Lighthouses and Lightships / A Descriptive and Historical Account of Their Mode of Construction and Organization

Index.

Alexander the Great, anecdote of, quoted, 26, 29.
Alexandria, the pharos of, one of the wonders of the world, 17;
its architect, 17, 18;
its position, 20, 21;
described, 21;
references to, in the historians, 21, 22;
description of, by Edrisi, 22, 25, 26;
fables concerning, 26, 29.
Alguada reef, lighthouse on, described, 210.
Ampellius, Lucius, his description of the Colossus of Rhodes, 47.
Anastasius, the librarian, cited, 19.
Annette, the isle of, described, 196;
dangerous character of, 210.
Apameia, colony of, founded, 15, 16.
Argand, the engineer, his efforts in lighthouse illumination, 70.
Avery, David, his establishment of a lightship at the Scilly Isles, 254, 255.
Ballantyne, R. M., quoted, 312–314.
Beachy Head, light at, referred to, 132.
Beacons, suggestions for lighting, by Mr. T. Stevenson, 169, 170.
Belle-Tout lighthouse, the, described, 207.
Bell Rock, the, position of, 146, 147;
the legend of quoted, 147–149.
Bell Rock lighthouse, the, story of its erection, 149–164;
description of, 165, 166;
how managed, 166, 167;
curious incident connected with, 167.
Bible, the, references to beacons in, 12.
Bishop Rock lighthouse, the, erection of recorded, 196, 197.
Black Prince, the, lighthouse erected at Cordouan by, 214.
Board of Ballast, the, of Dublin, its functions and members, 55.
Board of Trade, the, its superintendence of lighthouse-boards, 55.
Borda, the mathematician, his reflecting apparatus, 71.
Boulogne, referred to by Pliny and Ptolemæus, 30;
its early history, 30;
the Tour d’Ordre of, described—See Tour d’Ordre.
Brick-making amongst the Romans, description of, 40, 41.
Buffon, the naturalist, his suggestions for lighthouse illumination, 77.
Buoys, as aids to navigation, 270;
various kinds of, 273;
modes of lighting, 274;
how shifted, 275.
Caligula, the Emperor, his erection of the Tour d’Ordre at Boulogne, 30.
Calf of Man, double lights at, 76.
Capio, pharos at, referred to by Strabo the geographer, 14.
Capreæ, island of, pharos on, referred to, 13.
Carcel, the engineer, his efforts in lighthouse illumination, 70.
Carcel lamp, the, described, 80.
Carr Rock, erection of a beacon on, by Mr. R. Stevenson, 168.
Catoptric system, the, of illumination, described at length, 71–77.
Caylus, the Comte de, his demonstration concerning the Rhodian Apollo, 44.
Champollion, his account of the building of the pharos of Alexandria, 18.
Chares, the sculptor of the Colossus of Rhodes, the story of, 48.
Chevreau, Urbain, his reference to the Colossus of Rhodes, 44.
Chrysorrhoas, lighthouse on the, described by Dionysius of Byzantium, 13, 14.
Claudius, the Emperor, at Boulogne, 13.
Colossus of Rhodes, the, fabled magnitude of, 43;
was it ever a beacon-light? 44;
described by Pliny and Philo, 47;
referred to by Lucius Ampellius, 47;
the authentic facts concerning, 47, 48;
its sculptor’s career sketched, 48.
Colour, as a source of distinction between lights, 76, 77.
Condorcet, the philosopher, his suggestions for lighthouse illumination, 77.
Cordouan, the first lighthouse at, 213, 214;
the second, described, 214;
the present structure, history of, 214, 215;
described, 216–218;
M. Michelet’s account of, 218–221;
its illuminating apparatus, 221, 222.
Cornhill Magazine, quoted, 277.
Crusius, Martinus, story of the Alexandrian pharos quoted from, 26, 29.
Darling, Grace, the story of, 280, 281.
Delavigne, Casimir, the poet, quoted, 224.
Dionysius of Byzantium, his description of a lighthouse on the Chrysorrhoas, 13, 14.
Dioptric system, the, of lighthouse illumination, described in detail, 77, 78, 84–87.
Double lights, the, of the catoptric system, how exhibited, 76.
Dover, early history of the castle, 38;
the tower, its present appearance described, 38–40;
its history sketched, 41, 42.
Dubhe-Artach Rocks, the, described, 208;
proposed lighthouse on, 209.
Dungeness, the red light at, 132.
Eddystone Rocks, the, position of, described, 108, 109.
