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London Labour and the London Poor, Vol. 4

Chapter 244: Counties below the Average.
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About This Book

The volume presents an investigative survey of urban poverty and vice, classifying those who will and will not work and detailing the lives, haunts, and survival strategies of prostitutes, thieves, swindlers, professional beggars, and vagrants. It combines first-person autobiographical testimonies with police information and descriptive reportage, and outlines the operations of charitable, preventive, and punitive institutions in the city. Statistical maps and tables supplement essays on social agencies, showing patterns of criminality, dependency, and relief while assessing the comparative reach of preventive measures versus corrective responses.

Sussex6
Leicester5
Northampton5
Devon4
Nottingham4
Warwick4
Cornwall4
Chester3
Derby3
Hertford3
Berks2

Counties below the Average.

York1
Stafford1
Gloucester1
Lincoln1
Northumb.1
Suffolk1
Middlesex0·9
S. Wales0·8
Norfolk0·7
Lancaster0·2
Bedford0
Bucks0
Cambridge0
Cumberland0
Dorset0
Durham0
Essex0
Hereford0
Hunts0
Kent0
Monmouth0
Oxford0
Rutland0
Salop0
Somerset0
Southamp.0
Surrey0
Westmor.0
Wilts0
Worcester0
N. Wales0
Average for England and Wales1

THE CONCEALMENT OF THE BIRTHS OF INFANTS AND THE ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN COMPARED.

Counties in which the Concealment of Births and attempts to procure Miscarriage are both above the Average. Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
Counties in which the Concealment of Births is above the Average, and the attempts to procure Miscarriage below it. Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
In No. of Concealment of Births. In No. of Attempts at Miscarriage In No. of Concealment of Births. In No. of Attempts at Miscarriage
Cornwall †76·9 †300·0Surrey †129·5 *100·0
Devon †64·8 †300·0Southampton †117·7 *100·0
Sussex †41·2 †500·0Monmouth † 76·9 *100·0
Berks †29·5 †100·0Dorset † 70·6 *100·0
Northampton †29·5 †400·0Gloucester † 64·8 * ——
Leicester †11·8 †400·0Lincoln † 64·8 * ——
The Average for the whole of the above Counties is †41·1 †300·0Essex † 53·0 *100·0
(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 24, and of Attempts at Miscarriage 4 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.)Hereford † 53·0 *100·0
Counties in which the Concealment of Births and Attempts to procure Miscarriage are both below the Average.Westmorland † 53·0 *100·0
Rutland *100·0 *100·0Middlesex † 47·1 * 10·0
Hunts *100·0 *100·0Worcester † 47·1 *100·0
Oxford * 82·4 *100·0Durham † 35·3 *100·0
Bedford * 64·7 *100·0Kent † 29·5 *100·0
Northumb. * 58·8 * ——Suffolk † 29·5 * ——
Cumberland * 52·9 *100·0 Somerset † 11·8 *100·0
Lancaster * 47·1 * 80·0 Wilts † 4·1 *100·0
Bucks * 41·2 *100·0The Average for the whole of the above Counties is † 53·0 * 60·0
North Wales * 35·3 *100·0(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 26, and Attempts at Miscarriage 0·4 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.)
York * 29·4 * ——Counties in which the Concealment of Births is below the Average, and the Attempts to procure Miscarriage above it.
Salop * 17·6 *100·0Nottingham * 70·6 †300·0
South Wales * 11·8 * 20·0Derby * 29·4 †200·0
Norfolk * 11·8 * 30·0Warwick * 23·5 †300·0
Stafford * —— * ——Hertford * 23·5 †200·0
Cambridge * —— *100·0Chester * 17·6 †200·0
The Average for the whole of the above Counties is * 29·4 * 30·0The Average for the whole of the above Counties is * 29·4 †200·0
(The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 14, and Attempts at Miscarriage 0·7 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.) (The Number of cases of Concealing Births is 12, and Attempts at Miscarriage 3 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births.)

THE ATTEMPTS TO PROCURE THE MISCARRIAGE OF WOMEN AND ILLEGITIMATE BIRTHS COMPARED.

