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Logic, Inductive and Deductive

Chapter 107: Transcriber's Note
By William Minto
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About This Book

The text combines a historical account of logical forms with a practical guide to preventing error, beginning with the origin and aims of logic and its axioms and moving through terms, predication, definition, and the analysis of propositions. It treats syllogistic structures, figures, moods, immediate inferences, enthymemes, and common deductive fallacies, then shifts to inductive reasoning and the logic of scientific inquiry: observation, methods for testing testimony and causal claims, and experimental procedures including agreement, difference, elimination, and methods associated with Mill. Emphasis is placed on organizing reasoning to detect, avoid, and correct fallacious thinking.

Wisest of beasts the serpent see,

Just emblem of eternity,

And of a State's duration;

Each year an annual skin he takes,

And with fresh life and vigour wakes

At every renovation.

Britain! that serpent imitate.

Thy Commons House, that skin of State,

By annual choice restore;

So choosing thou shall live secure,

And freedom to thy sons inure,

Till Time shall be no more.

Carlyle's saying that a ship could never be taken round Cape Horn if the crew were consulted every time the captain proposed to alter the course, if taken seriously as an analogical argument against Representative Government, is open to the objection that the differences between a ship and a State are too great for any argument from one to the other to be of value. It was such fallacious analogies as these that Heine had in view in his humorous prayer, "Heaven defend us from the Evil One and from metaphors".

Footnote 1: Hamilton's Reid, p. 236.

Footnote 2: Bain's Logic, ii. 145.

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Transcriber's Note

If your computer doesn't read Greek, or if you would like the transliteration, run your mouse over the Greek words (Ελληνικές λέξεις) to see the approximation in Latin font.

*p. 113: "(ἀνεὸ συμπλοκὴς)" corrected to "(ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς)".

Aristotle wrote: "Τῶν λεγομένων τά μέν κατά συμπλοκήν λέγεται, τά δέ ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς ... " (~Categoriae 1a16-17)

"... τά δέ ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς, οἷον ἄνθρωπος, βοῦς, τρέχει, νικᾷ." (~Categoriae 1a18-19)

" ...πάντα δὲ τὰ εἰρημένα ἄνευ συμπλοκῆς λέγεται."(~Categoriae: same document as above)

but the book scans give the following:

"He (Aristotle) explains that by "out of syntax" (ἀνεὸ συμπλοκὴς) he means without reference to truth or falsehood:...."

... "ἀνεὸ" would appear to be an error.