This work surveys London's sanitary conditions and medical history, contrasting ancient and modern periods. It examines geographic and environmental factors, water supply, and the accumulation of refuse, then discusses medieval health, pleasure grounds, mortality statistics, subsequent improvements, and persistent sanitation gaps. The medical history portion traces the evolution of practitioners and institutions, the separation of medicine and surgery, early regulatory acts and the College of Physicians, responses to plague and quackery, the development of anatomy teaching and apothecaries, the growth of hospitals and pharmacopeias, and the rise of modern medical schools with London as a centre for clinical study.