Counties in which the Number of cases of Attempts at Miscarriage and Number of Illegitimate Births are both above the Average.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
Counties in which the cases of Attempts at Miscarriage are above the Average and the Number of Illegitimate Births below it.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
In No. of Attempts at MiscarriageIn No. of Illegitimate Births.In No. of Attempts at MiscarriageIn No. of Illegitimate Births.
Sussex†500·0† 1·5Northampton†400·0*10·4
Leicester†400·0†17·9Devon†300·0*25·3
Nottingham†300·0†35·8Warwick†300·0*16·4
Chester†200·0†32·8Cornwall†300·0*29·8
Derby†200·0†20·9The Average for the whole of the above Counties is†300·0*20·9
Hertford†200·0† 7·4(The Number of cases of Attempts at Miscarriage is 4 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and Number of Illegitimate Births 53 in every 1000 Births.)
Berks†100·0†17·9
The Average for the whole of the above Counties is†300·0†20·9
The number of cases of Attempts at Miscarriage is 4 in 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and Number of Illegitimate Births 81 in every 1000 Births.)Counties in which the cases of Attempts at Miscarriage are below the Average and the Number of Illegitimate Births above it.
Counties in which the cases of Attempts at Miscarriage and Number of Illegitimate Births are both below the Average.Bedford*100·0†14·9
Cambridge*100·0* 1·5Bucks*100·0† 4·4
Dorset*100·0* 1·5Cumberland*100·0†61·2
Durham*100·0*10·4Hereford*100·0†49·2
Essex*100·0*10·4Oxford*100·0†13·4
Hunts*100·0*28·3Salop*100·0†47·7
Kent*100·0*19·4Westmorland*100·0†29·8
Monmouth*100·0*26·8Wilts*100·0† 3·0
Rutland*100·0*16·4North Wales*100·0†16·4
Somerset*100·0* 6·0Lancaster* 80·0†14·9
Southampton*100·0*10·4Norfolk* 30·0†56·7
Surrey*100·0*34·3South Wales* 20·0† 7·4
Worcester*100·0* 1·5Suffolk* ——†26·8
Middlesex* 10·0*40·3Northumb.* ——† 8·9
Lincoln* ——* 1·5Stafford* ——† 3·0
Gloucester* ——* 4·5York* ——† 6·0
The Average for the whole of the above Counties is* 60·0* 19·4The Average for the whole of the above Counties is* 40·0†16·4
(The Number of cases of Attempts at Miscarriage is ·4 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and Number of Illegitimate Births 54 in every 1000 Births.)(The Number of cases of Attempts at Miscarriage is ·6 in every 10,000 Illegitimate Births, and Number of Illegitimate Births 78 in every 1000 Births.)

MAP
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR
ASSAULTS, WITH INTENT TO RAVISH AND CARNALLY ABUSE,
IN EVERY 1,000,000 OF THE POPULATION,
IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF
ENGLAND & WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number committed for this offence is above the Average.

The counties left white are those in which the number committed for the same offence is below the Average.

The Average has been calculated for the ten years, from 1841 to 1850.

The Average for all England and Wales is83 in every 1,000,000 people.
Worcester (the highest)139
South Wales (the lowest)33

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES, WITH REGARD TO ASSAULTS WITH INTENT TO RAVISH AND CARNALLY ABUSE.

