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London Labour and the London Poor, Vol. 4

Chapter 231: Counties below the Average.
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About This Book

The volume presents an investigative survey of urban poverty and vice, classifying those who will and will not work and detailing the lives, haunts, and survival strategies of prostitutes, thieves, swindlers, professional beggars, and vagrants. It combines first-person autobiographical testimonies with police information and descriptive reportage, and outlines the operations of charitable, preventive, and punitive institutions in the city. Statistical maps and tables supplement essays on social agencies, showing patterns of criminality, dependency, and relief while assessing the comparative reach of preventive measures versus corrective responses.

MAP
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF
PERSONS COMMITTED FOR CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS
BETWEEN THE AGE OF TEN AND TWELVE YEARS
IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION,
IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF
ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number committed for this offence is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number committed for the same offence is below the Average.

The Average has been calculated for the ten years from 1841 to 1850.

The Average for all England and Wales is 3 in every 10,000,000 People.
Westmoreland (the highest)17

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGE OF 10 AND 12 YEARS.

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Total number committed for carnally abusing girls between the age of 10 and 12 years.
1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.
Bedford121,083..............
Berks194,763....1........
Bucks140,959............2
Cambridge180,747....1........
Chester395,919......2..1..
Cornwall349,991........1....
Cumberland186,762..............
Derby250,249..............
Devon554,738..............
Dorset172,736..............
Durham368,787..............
Essex332,363..........1..
Gloucester407,5041............
Hereford97,813..............
Hertford168,178......1......
Hunts57,942..............
Kent585,249....211..1
Lancaster1,881,261..........1..
Leicester227,621..............
Lincoln378,246..............
Middlesex1,740,814..121412
Monmouth164,093..............
Norfolk419,463..............
Northampton206,496..............
Northumberland284,777..............
Nottingham282,584..............
Oxford166,751..............
Rutland23,711..............
Salop243,352..............
Somerset452,5151....1......
Southampton377,040..............
Stafford579,686..............
Suffolk325,336..............
Surrey635,917..1..........
Sussex320,944..............
Warwick444,558..............
Westmorland57,4941............
Wilts241,887......1......
Worcester244,574......1..1..
York1,686,4611..1........
North Wales396,161..............
South Wales568,430..............
Total for England and Wales16,918,4584278655
Total for 10 years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000,000 Persons.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
1848.1849.1850.
............†100·0
......1·15†66·7
......2·214†366·7
......1·16†100·0
......3·38†166·7
......1·13
............†100·0
............†100·0
............*100·0
............*100·0
............*100·0
......1·13
....12·25†66·7
............*100·0
......1·16†100·0
............*100·0
3....8·814†366·7
12..4·42*33·3
....11·14†33·3
..1..1·13
12..141·48†166·7
............*100·0
............*100·0
1....1·15†66·7
............*100·0
............*100·0
............*100·0
............*100·0
............*100·0
..1..3·37†133·3
..1..1·13
............*100·0
............*100·0
11..3·35†66·7
............*100·0
............*100·0
......1·117†466·7
......1·14†33·3
2....4·416†433·3
......2·21*66·7
............*100·0
............*100·0
982565·63
COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Total number committed for carnally abusing girls between the age of 10 and 12 years.Total for 10 years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000,000 Persons.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.
Bedford121,083..........................†100·0
Berks194,763....1..............1·15†66·7
Bucks140,959............2......2·214†366·7
Cambridge180,747....1..............1·16†100·0
Chester395,919......2..1........3·38†166·7
Cornwall349,991........1..........1·13
Cumberland186,762..........................†100·0
Derby250,249..........................†100·0
Devon554,738..........................*100·0
Dorset172,736..........................*100·0
Durham368,787..........................*100·0
Essex332,363..........1........1·13
Gloucester407,5041................12·25†66·7
Hereford97,813..........................*100·0
Hertford168,178......1............1·16†100·0
Hunts57,942..........................*100·0
Kent585,249....211..13....8·814†366·7
Lancaster1,881,261..........1..12..4·42*33·3
Leicester227,621..................11·14†33·3
Lincoln378,246................1..1·13
Middlesex1,740,814..12141212..141·48†166·7
Monmouth164,093..........................*100·0
Norfolk419,463..........................*100·0
Northampton206,496..............1....1·15†66·7
Northumberland284,777..........................*100·0
Nottingham282,584..........................*100·0
Oxford166,751..........................*100·0
Rutland23,711..........................*100·0
Salop243,352..........................*100·0
Somerset452,5151....1........1..3·37†133·3
Southampton377,040................1..1·13
Stafford579,686..........................*100·0
Suffolk325,336..........................*100·0
Surrey635,917..1..........11..3·35†66·7
Sussex320,944..........................*100·0
Warwick444,558..........................*100·0
Westmorland57,4941..................1·117†466·7
Wilts241,887......1............1·14†33·3
Worcester244,574......1..1..2....4·416†433·3
York1,686,4611..1..............2·21*66·7
North Wales396,161..........................*100·0
South Wales568,430..........................*100·0
Total for England and Wales16,918,4584278655982565·63

