THOSE WHO WILL WORK.
I. Enrichers, as the Collectors, Extractors, or Producers of Exchangeable Commodities.
II. Auxiliaries, as the Promoters of Production, or the Distributors of the Produce.
III. Benefactors, or those who confer some permanent benefit, as Educators and Curators engaged in promoting the physical, intellectual, or spiritual well-being of the people.
IV. Servitors, or those who render some temporary service, or pleasure, as Amusers, Protectors, and Servants.
THOSE WHO CANNOT WORK.
V. Those who are provided for by some public Institution, as the Inmates of workhouses, prisons, hospitals, asylums, almshouses, dormitories, and refuges.
VI. Those who are unprovided for, and incapacitated for labour, either from want of power, from want of means, or from want of employment.
THOSE WHO WILL NOT WORK.
VII. Vagrants.
VIII. Professional Beggars.
IX. Cheats.
X. Thieves.
XI. Prostitutes.
THOSE WHO NEED NOT WORK.
XII. Those who derive their income from rent.
XIII. Those who derive their income from dividends.
XIV. Those who derive their income from yearly stipends.
XV. Those who derive their income from obsolete or nominal offices.
XVI. Those who derive their income from trades in which they do not appear.
XVII. Those who derive their income by favour from others.
XVIII. Those who derive their support from the head of the family.
THOSE WHO WILL WORK.
I. Enrichers, or those engaged in the collection, extraction, or production of exchangeable commodities.
A. Collectors.
1. Fishermen.
2. Woodmen.
3. Sand and Clay-collectors.
4. Copperas, Cement-stones, and other finders.
B. Extractors.
1. Miners.
a. Coal.
b. Salt.
c. Iron, Lead, Tin, Copper, Zinc, Manganese.
2. Quarryers.
a. Slate.
b. Stone.
C. Growers.
1. Farmers.
a. Capitalist Farmers.
i. Yeomen, or Proprietary Farmers.
ii. Tenant Farmers.
b. Peasant Farmers.
i. Peasant Proprietors; as the Cumberland “Statesmen.”
ii. “Metayers,” or labourers paying the landlord a certain portion of the produce as rent for the use of the land.
iii. “Cottiers,” or labouring Tenant Farmers.
2. Graziers.
3. Gardeners, Nurserymen, Florists.
D. Makers or Artificers.
1. Mechanics.
a. Workers in Silk, Wool, Worsted, Hair, Cotton, Flax, Hemp, Coir.
b. Workers in Skin, Gut, and Feathers.
c. Workers in Woollen, Silken, Cotton, Linen, and Leathern Materials.
d. Workers in Wood, Ivory, Bone, Horn, and Shell.
e. Workers in Osier, Cane, Reed, Rush, and Straw.
f. Workers in Stone and Brick.
g. Workers in Glass and Earthenware.
h. Workers in Metal.
i. Workers in Paper.
2. Chemical Manufacturers.
a. Acid, Alkali, Alum, Copperas, Prussian-Blue, and other Manufacturers.
b. Gunpowder Manufacturers, Percussion-Cap, Cartridge, and Firework Makers.
c. Brimstone and Lucifer-match Manufacturers.
d. White-lead, Colour, Black-lead, Whiting, and Blue Manufacturers.
e. Oil and Turpentine Distillers, and Varnish Manufacturers.
f. Ink Manufacturers, Sealing-wax and Wafer Makers.
g. Blacking Manufacturers.
h. Soap Boilers and Grease Makers.
i. Starch Manufacturers.
j. Tallow and Wax Chandlers.
k. Artificial Manure Manufacturers.
l. Artificial Stone and Cement Manufacturers.
m. Asphalte and Tar Manufacturers.
n. Glue and Size Makers.
o. Polishing Paste, and Glass and Emery Paper Makers.
p. Lime, Coke, and Charcoal Burners.
q. Manufacturing Chemists and Drug Manufacturers.
r. Workers connected with Provisions, Luxuries, and Medicines.
i. Bakers, and Biscuit Makers.
ii. Brewers.
iii. Soda-water and Ginger-beer Manufacturers.
iv. Distillers and Rectifiers.
v. British Wine Manufacturers.
vi. Vinegar Manufacturers.
vii. Fish and Provision Curers.
viii. Preserved Meats and Preserved Fruit Preparers.
ix. Sauce and Pickle Manufacturers.
x. Mustard Makers.
xi. Isinglass Manufacturers.
xii. Sugar Bakers, Boilers, and Refiners.
xiii. Confectioners and Pastry-cooks.
xiv. Rice and Farinaceous Food Manufacturers.
xv. Chocolate, Cocoa, and other Manufacturers of Substitutes for Tea.
xvi. Cigar, Tobacco, and Snuff Manufacturers.
xvii. Quack, and other Medicine Manufacturers, as Pills, Powders, Syrups, Cordials, Embrocations, Ointments, Plaisters, &c.