Eddystone lighthouse, the, of Winstanley, its erection narrated, 109–113;
its destruction, 113;
of Rudyerd, 113–116;
its conflagration, 116–118;
a romantic narrative connected with, 118, 119;
of Smeaton, its erection described, 121–129;
its present condition, 129, 130.
Edinburgh Review, cited, 55, 69.
Edrisi, the historian, his description of the Alexandrian pharos, 22–26.
Egger, M., on the Tour d’Ordre at Boulogne, 32, 35, 36.
Egypt, the light-towers of, described, 10.
Empiricus, Sextus, the Pyrrhonist, on the sculptor of the Colossus of Rhodes, 48.
Enfant Perdu, the, lighthouse on, its difficult construction, 250.
English Channel, the, lights in, enumerated, 131, 132.
Esquiros, M. Alphonse, his description of Trinity House, quoted, 58–61;
his account of life on board a lightship, 255, 256.
Faraday, Professor, his system of ventilation for lighthouses, 101, 102.
Fastnet Rock, revolving light on the, 204;
the lighthouse on, described, 204–206.
Fire-towers amongst the Egyptians, 10, 12;
reference to, in Homer and the Bible, 12.
Fixed light, the, of the catoptric system, how obtained, 74.
Fixed light, varied by flashes, employed in France, 92, 93.
Flashing light, the, of the catoptric system, how effected, 75.
Foix, Louis de, the Parisian architect, his erection of a tower at Cordouan, 215.
Forfarshire, the, wreck of, referred to, 280, 281.
France, number of lighthouses in, 56;
its system of lighthouse administration, 56, 57.
Fresnel, Jean Augustin, the engineer, his career sketched, 78, 79;
his system of lighthouse illuminationdescribed, 86, 89;
his revolving light and apparatus explained, 90, 91;
his lenticular system, 222.
Gascony, Gulf of, described by M. Michelet, 262.
Grand Barge d’Olonne, the lighthouse of, its construction described, 245, 246.
Greeks, the, lighthouses among, 10.
Gregory of Tours, the historian, his employment of the word “pharos,” 19.
Gunfleet, the lighthouse at, on piles, 207, 208.
Hamblin, Robert, his establishment of a lightship at the Nore, 254, 255.
Harwich, the light at, 66.
Héaux, of Bréhat, the lighthouse of, story of its erection, 233–237, 240–243;
its submarine portion, 237;
its rocky foundation, 238;
its stability, 238;
the principle of its construction, 239, 240;
its resistance to the waves, 243, 244.
Hercules, his fabled invention of lighthouses, 10;
the Pillars of, historical memoranda concerning, 265, 266.
Herodian, the historian, his description of Roman light-towers, 14.
Hesychius, the historian, his account of the Pillars of Hercules, 266.
Hève, La, legend connected with, 226–228;
position of described, 228;
lighthouses of, details concerning, 228–232.
Homer, reference to fire-towers in, 12.
Honduras, the mahogany of, 144.
Illuminating apparatus, the, of lighthouses, treated in detail, 68–95.
Inchkeith, isle of, lighthouse on, 145.
Intermittent light, the, of the catoptric system, how distinguished, 75, 76.
Ireland, the coast of, lights on, enumerated, 201–204.
Isaiah, the prophet, his reference to beacons, 12.
Josephus, the historian, his account of the pharos at Alexandria, 21.
La Hève, the two lighthouses of, electric and lenticular apparatus at, 81, 82.
Lamps as a means of lighthouse illumination, 69, 70;
the various kinds employed in modern lighthouses, 79–81.
Landmarks, early historical instances of, 264, 265;
the Pillars of Hercules, 265, 266;
Pompey’s Pillar, 266, 269, 270.
Land’s End, the, described, 193, 194.
Leon of Ostia, cited, 20.
Lesches, pharos erected by, 12, 13.
Light, the electric, as a means of lighthouse illumination, 81–84.
Light, the refraction of, 84.
Lighthouse commission of France, buildings of, referred to, 61.
Lighthouse illumination, history of, sketched, 69–71.
Lighthouse, an iron, described, 204–206;
on piles, 207.
Lighthouse keeper, the, his duties detailed, 276–279;
in France, 285–288.
Lighthouses, early history of, 9–43;
how administered, 49–61;
their geographical distribution, 62–67;
the illuminating apparatus of, 68–94;
the skill required in their construction, 95;
the conditions of their erection, 96;
number of men required for, 97, 98, 102;
their capability of resistance to wind and wave, 98;
internal arrangements of, 99–102;
duties of their keepers, 102–104;
of Great Britain, 108–211;
of France, 212–252;
the auxiliaries of, 256–275;
life in, described, 276–288.