⁂ The proportionate number of persons perpetrating the above crime has been calculated with reference to the entire population, instead of the male part of it only, as at the first glance might seem necessary, males only being capable of committing the above offence. But it was found, on examination, that the intensity of the criminality in the several counties in this respect was influenced by the relative number of females (see comparative table below); the average, therefore, has been calculated from the entire population.

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO CARNALLY ABUSING GIRLS BETWEEN THE AGE OF 10 AND 12 YEARS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Westmor.17
Worcester16
Kent14
Bucks14
Middlesex8
Chester8
Somerset7
Cambridge6
Hertford6
Surrey5
Gloucester5
Berks5
Northamp.5
Leicester4
Wilts4
Average for England and Wales3

Counties below the Average.

Cornwall3
Essex3
Lincoln3
Southamp.3
Lancaster2
York1
Bedford
Cumberland
Derby
Devon
Dorset
Durham
Hereford
Hunts
Monmouth
Norfolk
Northumb.
Nottingham
Oxford
Rutland
Salop
Stafford
Suffolk
Sussex
Warwick
N. Wales
S. Wales

THE CRIME OF RAPE COMPARED WITH THAT OF CARNALLY ABUSING CHILDREN IN EACH COUNTY.

Counties in which the Number of Rapes and the Number of Cases of Carnal Abuse are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
Counties in which the Number of Rapes is above and the Number of Cases of Carnal Abuse is below the Average.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
In Number of Rapes.In No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse.In Number of Rapes.In No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse.
Bucks†129·4†366·7Monmouth†145·6*100·0
Hertford†110·3†100·0Stafford†105·9*100·0
Chester† 85·3†166·7Durham† 86·8*100·0
Worcester† 44·1†433·3Essex† 85·3*
Wilts† 39·7† 33·3Norfolk† 36·8*100·0
Northampton† 7·4† 66·7Oxford† 32·4*100·0
Leicester† 2·9† 33·3Rutland† 23·5*100·0
Westmorland† 2·9†466·6Southampton† 13·2*
Gloucester† 1·5† 66·7
Counties in which the No. of Rapes and the No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse are both below the Aver.Counties in which the No. of Rapes is below and the No. of Cases of Carnal Abuses above the Aver.
Nottingham*58·8*100·0Surrey*19·1† 66·7
North Wales*55·9*100·0Cambridge*19·1†100·0
Lincoln*50·0*Somerset*16·2†133·3
South Wales*48·5*100·0Kent*11·8†355·7
Cumberland*45·6*100·0Berks* 8·8† 66·7
Warwick*36·8*100·0Middlesex* 2·9†166·7
Derby*29·4*100·0
Devon*27·9*100·0
Lancaster*26·5* 33·3
Hereford*25·0*100·0⁂ The rule appears to be, that where the Number of Rapes is the greatest, the Number of Cases of Carnally Abusing Children is (generally speaking) the greatest also; and vice versâ, where the Rapes are the least, the carnal abuse of Children is the least likewise.
Hunts*23·5*100·0
Dorset*23·5*100·0
Sussex*22·1*100·0
Northumb.*17·6*100·0
York*11·8* 66·7
Suffolk*10·3*100·0
Salop* 8·8*100·0
Bedford* 2·9*100·0
Cornwall**

THE CRIME OF CARNALLY ABUSING CHILDREN COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER OF FEMALES TO MALES IN EACH COUNTY.