Counties.Average Population 1841-50.Total Number Committed for Assaults, with intent to Ravish and Carnally Abuse.
1841184218431844184518461847184818491850
Bedford121,083....1....2111..
Berks194,7631..14211111
Bucks140,959..1441..111..
Cambridge180,747311311..2..2
Chester395,9197525754353
Cornwall349,9912314..22342
Cumberland186,7621..2223....23
Derby250,249211311..111
Devon554,7383233157173
Dorset172,736....2334..1....
Durham368,787137..133143
Essex332,363261333532..
Gloucester407,5046244163..65
Hereford97,8131........2..4..1
Hertford168,178....311213..2
Hunts57,9421..1....1........
Kent585,24938897555111
Lancaster1,881,2611319212126151515116
Leicester227,621254..43....14
Lincoln378,24626263..1432
Middlesex1,740,81414101011912620811
Monmouth164,0931124..21411
Norfolk419,4633377777135
Northampton206,496..132323511
Northumberland284,7771..43133..1..
Nottingham282,58411..3122......
Oxford166,751..4..2..23312
Rutland23,711..........1........
Salop243,352135......23....
Somerset452,5155776765242
Southampton377,0402377271731
Stafford579,686471142573411
Suffolk325,3361113..42213
Surrey635,91725210245422
Sussex320,944..71..342474
Warwick444,5585342353538
Westmorland57,494........1..121..
Wilts241,8873333..51343
Worcester244,5743354243451
York1,686,461161415161219166814
North Wales396,1615222137514
South Wales568,43011..3332122
Total for England and Wales16,918,458118141158167123164131133112122
Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. Committed Annually in every 1,000,000.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
60·650*39·3
131·367*19·2
131·392†10·8
141·477* 7·2
464·6116†39·8
232·366*20·5
151·580* 3·6
121·248*42·2
353·563*24·7
131·375* 9·6
262·671*14·5
282·884† 1·2
373·791† 9·6
80·882* 1·2
131·378* 6·0
30·352*37·4
626·2106†27·7
16216·287† 4·8
232·3101†21·7
292·980* 3·6
11111·164*22·9
171·7104†25·3
505·0119†43·4
212·1102†22·9
161·656*32·5
101·036*56·6
171·7102†22·9
10·142*49·4
141·458*30·1
515·1115†38·6
404·0106†27·7
585·8101†21·7
181·856*32·5
383·860*27·7
323·2100†20·5
414·192†10·8
50·587† 4·8
282·8116†39·8
343·4139†67·5
13613·681* 2·4
323·281* 2·4
181·833*60·2
1369137·083
Counties.Average Population 1841-50.Total Number Committed for Assaults, with intent to Ravish and Carnally Abuse.Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. Committed Annually in every 1,000,000.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
1841184218431844184518461847184818491850
Bedford121,083....1....2111..60·650*39·3
Berks194,7631..14211111131·367*19·2
Bucks140,959..1441..111..131·392†10·8
Cambridge180,747311311..2..2141·477* 7·2
Chester395,9197525754353464·6116†39·8
Cornwall349,9912314..22342232·366*20·5
Cumberland186,7621..2223....23151·580* 3·6
Derby250,249211311..111121·248*42·2
Devon554,7383233157173353·563*24·7
Dorset172,736....2334..1....131·375* 9·6
Durham368,787137..133143262·671*14·5
Essex332,363261333532..282·884† 1·2
Gloucester407,5046244163..65373·791† 9·6
Hereford97,8131........2..4..180·882* 1·2
Hertford168,178....311213..2131·378* 6·0
Hunts57,9421..1....1........30·352*37·4
Kent585,24938897555111626·2106†27·7
Lancaster1,881,261131921212615151511616216·287† 4·8
Leicester227,621254..43....14232·3101†21·7
Lincoln378,24626263..1432292·980* 3·6
Middlesex1,740,8141410101191262081111111·164*22·9
Monmouth164,0931124..21411171·7104†25·3
Norfolk419,4633377777135505·0119†43·4
Northampton206,496..132323511212·1102†22·9
Northumberland284,7771..43133..1..161·656*32·5
Nottingham282,58411..3122......101·036*56·6
Oxford166,751..4..2..23312171·7102†22·9
Rutland23,711..........1........10·142*49·4
Salop243,352135......23....141·458*30·1
Somerset452,5155776765242515·1115†38·6
Southampton377,0402377271731404·0106†27·7
Stafford579,686471142573411585·8101†21·7
Suffolk325,3361113..42213181·856*32·5
Surrey635,91725210245422383·860*27·7
Sussex320,944..71..342474323·2100†20·5
Warwick444,5585342353538414·192†10·8
Westmorland57,494........1..121..50·587† 4·8
Wilts241,8873333..51343282·8116†39·8
Worcester244,5743354243451343·4139†67·5
York1,686,46116141516121916681413613·681* 2·4
North Wales396,1615222137514323·281* 2·4
South Wales568,43011..3332122181·833*60·2
Total for England and Wales16,918,4581181411581671231641311331121221369137·083

LIST OF COUNTIES, IN THE ORDER OF THEIR CRIMINALITY WITH REGARD TO ASSAULTS WITH INTENT TO RAVISH AND CARNALLY ABUSE, AS SHOWN BY THE NUMBER COMMITTED FOR THIS OFFENCE IN EVERY 1,000,000 OF THE POPULATION.