Lights, variety of, 62, 63, 67;
sea, 63;
secondary, 64;
harbour, 65;
the leading five, 65, 66;
their recent introduction, 66;
danger of a too great multiplicity, 66, 67;
a list of, 289–311.
Lightships, first instituted by Avery and Hamblin, 254, 255;
described, 255–257;
how managed, 257, 258;
British and Irish, 258;
of the United States, 259;
their crews, 259–261;
life on board, 261–263;
a night on board a lightship, 312–314.
Lizard lights, the, referred to, 130.
Lizard Point, lighthouses on, described, 197–199.
Longfellow, the poet, his piece on the lighthouse quoted, 279, 280.
Louis XIV. of France, anecdote of, 115, 116.
Lovet, Captain, his lease of the Eddystone rock, 113.
Lowestoff, the lighthouse at, 108.
Lucan, the Roman poet, his reference to the pharos of Alexandria, 22.
Mahogany, the, of Honduras, 144.
Maplin Sands lighthouse described, 206, 207.
Marstrand, Sweden, revolving apparatus for illumination at, 71.
Martineau, Miss, quoted, 269, 270.
May, isle of, the light on, 140.
Messina, pharos at the mole of, 13.
Michelet, M. Jules, on the Gulf of Gascony, 212;
on Cordouan and its lighthouse, 218–221.
“Moderator” lamp, the, described, 80.
Montfaucon on Roman light-towers, 14, 15;
on the pharos at Alexandria, 17, 18, 26–29;
on the etymology of the word “pharos,” 18, 19.
Morlent, author of “Monographie du Havre,” his description of Sainte-Adresse, 225.
Needles Down, the, Isle of Wight, old lighthouse on, 97.
Needles Point, Isle of Wight, lighthouse on, erection recorded, 97, 189;
described, 189–191.
New Caledonia, the lighthouse at described, 250, 251;
inauguration of, 252.
Nore, the, lightship at, mentioned, 132.
Northern Lights, the commission of, its composition, 54, 55.
North Foreland, the, lighthouse at, 201.
Oil, the, employed in lighthouses of Great Britain and France, 81.
Ostia, pharos erected at, by Emperor Claudian, 13.
Paris, Matthew, the chronicler, cited, 213.
Past, a nation’s, importance of cherishing, 36.
“Permanent level” lamp, the, described, 80.
Pharos, island of, lighthouse erected on, 13;
position and history of, 20, 21.—See Alexandria.
Pharos, etymology of the word, 18, 19;
its employment by historians, 19, 20.
Philips, Mr., the founder of the Smalls lighthouse, 133, 134.
Philo of Byzantium, his reference to the Rhodian Colossus, 47, 48.
Pliny, his account of the pharos at Alexandria, 18, 21, 22;
his reference to Boulogne, 30;
his information concerning the Colossus of Rhodes quoted, 47, 48.
Plymouth breakwater, the lighthouses at, 199.
Point of Ayre lighthouse, the, referred to, 208.
Pompey’s Pillar, historical memoranda concerning, 266–269.
Ponts et Chaussées, department of, in France, its functions and functionaries, 57.
Portland Bill, the lighthouse at, mentioned, 201.
Ptolemæus, the Emperor, supposed founder of the pharos of Alexandria, 17, 18.
Ptolemæus, the geographer, his reference to Boulogne, 30.
Puckle, Rev. J., the historian of Dover Castle, quoted, 39–41.
Puteoli, pharos at the port of, referred to, 13.
Quatrefages, M. de, quoted, 243, 244.
Ravenna, pharos erected at, by Augustus, 13.
Reflectors, the plan of, in lighthouse illumination, 70.
Renard, M., author of “Le Phares,” quoted, 10, 63, 223.
Revolving light, the, of the catoptric system, how produced, 74.
Revolving red and white light of the catoptric system, how produced, 74, 75.
Reynaud, M. Léonce, the engineer, his erection of lighthouse at Héaux of Bréhat, 233–240;
cited, 71.
Rhodes, the Colossus of.—See Colossus.
Ronaldshay, North, the lighthouse at, mentioned, 142.
Ronsard, the French poet, his tribute to Charles IX., quoted, 20.
Rudyerd, John, his lighthouse on the Eddystone described, 113–115;
its destruction, 116–118;
a romantic episode connected with, 118, 119.
Rumford, the engineer, his efforts to increase the illuminating power of lamps, 80.
Sainte-Adresse, the vale of, described, 225;
origin of the word, 225, 226.
Saint-Pierre, Bernardin de, the French writer, 226–228.
Scilly Isles, wrecks on the, 196.