3. Workers connected with the Superlative Arts, that is to say, with those arts which have no products of their own, and are engaged either in adding to the beauty or usefulness of the products of other arts, or in inventing or designing the work appertaining to them.
a. Printers.
b. Bookbinders.
c. Painters, Decorators, and Gilders.
d. Writers and Stencillers.
e. Dyers, Bleachers, Scourers, Calenderers, and Fullers.
f. Print Colourers.
g. Designers of Patterns.
h. Embroiderers (of Muslin, Silk, &c.), and Fancy Workers.
i. Desiccators, Anti-dry-rot Preservers, Waterproofers.
j. Burnishers, Polishers, Grinders, Japanners, and French Polishers.
k. Engravers, Chasers, Die-Sinkers, Embossers, Engine-Turners, and Glass-Cutters.
l. Artists, Sculptors, and Carvers of Wood, Coral, Jet, &c.
m. Modellers and Moulders.
n. Architects, Surveyors, and Civil Engineers.
o. Composers.
p. Authors, Editors, and Reporters.
⁂ Operatives are divisible, according to the mode in which they are paid, into—
1. Day-workers.
2. Piece-workers.
3. “Lump” or Contract-workers; as at the docks.
4. Perquisite-workers; as waiters, &c.
5. “Kind” or Truck-workers; as the farm servants in the North of England, Domestic Servants and Milliners, Ballast-heavers, and men paid at “Tommy-shops.”
6. Tenant-workers; or those who lodge with or reside in houses belonging to their employers. The Slop-working Tailors generally lodge with the “Sweaters,” and the “Hinds” of Northumberland, Cumberland, and Westmoreland have houses found them by their employers. These “Hinds” have to keep a “Bondager,” that is, a female in the house ready to answer the master’s call, and to work at stipulated wages.
7. Improvement-workers; or those who are considered to be remunerated for their work by the instruction they receive in doing it; as “improvers” and apprentices.
8. Tribute-workers, as the Cornish Miners, Whalers, and Weavers in some parts of Ireland, where a certain proportion of the proceeds of the work done belongs to the workmen.
The wages of “society-men” among operatives are settled by custom, the wages of “non-society-men” are settled by competition.
Operatives are also divisible, according to the places at which they work, into—
1. Domestic workers, or those who work at home.
2. Shop or Factory workers, or those who work on the employer’s premises.
3. Out-door workers, or those who work in the open air; as bricklayers, agricultural labourers, &c.
4. Jobbing-workers, or those who go out to work at private houses.
5. Rent-men, or those who pay rent for
a. A “seat” at some domestic worker’s rooms.
b. “Power,” as turners, and others, when requiring the use of a steam-engine. Some operatives have to pay rent for tools or “frames,” as the sawyers and “stockingers,” and some for gas when working on their employer’s premises.
Operatives are further divisible, according to those whom they employ to assist them, into—
1. Family workers, or those who avail themselves of the assistance of their wives and children, as the Spitalfields Weavers.
2. “Sweaters” and Piece-master workers, or those who employ other members of their trade at less wages than they themselves receive.
3. “Garret-master” workers, or those who avail themselves of the labour (chiefly) of apprentices.
Operatives are moreover divisible, according to those by whom they are employed, into—
1. “Flints” and “Dungs;” “Whites” and “Blacks,” according as they work for employers who pay or do not pay “society prices.”
2. Jobbing piece-workers, or those who work single-handed for the public (without the intervention of an “employer”) and are paid by the piece. These mostly do the work at their own homes, as cobblers, repairers, &c.
3. Jobbing day-workers, or those who work single-handed for the public (without the intervention of an “employer”) and are paid by the day. These mostly go out to work at persons’ houses and frequently have their food found them. Among the tailors and carpenters this practice is called “whipping the cat.”
4. “Co-operative men,” or those who work in “association” for their own profit, obtaining their work directly from the public, without the intervention of an “employer.”
Lastly, Operatives admit of being arranged into two distinct classes, viz., the superior, or higher-priced, and the inferior, or lower-priced.
The superior, or higher-priced, operatives consist of—
2. The trustworthy.
3. The well-conditioned.
The inferior, or lower-priced operatives, on the other hand, are composed of—
1. The unskilful; as the old or superannuated, the young (including apprentices and “improvers”), the slow, and the awkward.
2. The untrustworthy; as the drunken, the idle, and the dishonest. Some of the cheap workers, whose wages are minimized almost to starvation point, so that honesty becomes morally impossible, have to deposit a certain sum of money, or to procure two householders to act as security for the faithful return of the work given out to them.
3. The inexpensive, consisting of—
a. Those who can live upon less; as single men, foreigners, Irishmen, women, &c.
b. Those who derive their subsistence from other sources; as Wives, Children, Paupers, Prisoners, Inmates of Asylums, Prostitutes, and Amateurs (or those who work at a business merely for pocket-money).
c. Those who are in receipt of some pecuniary or other aid; as Pensioners, Allottees of land, and such as have out-door relief from the workhouse.
