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London Labour and the London Poor, Vol. 4

Chapter 236: Counties below the Average.
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About This Book

The volume presents an investigative survey of urban poverty and vice, classifying those who will and will not work and detailing the lives, haunts, and survival strategies of prostitutes, thieves, swindlers, professional beggars, and vagrants. It combines first-person autobiographical testimonies with police information and descriptive reportage, and outlines the operations of charitable, preventive, and punitive institutions in the city. Statistical maps and tables supplement essays on social agencies, showing patterns of criminality, dependency, and relief while assessing the comparative reach of preventive measures versus corrective responses.

Middlesex296
Lancaster183
Cornwall109
Worcester106
Hereford102
Northampton87
Chester83
Average for England and Wales79

Counties below the Average.

Hunts70
Lincoln69
Gloucester59
Cumberland59
Northumberland53
Durham52
York50
Berks46
Somerset40
Surrey38
Monmouth37
Westmorland35
Warwick34
Wilts33
Southampton32
Devon29
Dorset29
Stafford29
Hertford24
Cambridge22
Salop21
Leicester13
Oxford12
Norfolk10
Sussex9
Derby8
Essex6
Kent5
North Wales5
Suffolk3
Bedford0
Bucks0
Nottingham0
Rutland0
South Wales0

THE NUMBER OF DISORDERLY HOUSES COMPARED WITH THE NUMBER OF ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS IN EACH COUNTY.

Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses and the Number of Illegitimate Children are both above the Average.In No. of Disorderly Houses.In No. of Illegitimate Children.
Lancaster†131·†14
Hereford† 29·†49
Chester† 5·†32
Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses and the Number of Illegitimate Children are both below the Average.
Rutland*100·*16
Kent* 93·*19
Essex* 92·*10
Cambridge* 72·* 1
Dorset* 63·* 1
Devon* 63·*25
Southampton* 59·*10
Warwick* 57·*16
Monmouth* 53·*26
Surrey* 51·*34
Somerset* 49·* 6
Durham* 34·*10
Gloucester* 25·* 4
Lincoln* 12·* 1
Hunts* 11·*28
Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses is above and the Number of Illegitimate Children below the Average.
Lancaster†131·†14
Middlesex†274·*40
Cornwall† 38·*29
Worcester† 34·* 1
Northampton† 10·*10
Counties in which the Number of Disorderly Houses is below and the Number of Illegitimate Children above the Average.
South Wales*100·† 7
Nottingham*100·†35
Bucks*100·† 4
Bedford*100·†14
Suffolk* 96·†26
North Wales* 93·† 6
Derby* 89·†20
Sussex* 88·† 1
Norfolk* 87·†56
Oxford* 84·†13
Leicester* 83·†17
Salop* 73·†47
Hertford* 69·† 7
Stafford* 63·† 3
Wilts* 58·† 3
Westmorland* 55·†29
Berks* 41·†17
York* 36·† 6
Northumberland* 32·† 8
Cumberland* 25·†61

⁂ The rule appears to be, that the number of Disorderly Houses is the least in those Counties where the number of Illegitimate Births is the greatest, and, vice versâ, the greatest where the Illegitimates are the least.

MAP
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF CASES OF
CONCEALING THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS
IN EVERY 10,000 ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS,
IN EACH COUNTY OF
ENGLAND & WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number of cases is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number of cases is below the Average.

The Average is taken for the last ten years.

The Average for all England and Wales is17 in every 10,000 illegitimate births.
Surrey (the highest)39
Huntingdon and Rutland (the lowest)0

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO THE CONCEALMENT OF THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS.