Counties above the Average.

Worcester139
Norfolk119
Chester116
Wilts116
Somerset115
Kent106
Southampton106
Monmouth104
Northampton102
Oxford102
Stafford101
Leicester101
Sussex100
Warwick92
Bucks92
Gloucester91
Lancaster87
Westmorland87
Essex84

Counties below the Average.

Hereford82
York81
North Wales81
Lincoln80
Cumberland80
Hertford78
Cambridge77
Dorset75
Durham71
Berks67
Cornwall66
Middlesex64
Devon63
Surrey60
Salop58
Suffolk56
Northumberland56
Hunts52
Bedford50
Derby48
Rutland42
Nottingham36
South Wales33
Average for England and Wales83

MAP
SHOWING THE NUMBER OF PERSONS COMMITTED FOR
BIGAMY
IN EVERY 100,000 MARRIAGES,
IN THE SEVERAL COUNTIES OF
ENGLAND AND WALES.

⁂ The counties printed black are those in which the number committed for this offence is above the average.

The counties left white are those in which the number committed for the same offence is below the average.

The average is calculated for the ten years, from 1841 to 1850.

The average for all England and Wales is 59 in every 100,000 Marriages.
Chester (the highest)259

TABLE SHOWING THE CRIMINALITY OF THE DIFFERENT COUNTIES OF ENGLAND AND WALES WITH REGARD TO BIGAMY.

Counties.Average Marriages for 10 years, from 1830-48.Total Number committed for Bigamy.
1841184218431844184518461847184818491850
Bedford9251....1........1..
Berks1,294112......21....
Bucks960....................
Cambridge1,392....1..........11
Chester2,580471162212698
Cornwall2,447......1......1....
Cumberland1,0362..1322..12..
Derby1,826..1......3......2
Devon4,3391..2211133..
Dorset1,174..............1....
Durham2,885..631233442
Essex2,1142..12..1........
Gloucester3,459215....1..32..
Hereford6341..1......11....
Hertford988....................
Hunts452....2..............
Kent4,0472532232..11
Lancaster17,03413113519202729191920
Leicester1,730......1............
Lincoln2,765....14..11232
Middlesex15,795881091691210911
Monmouth1,281..2211......22
Norfolk3,021..132..1..212
Northampton1,597....1..............
Northumberland2,047..1..1..311....
Nottingham2,084......1..31......
Oxford1,158....................
Rutland158....................
Salop1,59021..1..1........
Somerset3,113121..11..111
Southampton2,884....2......1....2
Stafford4,1461311121324
Suffolk2,369....1..........1..
Surrey5,1872752334458
Sussex2,134........11..2....
Warwick3,247312..133421
Westmorland390......1......1....
Wilts1,618........11........
Worcester2,769....3..112131
York13,332366849714913
North Wales2,582..11..2....211
South Wales4,0761..1..1..112..
Total for England and Wales130,670506510769628284888382
Total for 10 Years.Annual Average.No. committed Annually in every 100,000 Marriages.Percentage above and below the Average.
† denotes above.
*    „    below.
30·332* 45·8
70·754* 8·5
......*100·0
30·322* 62·7
676·7259†338·9
20·28* 86·4
131·3125† 11·2
60·633* 44·1
141·432* 45·8
10·19* 4·8
282·897† 64·4
60·628* 52·5
141·440* 32·2
40·463† 6·8
......*100·0
20·244* 25·4
212·152* 11·9
21221·2124†110·2
10·16* 89·8
141·451* 13·6
10210·265† 10·2
101·078† 32·2
121·239* 33·9
10·16* 89·8
70·734* 42·4
50·524* 59·3
......*100·0
......*100·0
50·531* 47·5
90·929* 50·9
50·517* 71·2
191·946* 22·0
20·28* 86·4
434·383† 40·7
40·419* 67·8
202·062† 5·1
20·251* 13·6
20·212* 79·7
121·243* 27·1
797·959* . ..
80·831* 47·5
70·717* 71·2
772·259