II. Auxiliaries, or those engaged in promoting the enrichment and distributing the riches of the community.
A. Promoters of Production.
1. Employers, or those who find the materials, implements, and appurtenances for the work, and pay the wages of the workmen.
a. Administrative Employers, or those who supply wholesale or retail dealers. These are subdivisible into—
i. Standard Employers, or those who work at the regular standard prices of the trade.
ii. “Cutting” Employers, or those who work at less than the regular prices of the trade; as Contractors, &c.
b. Executive Employers, or those who work directly for the public without the intervention of a wholesale or retail dealer; as Builders, &c.
c. Distributive Employers, or those who are both producers and retail traders.
i. Those who retail what they produce; as Tailors, Shoemakers, Bakers, Eating-house Keepers, Street Mechanics, &c.
ii. Those who retail other things (generally provisions), and compel or expect the men in their employ to deal with them for those articles, as the Truck-Masters and others.
iii. Those who retail the appurtenances of the trade to which they belong, and compel or expect the men in their employ to purchase such appurtenances of them; as trimmings in the tailors’ trade, thread among the seamstresses, and the like.
d. Middlemen Employers, or those who act between the employer and the employed, obtaining work from employers, and employing others to do it; as Sub-contractors, Sweaters, &c. These consist of—
i. Trade-working Employers, or those who make up goods for other employers in the trade.
ii. Garret-masters, or those who make up goods for the trade on the smallest amount of capital, and generally on speculation.
iii. Trading Operative Employers, or those who obtain work in considerable quantities, and employ others at reduced wages to assist them in it; as “Sweaters,” “Seconders,” &c. These are either—
α. Piece Masters; as those who take out a certain piece of work and employ others to help them at reduced wages.
β. “Lumper” Employers, or those who contract to do the work by the lump, which is usually paid for by the piece, and employ others at reduced wages in order to complete it.
⁂ Employers are known among operatives as “honourable” or “dishonourable,” according as the wages they pay are those, or less than those, of the Trade Society.
2. Superintendents, or those who look after the workmen on behalf of employers.
a. Managers.
b. Clerks of the Works.
c. Foremen.
d. Overlookers.
e. Tellers and Meters, or those who take note of the number and quantity of the articles delivered.
f. Provers, or those whose duty it is to examine the quality or weight of the articles delivered.
g. Timekeepers, or those who note the time of the operatives coming to and quitting labour.
h. Gatekeepers, or those who see that no goods are taken out.
i. Clerks, or those who keep accounts of all sales and purchases, incomings, and outgoings of the business.
j. Pay Clerks, or those who pay the workmen their wages.
3. Labourers.
a. Acting as motive powers.
i. Turning wheels, working pumps, blowing bellows.
ii. Wheeling, dragging, pulling, or hoisting loads.
iii. Shifting (scenes), or turning (corn).
iv. Carrying (bricks, as hodmen).
v. Driving (piles), ramming down (stones, as paviours).
vi. Pressing (as fruit, for juice; seeds, for oil).
b. Uniting or putting one thing to another.
i. Feeding (furnace), laying-on (as for printing machines).
ii. Filling (as “fillers-in” of sieves at dust-yards).
iii. Oiling (engines), greasing (railway wheels), pitching or tarring (vessels), pasting paper (for bags).
iv. Mixing (mortar), kneading (clay).
v. Tying up (plants and bunches of vegetables).
vi. Folding (printed sheets).
vii. Corking (bottles), or caulking (ships).
c. Separating one thing from another.
i. Sifting (cinders), screening (coals).
ii. Picking (fruit, hops, &c.), shelling (peas), peeling, barking, and threshing.
iii. Winnowing.
iv. Weeding and stoning.
v. Reaping and mowing.
vi. Felling, lopping, hewing, chopping (as fire-wood), cutting (as chaff), shearing (sheep).
vii. Sawing.
viii. Blasting.
ix. Breaking (stones), crushing (bones and ores), pounding (drugs).
x. Scouring (as sand from castings), scraping (ships).
d. Excavating, sinking, and embanking.
i. Tunnelling.
ii. Sinking foundations.
iii. Boring.
iv. Draining, trenching, ditching, and hedging.
v. Embanking.
vi. Road-making, cutting.
B. Distributors of Production.
1. Dealers, or those who are engaged in the buying and selling of commodities on their own account.
a. Merchants or Importers, and Exporters.
b. Wholesale Traders.
c. Retail Traders.
d. Contracting Purveyors, or those who supply goods by agreement.
e. Contractors for work or repairs; as Road Contractors, and others.
f. Contractors for privileges, as the right of Printing the Catalogue of the Great Exhibition, or selling refreshments at Railway Stations, &c.
g. Farmers of revenues from dues, tolls, &c.
h. Itinerants, or those who seek out the Customers, instead of the Customers seeking out them.
i. Hawkers, or those who cry their goods.
ii. Pedlars, or those who carry their goods round.