Counties in which the Carnal Abuse of Children and the Number of Females to Males are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
Counties in which the Carnal Abuse of Children is above, and the Number of Females to Males below the Average.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
In No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse.In No. of Females to Males.In No. of Cases of Carnal Abuse.In No. of Females to Males.
Middlesex†166·7†8·6Westmorland†466·6*3·8
Somerset†133·3†5·7Worcester†433·3*1·0
Gloucester† 66·7†6·7Bucks†366·7*1·9
Surrey† 66·7†5·7Kent†366·7*3·8
Counties in which the Carnal Abuse of Children and the No. of Females to Males are both below the Average.Cambridge†100·0*3·8
Chester†166·7*
Hertford†100·0*2·9
Berks† 66·7*3·8
South Wales*100·0* 2·9Northampton† 66·7*3·8
North Wales*100·0* 2·9Leicester† 33·3*1·0
Warwick*100·0* 1·0Wilts† 33·3*1·9
Sussex*100·0* 1·9Counties in which the Carnal Abuse of Children is below and the No. of Females to Males above the Average.
Suffolk*100·0* 1·9
Stafford*100·0* 7·6
Salop*100·0* 3·8
Rutland*100·0* 6·7Norfolk*100·0†1·0
Oxford*100·0* 5·7Dorset*100·0†1·9
Nottingham*100·0* 1·0Devon*100·0†5·7
Northumb.*100·0* 1·9Bedford*100·0†2·9
Monmouth*100·0*12·4Cornwall*†1·9
Hunts*100·0* 3·8
Hereford*100·0* 5·7
Durham*100·0* 5·7
Derby*100·0* 3·8
Cumberland*100·0* 1·9⁂ The rule appears to be, that the crime of Carnally Abusing is (generally speaking) the greatest in those Counties where the number of Females is the least.
York* 66·7* 2·9
Lancaster* 33·3*
Southampton** 3·8
Lincoln** 5·7
Essex** 4·8

MAP
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF
PERSONS COMMITTED FOR KEEPING DISORDERLY HOUSES
IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION,
IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF
ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number of persons committed for keeping disorderly houses is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number of persons committed for keeping disorderly houses is below the Average.

The Average is calculated for 10 years.

The counties having no number affixed to them are those in which there have been no committals for the above offence during the last 10 years.

The Average for England and Wales is 79 in every 10,000,000 of the Population.
Middlesex (the highest) is296

TABLE SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR KEEPING DISORDERLY HOUSES IN THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES FOR THE UNDERMENTIONED YEARS.

COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Number Committed for keeping Disorderly Houses.
1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.
Bedford121,083....................
Berks194,76344..1............
Bucks140,959....................
Cambridge180,747..........4........
Chester395,91941234211123
Cornwall349,9914371265442
Cumberland186,762711......2......
Derby250,249......2............
Devon554,738231......4411
Dorset172,7363............1..1
Durham368,787..3........2....14
Essex332,363..2................
Gloucester407,50459152..1......
Hereford97,8133..22....12....
Hertford168,178........4..........
Hunts57,942......2........11
Kent585,249..1......2........
Lancaster1,881,2618555452724161432424
Leicester227,621..........2....1..
Lincoln378,2461322..7173..
Middlesex1,740,814366731114373151427927
Monmouth164,093......2112......
Norfolk419,463......2........11
Northampton206,496852........111
Northumberland284,777..........11....13
Nottingham282,584....................
Oxford166,751..1......1........
Rutland23,711....................
Salop243,3522111............
Somerset452,5157..1521....11
Southampton377,040......12..1....8
Stafford579,68612....2..1452
Suffolk325,336..................1
Surrey635,917..115323........
Sussex320,9442..1..............
Warwick444,55826..1..24......
Westmorland57,494..............2....
Wilts241,887..1......1..1..5
Worcester244,5741311....24122
York1,686,4612132111534746
North Wales396,161......11..........
South Wales568,430....................
Total for England and Wales16,918,45819818614518786849919014893
Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000,000 of the Population.Proportion per Cent above and below the Aver.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
......*100·0
..·946*41·8
9....*100·0
4·422*72·2
333·383†5·1
383·8109†38·0
111·159*25·3
2·28*89·9
161·629*63·3
5·529*63·3
191·952*34·2
2·26*92·4
242·459*25·3
101·0102†29·1
4·424*69·6
4·470*11·4
3·35*93·7
34434·4183†131·6
3·313*83·5
262·669*12·7
51551·5296†274·7
6·637*53·2
4·410*87·3
181·887†10·1
151·553*32·9
......*100·0
2·212*84·8
......*100·0
5·521*73·4
181·840*49·4
121·232*59·5
171·729*63·3
1·13*96·2
242·438*51·9
3·39*88·6
151·534*57·0
2·235*55·7
8·833*58·2
262·6106†34·2
858·550*36·7
2·25*93·7
......*100·0
1335133·579
COUNTIES.Average Population from 1841-50.Number Committed for keeping Disorderly Houses.Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000,000 of the Population.Proportion per Cent above and below the Aver.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.
Bedford121,083..........................*100·0
Berks194,76344..1..............·946*41·8
Bucks140,959....................9....*100·0
Cambridge180,747..........4........4·422*72·2
Chester395,91941234211123333·383†5·1
Cornwall349,9914371265442383·8109†38·0
Cumberland186,762711......2......111·159*25·3
Derby250,249......2............2·28*89·9
Devon554,738231......4411161·629*63·3
Dorset172,7363............1..15·529*63·3
Durham368,787..3........2....14191·952*34·2
Essex332,363..2................2·26*92·4
Gloucester407,50459152..1......242·459*25·3
Hereford97,8133..22....12....101·0102†29·1
Hertford168,178........4..........4·424*69·6
Hunts57,942......2........114·470*11·4
Kent585,249..1......2........3·35*93·7
Lancaster1,881,261855545272416143242434434·4183†131·6
Leicester227,621..........2....1..3·313*83·5
Lincoln378,2461322..7173..262·669*12·7
Middlesex1,740,81436673111437315142792751551·5296†274·7
Monmouth164,093......2112......6·637*53·2
Norfolk419,463......2........114·410*87·3
Northampton206,496852........111181·887†10·1
Northumberland284,777..........11....13151·553*32·9
Nottingham282,584..........................*100·0
Oxford166,751..1......1........2·212*84·8
Rutland23,711..........................*100·0
Salop243,3522111............5·521*73·4
Somerset452,5157..1521....11181·840*49·4
Southampton377,040......12..1....8121·232*59·5
Stafford579,68612....2..1452171·729*63·3
Suffolk325,336..................11·13*96·2
Surrey635,917..115323........242·438*51·9
Sussex320,9442..1..............3·39*88·6
Warwick444,55826..1..24......151·534*57·0
Westmorland57,494..............2....2·235*55·7
Wilts241,887..1......1..1..58·833*58·2
Worcester244,5741311....24122262·6106†34·2
York1,686,4612132111534746858·550*36·7
North Wales396,161......11..........2·25*93·7
South Wales568,430..........................*100·0
Total for England and Wales16,918,458198186145187868499190148931335133·579

LIST OF COUNTIES IN THE ORDER OF THEIR BROTHELS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR KEEPING DISORDERLY HOUSES IN EVERY 10,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.