COUNTIES.Average Yearly No. of Illegitimate Births.1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.
Bedford336.........1............1...
Berks461.........22......132
Bucks315......1.........1......1
Cambridge423.........21......13...
Chester1128322......1...3...5
Cornwall534232211......41
Cumberland639.........11...11...1
Derby656...2...............114
Devon818218...232113
Dorset34211......122111
Durham824...1272412......
Essex621111521......41
Gloucester7881214...45...32
Hereford2741.........1122......
Hertford3882............11...1...
Hunts98..............................
Kent9982...24315...32
Lancaster56724445776553
Leicester583212...1......221
Lincoln820141721...214
Middlesex22002467587564
Monmouth2691...2...2.........3...
Norfolk1374...21316323...
Northampton416......12231.........
Northumberland6851......2.........11...
Nottingham808...1..................12
Oxford396...............1............
Rutland40..............................
Salop6403222...21412
Somerset847321112...312
Southampton70311533542...2
Stafford13412216122232
Suffolk8953...25123112
Surrey9034635142433
Sussex662221215111...
Warwick8311...111...14...2
Westmorland156......1...............21
Wilts506......1122112...
Worcester6791131...31223
York415533534410575
North Wales847......22...1...121
South Wales13082121222...34
Total for England and Wales37,41051496687537865607566
Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed for concealments in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
2·26*64·7
101·022†29·5
3·310*41·2
7·717.....
161·654*17·6
161·630†76·9
5·58*52·9
8·812*29·4
232·328†64·8
101·029†70·6
191·923†35·3
161·626†53·0
222·228†64·8
7·726†53·0
5·513*23·5
.........*100·0
222·222†29·5
505·09*47·1
111·119†11·8
232·328†64·8
545·425†47·1
8·830†76·9
212·115*11·8
9·922†29·5
5·57*58·8
4·45*70·6
1·13*82·4
.........*100·0
191·914*17·6
161·619†11·8
262·637†117·7
232·317.....
202·022†29·5
353·539†129·5
161·624†41·2
111·113*23·5
4·426†53·0
9·918†4·1
171·725†47·1
494·912*29·4
9·911*35·3
191·915*11·8
65065·017
COUNTIES. Average Yearly No. of Illegitimate Births.1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed for concealments in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
Bedford336.........1............1...2·26*64·7
Berks461.........22......132101·022†29·5
Bucks315......1.........1......13·310*41·2
Cambridge423.........21......13...7·717.....
Chester1128322......1...3...5161·654*17·6
Cornwall534232211......41161·630†76·9
Cumberland639.........11...11...15·58*52·9
Derby656...2...............1148·812*29·4
Devon818218...232113232·328†64·8
Dorset34211......122111101·029†70·6
Durham824...1272412......191·923†35·3
Essex621111521......41161·626†53·0
Gloucester7881214...45...32222·228†64·8
Hereford2741.........1122......7·726†53·0
Hertford3882............11...1...5·513*23·5
Hunts98.......................................*100·0
Kent9982...24315...32222·222†29·5
Lancaster56724445776553505·09*47·1
Leicester583212...1......221111·119†11·8
Lincoln820141721...214232·328†64·8
Middlesex22002467587564545·425†47·1
Monmouth2691...2...2.........3...8·830†76·9
Norfolk1374...21316323...212·115*11·8
Northampton416......12231.........9·922†29·5
Northumberland6851......2.........11...5·57*58·8
Nottingham808...1..................124·45*70·6
Oxford396...............1............1·13*82·4
Rutland40.......................................*100·0
Salop6403222...21412191·914*17·6
Somerset847321112...312161·619†11·8
Southampton70311533542...2262·637†117·7
Stafford13412216122232232·317.....
Suffolk8953...25123112202·022†29·5
Surrey9034635142433353·539†129·5
Sussex662221215111...161·624†41·2
Warwick8311...111...14...2111·113*23·5
Westmorland156......1...............214·426†53·0
Wilts506......1122112...9·918†4·1
Worcester6791131...31223171·725†47·1
York415533534410575494·912*29·4
North Wales847......22...1...1219·911*35·3
South Wales13082121222...34191·915*11·8
Total for England and Wales37,4105149668753786560756665065·017

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO THE CONCEALMENT OF THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000 ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS.

Counties above the Average.

Surrey39
Southampton37
Cornwall30
Monmouth30
Dorset29
Devon28
Gloucester28
Lincoln28
Essex26
Hereford26
Westmorland26
Middlesex25
Worcester25
Sussex24
Durham23
Berks22
Kent22
Northampton22
Suffolk22
Leicester19
Somerset19
Wilts18

Counties below the Average.

Cambridge17
Stafford17
Norfolk15
South Wales15
Chester14
Salop14
Hertford13
Warwick13
Derby12
York12
North Wales11
Bucks10
Lancaster9
Cumberland8
Northumberland7
Bedford6
Nottingham5
Oxford3
HuntsO
RutlandO
Average for England and Wales17

THE ATTEMPTS AT CONCEALING THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS COMPARED.

Counties in which the Number of cases of Concealing Births and Number of Illegitimate Births are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
In No. of Cases of Concealing Births.In No. of Illegitimate Births.
Hereford†53·0†49·2
Westmorland†53·0†29·8
Sussex†41·2† 1·5
Berks†29·5†17·9
Suffolk†29·5†26·8
Leicester†11·8†17·9
Wilts† 4·1† 3·0
The Average for the whole of the above Counties is†29·4†131·4
(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 22 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and the Number of Illegitimate Births 88 in every 1000 Births.)
Counties in which the No. of cases of Concealing Births and No. of Illegitimate Births are both below the Average.
Rutland* ——* 1·5
Hunts* 23·5*16·5
Warwick*100·0*28·3
Cambridge*100·0*16·4
The Average for the whole of the above Counties is* 23·5*13·4
(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 13 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and the Number of Illegitimate Births 58 in every 1000 Births.)
Counties in which the Number of cases of Concealing Births is above the Average and the Number of Illegitimate Births below it.
Surrey†129·5*34·3
Southampton†117·7*10·4
Cornwall† 76·9*29·8
Monmouth† 76·9*26·8
Dorset† 70·6* 1·5
Devon† 64·8*25·3
Gloucester† 64·8* 4·5
Lincoln† 64·8* 1·5
Essex† 53·0*10·4
Middlesex† 47·1*40·3
Worcester† 47·1* 1·5
Durham† 35·3*10·4
Kent† 29·5*19·4
Northampton† 29·5*10·4
Somerset† 11·8* 6·0
The Average for the above Counties is† 58·9*20·9
(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 27 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and the Number of Illegitimate Births 53 in every 1000 Births.)
Counties in which the No. of cases of Concealing Births is below the Average and the No. of Illegitimate Births above it.
Oxford*82·4†13·4
Nottingham*70·6†35·8
Bedford*64·7†14·9
Northumberland*58·8† 8·9
Cumberland*52·9†61·2
Lancaster*47·1†14·9
Bucks*29·5† 4·4
North Wales*35·3†16·4
York*29·4† 6·0
Derby*29·4†20·9
Hertford*23·5† 7·4
Salop*17·6†47·7
Chester*17·6†32·8
South Wales*11·8† 7·4
Norfolk*11·8†56·7
Stafford*——† 3·0
The Average for the whole of the above Counties is*29·4†17·9
(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 12 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and the Number of Illegitimate Births 79 in every 1000 Births.)