2. Agents, or those who are engaged in the buying or selling of commodities for others, as Land Agents, House and Estate Agents, Colonial and East India Agents, &c., &c.
a. Supercargoes.
b. Factors, or Consignees.
c. Brokers, Bill, Stock, Share, Ship, Sugar, Cotton, &c.
d. Commission Salesmen, or Unlicensed Brokers.
e. Buyers, or those who purchase materials or goods for Manufacturers, or Dealers.
f. Auctioneers, or those who sell goods on Commission to the highest bidder.
3. Lenders and Lettors-out, or those who receive a certain sum for the loan or use of a thing.
a. Lenders or Lettors-out of commodities, as—
i. Job-horses, carriages, chairs and seats in parks, gardens, &c.
ii. Plate, linen, furniture, piano-fortes, flowers, fancy dresses, Court suits, &c.
iii. Books, newspapers, prints, and music.
b. Lettors-out of tenements and storage room, as—
i. Houses.
ii. Lodgings.
iii. Warehouse-room for imports, &c., as at wharfs.
iv. Warehouse-room for furniture and other goods.
c. Lenders of money, as—
i. Mortgagees.
ii. Bankers.
iii. Bill-discounters.
iv. Loan offices with and without policies of assurance.
v. Building and investment societies.
vi. Pawnbrokers.
vii. Dolly shopmen.
⁂ The several modes of distributing goods or money are—
1. By private contract or agreement.
2. By a fixed or ticketed price.
3. By competition, as at Auctions.
4. By games of chance, as Lotteries (with the “Art Union”), Raffles (at Fancy Fairs), Tossing (with piemen and others), Prizes for skill (with throwing sticks, &c.), Betting, Racing, &c.
The places at which goods are distributed are—
1. Fairs, or annual gatherings of buyers and sellers.
2. Markets, or weekly gatherings of buyers and sellers.
3. Exchanges, or daily gatherings of merchants and agents.
4. Counting-houses, or the places of business of wholesale traders.
5. Shops, or the places of business of retail traders.
6. Bazaars, or congregations of shops.
4. Trade Assistants.
a. Shopmen and Warehousemen.
b. Shopwalkers.
c. Cashiers or Receivers.
d. Clerks.
e. Accountants.
f. Rent-Collectors.
g. Debt-collectors.
h. Travellers, Town as well as Commercial.
i. Touters.
j. Barkers (outside shops).
k. Bill deliverers.
l. Bill-stickers.
m. Boardmen.
n. Advertizing-van Men.
5. Carriers.
a. Those engaged in the external transit of the Kingdom.
i. Mercantile Sailing Vessels.
ii. Mercantile Steam Vessels.
b. Those engaged in the internal Transit of the Kingdom.
i. Those engaged in the coasting trade from port to port.
ii. Those engaged in carrying inland from town to town, as—
α. Those connected with land carriage; as railroad men, stage coachmen, mail coachmen, and mail cartmen, post boys, flymen, waggoners, country carriers, and drovers.
β. Those connected with water carriage; as navigable river and canal men, bargemen, towing men.
iii. Those engaged in carrying to and from different parts of the same town by land and water.
α. Passengers; as Omnibus-men, Cabmen, Glass and Job Coachmen, Fly Men, Excursion-van Men, Donkey-boys, Goat-carriage boys, Sedan and Bath Chair Men, Guides.
β. Goods; as Waggoners, Draymen, Carters, Spring-Van Men, Truckmen, Porters (ticketed and unticketed, and public and private men).
γ. Letters and Messages; as Messengers, Errand Boys, Telegraph Men, and Postmen.
δ. Goods and Passengers by water; as Bargemen, Lightermen, Hoymen, Watermen, River Steamboat Men.
c. Those engaged in the lading and unlading and the fitting of vessels, as well the packing of goods.
i. Dock and wharf labourers.
ii. Coal whippers.
iii. Lumpers, or dischargers of timber ships.
iv. Timber porters and rafters.
v. Corn porters.
vi. Ballast heavers.
vii. Stevedores, or stowers.
viii. Riggers.
ix. Packers and pressers.
III. Benefactors, or those who confer some permanent benefit by promoting the physical, intellectual, or spiritual well-being of others.
A. Educators.
1. Professors.
2. Tutors.
3. Governesses.
4. Schoolmasters.
5. Ushers.
6. Teachers of Languages.
7. Teachers of Sciences.
8. Lecturers.
9. Teachers of “Accomplishments”; as Music, Singing, Dancing, Drawing, Wax-Flower Modelling, &c.
10. Teachers of Exercises; as Gymnastics.
11. Teachers of Arts of Self-Defence; as Fencing, Boxing, &c.
12. Teachers of Trades and Professions.
B. Curators.
1. Corporeal.
a. Physicians.
b. Surgeons.
c. General Practitioners.
d. Homœopathists.
e. Hydropathists.