Scotland, coast of, administration of lights on, 139–141.
Scott, Sir Walter, quoted, 145.
Sea-birds as lighthouse signals, 107.
Serapion, the, historical memoranda concerning, 266, 269.
Shovel, Sir Cloudesley, wrecked on Scilly Isles, 196.
Sigeum, pharos erected on the promontory of, 13.
Skerries, the, Stevenson’s lighthouse on, 141, 142.
Skerryvore Rock, the, its position, 171;
danger and desolation, 172;
Mr. Alan Stevenson’s inspection of, 172, 174.
Skerryvore Lighthouse, the story of its erection, 174–180;
its illuminating apparatus described, 180.
Smalls lighthouse, the, its founder, 133, 134;
its engineer, 134;
and adventure of, 134–137;
a painful incident connected with, 137, 138.
Smeaton, John, his career sketched, 119, 120;
his erection of a lighthouse on Eddystone described, 121–129.
Smiles, Mr. Samuel, cited, 110, 119, 122, 129.
Sostrates, architect of the pharos of Alexandria, story of, 17, 18.
South Foreland, lighthouse on the, 282.
South Stock lighthouse, warning apparatus at, 107.
Southey, the poet, his ballad of “Ralph the Rover,” 147–149.
St. Agnes Light, the, mentioned, 130.
Start Point, lights at, referred to, 130;
Stevenson’s erection of a beacon at, 142–144.
St. Catherine’s Down, old lighthouse on, 192;
proposed new lighthouse on, 97, 192.
St. Catherine’s Point, lighthouse on, referred to, 192, 193.
Stevenson, Mr. Thomas, the engineer, quoted, 66, 72, 76, 85, 88, 89;
his holophotal system of illumination, 91, 92, 94;
his marine dynamometer, 98;
his suggestions for lighting beacons and buoys, 169, 170.
Stevenson, Mr. Alan, quoted, 103, 104, 121;
his inspection of the Skerryvore Rock, 172–174;
erection of a lighthouse on the Skerryvore, 174–180;
account of the Skerryvore quoted from, 172, passim.
Stevenson, Mr. Robert, his erection of a lighthouse on the Skerries, 141, 142;
the story of his Bell Rock lighthouse, 149–164;
his erection of a beacon on Carr Rock, 168;
quoted from, 142, passim.
St. Hilaire, the church of, its conflagration described by Gregory of Tours, 19.
Strabo, the historian, his reference to the pharos at Capio, 14;
his account of the Colossus of Rhodes, 44;
his mention of the Pillar of Hercules, 265, 266.
Suetonius, the historian, cited, 13.
Sunderland, the lighthouse at, its erection described, 182–186.
Teulère, the engineer, his studies and inventions in lighthouse illumination, 70, 71.
Thames, the, steamer, wrecked on Scilly Isles, 196.
Thetis, the ocean-goddess, legend of, 12.
Thucydides, the historian, quoted, 43.
Tithonus, legend of, 12.
Tour de Cordouan, lamp in, described by Mr. Stevenson, 88.
Tour d’Ordre, the, of Boulogne, built by Caligula, 130;
early history of, 31;
destruction of, 32;
the tribute connected with, 32;
description of its remains, 35, 36;
the worthy substitute for, 36, 37.
Tradition, how carelessly accepted, 43.
Trinity House, history of, summarized, 50–53;
interior organization of, 53, 54;
functions of its members, 54;
the building, described by Esquiros, 58–61.
United Kingdom, number of lighthouses in, enumerated, 56.
Unst, North, island of, lighthouse at, described, 181.
Ventilation for lighthouses, Professor Faraday’s system of, stated, 101, 102.
Virgil, the poet, quoted, 196.
Vivian, the engineer of Cayenne, on the Enfant Perdu, 250.
Vossius, Isaac, story of the Alexandrian pharos, quoted from, 26.
Walde, the lighthouse of, referred to, 250.
White, Walter, quoted, 193, 194, 200, 201.
Whiteside, the engineer of the Smalls lighthouse, an adventure of, 134–137.
Wight, isle of, lights of, mentioned, 131.
Wilde, Mr., of Manchester, his invention of an electro-magnetic apparatus for lighthouse illumination, 83, 84.
Winstanley, Henry, his eccentric genius, 109;
the erection of his lighthouse on the Eddystone described, 110–113.
Wolf’s Crag lighthouse, the, described, 195, 196.
Wordsworth, the poet, on Grace Darling, 281.
Zach, the Baron de, cited, 10, 11.

Lighthouses and Lightships / A Descriptive and Historical Account of Their Mode of Construction and Organization

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