Jesus,
59;
Lincoln,
77;
Magdalen,
62,
66,
134;
Merton,
50-6,
60,
67,
120,
121,
122,
134;
New College,
57,
58,
59,
60,
61,
62,
63,
64,
66,
67,
71,
76,
77,
120,
133,
147;
Pembroke,
68;
Queen's,
59,
61,
63,
74,
77;
Worcester,
68.
Oxford, Halls of—
Haburdaysh Hall,
98;
Pauline Hall,
97;
Peckwater Inn,
97.
Padua, Univ. of,
7,
10,
34.
Palencia, Studium at,
7.
Paris, Univ. of,
6,
7,
9,
11,
40,
41-5,
49,
128,
133,
134,
139,
141,
142-6,
148,
157-8.
—— College discipline at,
78-88.
—— "Jocund Advent" at,
109-112.
—— Univ. discipline at,
94-5.
Paris, Colleges of—
Cambray,
111;
Clugny,
88;
Cornouaille,
83,
84,
85,
86,
111,
133;
Dainville,
87,
111,
144-6;
Le Mans,
79,
84;
Marmoutier,
86;
Plessis,
82;
St Bernard,
83,
85,
86,
110;
Sorbonne,
81,
85,
86,
111,
112;
Tours,
83;
Treasurer's,
79,
80,
87,
111.
Paston, John,
154.
—— Margaret,
153.
—— Walter,
152-5.
Peckham, Archbishop,
55-6.
Perpignan, Univ. of,
38.
Petrus Hispanus,
139.
Philip Augustus,
42.
Plessis, Geoffrey du,
82.
Porphyry,
139.
Prague, Univ. of,
48,
116,
147.
Priscian,
139.
Ptolemy,
139.
Reggio, Studium at,
7.
Reims, Studium at,
7.
Rostock, Univ. of,
48.
Rouen,
79,
80,
81.
Rudolf IV.,
124.
St Andrews, Univ. of,
105,
106,
122.
St Scholastica's Day,
125-6.
Salamanca, Studium at,
7,
9,
39.
Salerno, Univ. of,
9.
Saone, Guillaume de,
79.
Scayfe, Henry,
77.
Scotland, Universities of,
48,
105,
140,
142.
Seggefyld, John,
77.
Studium Generale, meaning of,
5-12.
Toulouse, Univ. of,
7,
9,
128.
—— College de Foix at,
89.
—— College de Verdale at,
91,
144.
Universitas, meaning of, 4, 5, 10, 11.
Valladolid, Studium at,
7.
Vicenza, Studium at,
7.
Vienna, Univ. of,
48,
124,
140,
141,
142,
147.
Virgil,
139.
Waynflete, William of,
66,
134.
Wingfield, Sir E.,
57.
Wood, Antony à,
120-2,
125-126.
Wolsey, Cardinal,
68.
Würzburg, Univ. of,
48.
Wykeham, William of,
58,
60,
62,
63,
64,
67,
76,
147.
Zarncke, Friedrich, 102.
TURNBULL AND SPEARS, PRINTERS, EDINBURGH
Footnote 1: The prison was called "Bocardo" because, like the mood known as "Bocardo" in the syllogism, it was difficult to get out of.(Back)