2. Spiritual.
a. Ministers of the Church of England.
b. Dissenting Ministers.
c. Catholic Ministers.
d. Missionaries.
e. Scripture Readers.
f. Sisters of Charity.
g. Visitants.
IV. Servitors, or those who render some temporary service or pleasure to others.
A. Amusers, or those who contribute to our entertainment.
1. Actors.
2. Reciters.
3. Improvisers.
4. Singers.
5. Musicians.
6. Dancers.
7. Riders, or Equestrian Performers.
8. Fencers and Pugilists.
9. Conjurers.
10. Posturers.
11. Equilibrists.
12. Tumblers.
13. Exhibitors or Showmen.
a. Of Curiosities.
b. Of Monstrosities.
B. Protectors, or those who contribute to our security against injury.
1. Legislative.
a. The Sovereign.
b. The Members of the House of Lords.
c. The Members of the House of Commons.
2. Judicial.
a. The Judges in Chancery, Queen’s Bench, Common Pleas, Exchequer, Ecclesiastical, Admiralty, and Criminal Courts.
b. Masters in Chancery, Commissioners of the Bankruptcy, Insolvent Debtors, Sheriffs, and County Courts, Magistrates, Justices of the Peace, Recorders, Coroners, Revising Barristers.
c. Barristers, Pleaders, Conveyancers, Attorneys, Proctors.
3. Administrative or Executive.
a. The Lords Commissioners of the Treasury; the Secretaries of State for Home, Foreign, and Colonial Affairs; the Chancellor and Comptroller of the Exchequer; the Privy Council, and the Privy Seal; the Board of Trade, the Board of Control, and the Board of Health; the Board of Inland Revenue, the Poor-Law Board, and the Board of Audit; the Commissioners of Woods and Forests; the Ministers and Officials in connection with the Army and Navy, the Post Office, and the Mint; the Inspectors of Prisons, Factories, Railways, Workhouses, Schools, and Lunatic Asylums; the Officers in connection with the Registration and Statistical Departments; and the other Functionaries appertaining to the Government at home.
b. The Ambassadors, Envoys Extraordinary, Ministers Plenipotentiary, Secretaries of Legation, Chargés d’Affaires, Consuls, and other Ministers and Functionaries appertaining to the Government abroad.
c. The Governors and Commanders of British Colonies and Settlements.
d. The Lord Lieutenants, Custodes Rotulorum, High and Deputy Sheriffs, High Bailiffs, High and Petty Constables, and other Functionaries of the Counties.
e. The Mayors, Aldermen, Common Councilmen, Chamberlains, Common Sergeants, Treasurers, Auditors, Assessors, Inspectors of Weights and Measures, and other Functionaries of the Cities or incorporated Towns.
f. The Churchwardens, the Commissioners of Sewers and Paving, the Select and Special Vestrymen, the Vestry Clerks, the Overseers or Guardians of the Poor, the Relieving Officers, the Masters of the Workhouses, the Beadles, and other Parochial Functionaries.
g. The Masters and Brethren of the Trinity Corporation, the Pier and Harbour Masters, Conservators of Rivers, and other Functionaries connected with Navigation, and the Trustees and Commissioners in connection with the Public Roads.
h. The Naval and Military Powers; as the Army, Navy, Marines, Militia, and Yeomanry.
i. The Civil Forces; as Policemen, Patrole, and Private Watchmen.
j. Sheriffs’ Officers, Bailiffs’ Followers, Sponging-house Keepers.
k. Governors of Prisons, Jailers, Turnkeys, Officers on board the Hulks and Transport Ships, Hangmen.
l. The Fiscal Forces; as the Coast Guard, Custom-house Officers, Excise Officers.
m. Collectors of Imposts; as Tax and Rate Collectors, Turnpike Men, Toll Collectors of Bridges and Markets, Collectors of Pier and Harbour dues, and Light, Buoy, and Beacon dues.
n. Guardians of special localities; as Rangers, and Park-keepers, Arcade-keepers, Street-keepers, Square-keepers, Bazaar-keepers, Gate and Lodge-keepers, Empty-house-keepers.
o. Conservators; as Curators of Museums, Librarians, Storekeepers, and others.
p. Protective Associations; as Insurance Companies against Loss by fire, shipwreck, storms, railway accidents, death of cattle, Life Assurance Societies, Provident or Benefit Clubs, Guarantee Societies, Trade Protection Societies, Fire Brigade and Fire-escape Men, Humane Society Men, and Officers of the Societies for the Suppression of Mendicity, Vice, and cruelty to Animals.
Servants, or those who contribute to our comfort or convenience by the performance of certain offices for us.