MAP
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PROVED CASES OF
ATTEMPTING TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN
IN EVERY 10,000 ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS,
IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF
ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the cases are above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number of cases is below the Average.

The Average is calculated for ten years.

The Average for England and Wales is 1 in every 10,000 illegitimate births.
Sussex (the highest) 6

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES, WITH REGARD TO THE ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN.

Counties. Average Yearly No. of Illegitimate Births.Total number committed for attempting to procure the miscarriage of women.
1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.
Bedford336............
Berks461..........1
Bucks315............
Cambridge423............
Chester1128..21......
Cornwall534......1....
Cumberland639............
Derby656....2......
Devon818......3....
Dorset342............
Durham824............
Essex621............
Gloucester788..1........
Hereford274............
Hertford388............
Hunts98............
Kent998............
Lancaster5672............
Leicester583....1....1
Lincoln820............
Middlesex2200....1......
Monmouth269............
Norfolk1374..........1
Northampton416............
Northumberland685....1......
Nottingham808..........1
Oxford396............
Rutland40............
Salop640............
Somerset847............
Southampton703............
Stafford13411....1....
Suffolk895............
Surrey903............
Sussex662....4......
Warwick831..111....
Westmorland156............
Wilts506............
Worcester679............
York4155212..1..
North Wales847............
South Wales1308............
Total for England and Wales 37,410 3 5 13 6 1 4
Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
1847.1848.1849.1850.
..............*100·0
........1·12†100·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
........3·33†200·0
..1....2·24†300·0
..............*100·0
........2·23†200·0
........3·34†300·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
........1·11....
..............*100·0
1......1·13†200·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
..1....1·10·2†80·0
......13·35*400·0
....1..1·11....
......12·20·9*10·0
..............*100·0
........1·10·7*30·0
....112·25†400·0
........1·11....
....113·34†300·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
........2·21....
..1....1·11....
..............*100·0
........4·46†500·0
........3·34†300·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
..............*100·0
........6·61....
..............*100·0
1......1·10·8*20·0
3333444·41
Counties.Average Yearly No. of Illegitimate Births.Total number committed for attempting to procure the miscarriage of women.Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed annually in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.Proportion per Cent. above and below the Aver.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
1841.1842.1843.1844.1845.1846.1847.1848.1849.1850.
Bedford336..........................*100·0
Berks461..........1........1·12†100·0
Bucks315..........................*100·0
Cambridge423..........................*100·0
Chester1128..21..............3·33†200·0
Cornwall534......1......1....2·24†300·0
Cumberland639..........................*100·0
Derby656....2..............2·23†200·0
Devon818......3............3·34†300·0
Dorset342..........................*100·0
Durham824..........................*100·0
Essex621..........................*100·0
Gloucester788..1................1·11....
Hereford274..........................*100·0
Hertford388............1......1·13†200·0
Hunts98..........................*100·0
Kent998..........................*100·0
Lancaster5672..............1....1·10·2†80·0
Leicester583....1....1......13·35*400·0
Lincoln820................1..1·11....
Middlesex2200....1............12·20·9*10·0
Monmouth269..........................*100·0
Norfolk1374..........1........1·10·7*30·0
Northampton416................112·25†400·0
Northumberland685....1..............1·11....
Nottingham808..........1....113·34†300·0
Oxford396..........................*100·0
Rutland40..........................*100·0
Salop640..........................*100·0
Somerset847..........................*100·0
Southampton703..........................*100·0
Stafford13411....1............2·21....
Suffolk895..............1....1·11....
Surrey903..........................*100·0
Sussex662....4..............4·46†500·0
Warwick831..111............3·34†300·0
Westmorland156..........................*100·0
Wilts506..........................*100·0
Worcester679..........................*100·0
York4155212..1..........6·61....
North Wales847..........................*100·0
South Wales1308............1......1·10·8*20·0
Total for England and Wales37,41035136143333444·41

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO ATTEMPTING TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 10,000 ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS.

Counties above the Average.