1. Private Servants, regularly engaged.
a. Stewards.
b. Farm Bailiffs.
c. Secretaries.
d. Amanuenses.
e. Companions.
f. Butlers.
g. Valets.
h. Footmen, Pages, and Hall Porters.
i. Coachmen, Grooms, “Tigers,” and Helpers at Stables.
j. Huntsmen and Whippers-in.
k. Kennelmen.
l. Gamekeepers.
m. Gardeners.
n. Housekeepers.
o. Ladies’ Maids.
p. Nursery Maids and Wet Nurses.
q. House Maids and Parlour Maids.
r. Cooks and Scullery Maids.
s. Dairy Maids.
t. Maids of all work.
2. Private Servants temporarily engaged.
a. Couriers.
b. Interpreters.
c. Monthly Nurses and Invalid Nurses.
d. Waiters at Parties.
e. Charwomen.
f. Knife, boot, window, and paint Cleaners, Pot scourers, Carpet beaters.
3. Public Servants.
a. Waiters at hotels and public gardens.
b. Masters of the Ceremonies.
c. Chamber-Maids.
d. Boots.
e. Ostlers.
f. Job Coachmen.
g. Post-boys.
h. Washerwomen.
i. Dustmen.
j. Sweeps.
k. Scavengers.
l. Nightmen.
m. Flushermen.
n. Turncocks.
o. Lamplighters.
p. Horse Holders.
q. Crossing Sweepers.
THOSE WHO CANNOT WORK.
V. Those that are provided for by some Public Institution.
A. The Inmates of Workhouses.
B. The Inmates of Prisons.
1. Debtors.
2. Criminals (Some of these, however, are made to work by the authorities).
C. The Inmates of Hospitals.
1. The Sick.
2. The Insane; as Lunatics and Idiots.
3. Veterans; as Greenwich and Chelsea Hospital men.
4. The Deserted Young; as the Foundling Hospital children.
D. The Inmates of Asylums and Almshouses.
1. The Afflicted; as the Deaf, and Dumb, and Blind.
2. The Destitute Young; as Orphans.
3. The Decayed Members of the several Trades or Sects.
a. Trade and Provident Asylums and Almshouses.
b. Sectarian Asylums and Almshouses—as for aged Jews, Widows of Clergymen, &c.
E. The Inmates of the several Refuges and Dormitories for the Houseless and Destitute.
VI. Those who are Unprovided for.
A. Those who are incapacitated from Want of Power.
1. Owing to their Age.
a. The Old.
b. The Young.
2. Owing to some Bodily Ailment.
3. Owing to some Mental Infirmity.
a. The Insane.
b. The Idiotic.
c. The Untaught, or those who have never been brought up to any industrial occupation; as Widows and those who have “seen better days.”
B. Those who are incapacitated from Want of Means.
1. Having no tools; as is often the case with distressed carpenters.
2. Having no clothes; as servants when long out of a situation.
3. Having no stock-money; as impoverished street-sellers.
4. Having no materials; as the “used-up” garret or chamber masters in the boot and shoe or cabinet-making trade.
5. Having no place wherein to work; as when those who pursue their calling at home are forced to become the inmates of a nightly lodging-house.
C. Those who are incapacitated from Want of Employment.
1. Owing to a glut or stagnation in business; as among the cotton-spinners, the iron-workers, the railway-navigators, and the like.
2. Owing to a change in fashion; as in the button-making trade.
3. Owing to the introduction of machinery; as among the sawyers, hand-loom weavers, pillow-lace makers, threshers, and others.
4. Owing to the advent of the slack season; as among the tailors and mantua-makers, and drawn-bonnet-makers.
5. Owing to the continuance of unfavourable weather.
a. From the prevalence of rain; as street-sellers, and others.
b. From the prevalence of easterly winds; as dock-labourers.
6. Owing to the approach of winter; as among the builders, brickmakers, market-gardeners, harvest-men.
7. Owing to the loss of character.
a. Culpably; from intemperate habits, or misconduct of some kind.
b. Accidentally; as when a servant’s late master goes abroad, and a written testimonial is objected to.
THOSE WHO WILL NOT WORK.
VII. Vagrants or Tramps.
Under this head is included all that multifarious tribe of “sturdy rogues,” who ramble across the country during the summer, sleeping at the “casual wards” of the workhouses, and who return to London in the winter to avail themselves of the gratuitous lodgings and food attainable at the several metropolitan refuges.
VIII. Professional Beggars and their Dependents.
A. Naval and Military Beggars.
1. Turnpike Sailors.
2. Spanish Legion Men, &c.
3. Veterans.
B. “Distressed-Operative” Beggars.
1. Pretended Starved-out Manufacturers, as the Nottingham “Driz” or Lace-Men.
2. Pretended Unemployed Agriculturists.
3. Pretended Frozen-out Gardeners.
4. Pretended Hand-loom Weavers, and others deprived of their living by Machinery.
C. “Respectable” Beggars.
1. Pretended Broken-down Tradesmen, or Decayed Gentlemen.
2. Pretended Distressed Ushers, unable to take situation for want of clothes.
3. “Clean-Family Beggars” with children in very white pinafores, their faces newly washed, and their hair carefully brushed.
4. Ashamed Beggars, or those who “stand pad with a fakement” (remain stationary, holding a written placard), and pretend to hide their faces.
D. “Disaster” Beggars.
1. Shipwrecked Mariners.
2. Blown-up Miners.
3. Burnt-out Tradesmen.
4. Lucifer Droppers.
E. Bodily Afflicted Beggars.
1. Having real or pretended sores, vulgarly known as the “scaldrum dodge.”
2. Having swollen legs.
3. Being crippled, deformed, maimed, or paralyzed.
4. Being blind.
5. Being subject to fits.
6. Being in a decline, and appearing with bandages round the head.
7. “Shallow coves,” or those who exhibit themselves in the streets half clad, especially in cold weather.
F. Famished Beggars.
1. Those who chalk on the pavement, “I am starving.”
2. Those who “stand pad” with a small piece of paper similarly inscribed.
G. Foreign Beggars.
1. Frenchmen who stop passengers in the street and request to know if they can speak French, previous to presenting a written statement of their distress.
2. Pretended Destitute Poles.
3. Hindoos and Negroes, who stand shivering by the kerb.
H. Petty Trading Beggars.
1. Tract sellers.
2. Sellers of lucifers, boot-laces, cabbage-nets, tapes, and cottons.
⁂ The several varieties of beggars admit of being sub-divided into—
a. Patterers, or those who beg on the “blob,” that is, by word of mouth.
b. Screevers, or those who beg by screeving, that is, by written documents, setting forth imaginary cases of distress, such documents being either—
i. “Slums” (letters).
ii. “Fakements” (petitions).
I. The Dependents of Beggars.
1. Screevers Proper, or the writers of slums and fakements for those who beg by screeving.
2. Referees, or those who give characters to professional beggars when a reference is required.
IX. Cheats and their Dependents.
A. Those who Cheat the Government.
1. Smugglers defrauding the Customs.
2. “Jiggers” defrauding the Excise by working illicit stills, and the like.
B. Those who Cheat the Public.
1. Swindlers, defrauding those of whom they buy.
2. “Duffers” and “horse-chaunters,” defrauding those to whom they sell.
3. “Charley-pitchers” and other low gamblers, defrauding those with whom they play.
4. “Bouncers and Besters” defrauding, by laying wagers, swaggering, or using threats.
5. “Flatcatchers,” defrauding by pretending to find some valuable article—as Fawney or Ring-Droppers.
6. Bubble-Men, defrauding by instituting pretended companies—as Sham Next-of-Kin-Societies, Assurance and Annuity Offices, Benefit Clubs, and the like.
7. Douceur-Men, defrauding by offering for a certain sum to confer some boon upon a person as—
a. To procure Government Situations for laymen, or benefices for clergymen.
b. To provide Servants with Places.
c. To teach some lucrative occupation.
d. To put persons in possession of some information “to their advantage.”
8. Deposit-Men, defrauding by obtaining a certain sum as security for future work or some promised place of trust.
C. The Dependents of Cheats are—
1. “Jollies,” and “Magsmen,” or accomplices of the “Bouncers and Besters.”
2. “Bonnets,” or accomplices of Gamblers.
3. Referees, or those who give false characters to swindlers and others.
X. Thieves and their Dependents.
A. Those who Plunder with Violence.
1. “Cracksmen”—as Housebreakers and Burglars.
2. “Rampsmen,” or Footpads.
3. “Bludgers,” or Stick-slingers, plundering in company with prostitutes.
B. Those who “Hocus,” or Plunder their Victims when Stupified.
1. “Drummers,” or those who render people insensible.
a. By handkerchiefs steeped in chloroform.
b. By drugs poured into liquor.
2. “Bug-hunters,” or those who go round to the public-houses and plunder drunken men.
C. Those who Plunder by Manual Dexterity, by Stealth, or by Breach of Trust.
1. “Mobsmen,” or those who plunder by manual dexterity—as the “light-fingered gentry.”
a. “Buzzers,” or those who abstract handkerchiefs and other articles from gentlemen’s pockets.
i. “Stook-buzzers,” those who steal handkerchiefs.
ii. “Tail-Buzzers,” those who dive into coat-pockets for sneezers (snuff-boxes,) skins and dummies (purses and pocket-books).
b. “Wires,” or those who pick ladies’ pockets.
c. “Prop-nailers,” those who steal pins and brooches.
d. “Thimble-screwers,” those who wrench watches from their guards.
e. “Shop-lifters,” or those who purloin goods from shops while examining articles.
2. “Sneaksmen,” or those who plunder by means of stealth.
a. Those who purloin goods, provisions, money, clothes, old metal, &c.
i. “Drag Sneaks,” or those who steal goods or luggage from carts and coaches.
ii. “Snoozers,” or those who sleep at railway hotels, and decamp with some passenger’s luggage or property in the morning.
iii. “Star-glazers,” or those who cut the panes out of shop-windows.
iv. “Till Friskers,” or those who empty tills of their contents during the absence of the shopmen.
v. “Sawney-Hunters,” or those who go purloining bacon from cheesemongers’ shop-doors.
vi. “Noisy-racket Men,” or those who steal china and glass from outside of china-shops.
vii. “Area Sneaks,” or those who steal from houses by going down the area steps.
viii. “Dead Lurkers,” or those who steal coats and umbrellas from passages at dusk, or on Sunday afternoons.
ix. “Snow Gatherers,” or those who steal clean clothes off the hedges.
x. “Skinners,” or those women who entice children and sailors to go with them and then strip them of their clothes.
xi. “Bluey-Hunters,” or those who purloin lead from the tops of houses.
xii. “Cat and Kitten Hunters,” or those who purloin pewter quart and pint pots from the top of area railings.
xiii. “Toshers,” or those who purloin copper from the ships along shore.
xiv. Mudlarks, or those who steal pieces of rope and lumps of coal from among the vessels at the river-side.
b. Those who steal animals.
i. Horse Stealers.
ii. Sheep, or “Woolly-bird,” Stealers.
iii. Deer Stealers.
iv. Dog Stealers.
v. Poachers, or Game Stealers.
vi. “Lady and Gentlemen Racket Men,” or those who steal cocks and hens.
vii. Cat Stealers, or those who make away with cats for the sake of their skins and bones.
c. Those who steal dead bodies—as the “Resurrectionists.”
3. Those who plunder by breach of trust.
a. Embezzlers, or those who rob their employers.
i. By receiving what is due to them, and never accounting for it.
ii. By obtaining goods in their employer’s name.
iii. By purloining money from the till, or goods from the premises.
b. Illegal Pawners.
i. Those who pledge work given out to them by employers.
ii. Those who pledge blankets, sheets, &c., from lodgings.
c. Dishonest servants, those who make away with the property of their masters.
d. Bill Stealers, or those who purloin bills of exchange entrusted to them, to get discounted.
e. Letter Stealers.
D. “Shoful Men,” or those who Plunder by Means of Counterfeits.
1. Coiners or fabricators of counterfeit money.
2. Forgers of bank notes.
3. Forgers of checks and acceptances.
4. Forgers of wills.
E. Dependents of Thieves.
1. “Fences,” or receivers of stolen goods.
2. “Smashers,” or utterers of base coin or forged notes.
XI. Prostitutes and their Dependents.
A. Professional Prostitutes.
1. Seclusives, or those who live in private houses or apartments.
a. Kept Mistresses.
b. “Prima Donnas,” or those who belong to the “first class,” and live in a superior style.
2. Convives, or those who live in the same house with a number of others.
a. Those who are independent of the mistress of the house.
b. Those who are subject to the mistress of a brothel.
i. “Board Lodgers,” or those who give a portion of what they receive to the mistress of the brothel, in return for their board and lodging.
ii. “Dress Lodgers,” or those who give either a portion or the whole of what they get to the mistress of the brothel in return for their board, lodging, and clothes.
3. Those who live in low lodging-houses.
4. Sailors’ and soldiers’ women.
5. Park women, or those who frequent the parks at night, and other retired places.
6. Thieves’ women, or those who entrap men into bye streets for the purpose of robbery.
7. The Dependents of Prostitutes:
a. “Bawds,” or Keepers of Brothels.
b. Followers of Dress Lodgers.
c. Keepers of Accommodation Houses.
d. Procuresses, Pimps, and Panders.
e. Fancy-Men.
f. Magsmen and Bullies.
B. Clandestine Prostitutes.
1. Female Operatives.
2. Maid Servants.
3. Ladies of Intrigue.
4. Keepers of Houses of Assignation.
C. Cohabitant Prostitutes.
1. Those whose paramours cannot afford to pay the marriage fees.
2. Those whose paramours do not believe in the sanctity of the ceremony.
3. Those who have married a relative forbidden by law.
4. Those whose paramours object to marry them for pecuniary or family reasons.
5. Those who would forfeit their income by marrying, as officers’ widows in receipt of pensions, and those who hold property only while unmarried.
THOSE WHO NEED NOT WORK.
XII. Those who derive their income from rent.
A. Landlords of Estates.
B. Landlords of Houses.
XIII. Those who derive their income from dividends.
A. Fundholders.
B. Shareholders.
1. In Mines.
2. In Canals.
3. In Railways.
4. In Public Companies.
XIV. Those who derive their income from yearly stipends.
A. Annuitants.
B. Pensioners.
XV. Those who hold obsolete or nominal offices.
Sinecurists.
XVI. Those who derive their incomes from trades in which they never appear.
A. Sleeping Partners.
B. Royalty Men.
XVII. Those who derive their incomes by favour from some other.
A. Protegés.
B. Dependents.
XVIII. Those who derive their support from the head of the family.
A. Wives.
B. Children.