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Lynch-law; an investigation into the history of lynching in the United States cover

Lynch-law; an investigation into the history of lynching in the United States

Chapter 15: INDEX
By James Elbert Cutler
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About This Book

The author investigates the history and social causes of mob executions in the United States, tracing the origin of the term, early examples, nineteenth-century developments, Reconstruction-era violence, and regional patterns through statistical tables. Combining documentary research, contemporary commentary, and quantitative charts, the study analyzes motives offered for lynching, legal and institutional failures that enable it, demographic and seasonal patterns, and common justifications. The work evaluates proposed remedies, critiques arguments in defense of mob punishment, and draws conclusions about the social conditions under which extrajudicial violence thrives, aiming to correct misconceptions and inform public opinion about prevention and legal enforcement.

INDEX

  • Abolitionism, 91, 107, 121.
  • Abolitionists, 105, 106, 113, 120, 122.
  • Act of indemnity, 29, 72, 73.
  • Agreement to take extra-legal measures, 49, 73, 83.
  • Alabama, burning alive, 108, 126;
    • lynch-law adopted, 151, 179, 183, 188;
    • responsibility of sheriffs, 244;
    • punishment of lynchers, 255, 263.
  • Alaska, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • Aliens, lynching of, 171, 181.
  • Anti-slavery agitation, 198.
  • Arizona, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • Arkansas, burning alive, 109, 126, 191;
  • Arnold, S. G., 66.
  • Atkinson, Governor, 231.
  • Austria-Hungary, mob violence, 4.
  • Aycock, Governor, 256.
  • Bancroft, H. H., 132, 198.
  • Bassett, John S., 48, 211.
  • Beard, J. M., 139.
  • Birkbeck, Morris, 77.
  • Blanchard, Governor, 262.
  • Blane, W. N., 38, 78.
  • Boag, Rev. John, 10.
  • Bohemian lynched, 172, 181.
  • Boies, Henry M., 164.
  • Brackett, J. R., 212.
  • Brande, 5, 8.
  • Brewer, Justice, on right of appeal, 260–262.
  • Bristed, C. A., 16.
  • Brown, W. G., 140.
  • Brown, William Wells, 202.
  • Brown v. Orangeburg Co., 246 ff.
  • Bryce, James, 140.
  • Burning alive, 108, 109, 126, 127, 191, 274, 275;
    • as legal punishment, 212 ff.
  • Cabell, Julia Mayo, 23, 33, 75.
  • California, vigilance committee movement, 132 ff.;
    • lynch-law adopted, 151, 180, 184;
    • punishment of lynchers, 255.
  • Canada, practice of lynching does not exist, 3.
  • Carpet-baggers, 138.
  • Castration, form of punishment, 211.
  • Cattle thieves, 163 (see horse thieves).
  • Causes of lynchings, classification of, 166 ff.;
    • conclusion in regard to, 276.
  • Cazneau, Jane M., 197.
  • Channing, W. E., 194.
  • China, secret societies in, 4.
  • Chinese lynched, 172, 181.
  • Civil War, social disruption at close of, 137 ff.
  • Club law, 38.
  • Colonies, punishment of rape in, 208 ff.
  • Colorado, lynch-law adopted, 152, 163, 180, 184;
    • burning alive, 191.
  • Colored element in population, influence on lynching, 186 ff.
  • Commissioners v. Church, 248 ff.
  • Connecticut, tarring and feathering, 63;
    • perpetrators of outrage
  • fined, 115;
    • lynching of Charles Lockwood, 180, 181, 185.
  • Corporal punishment (see whipping, tar and feathers, riding on rail).
  • County liable for damages, 246 ff.
  • Cowper justice, 8.
  • Craig, John, 10.
  • Criminality among negroes, 274.
  • Crockett, David, 196.
  • Damages, suits for, 114, 115, 125.
  • Defensor, 105.
  • Delaware, burning alive, 180, 185, 191, 261.
  • Desjardins, Arthur, 24.
  • Desperadism, 166.
  • Desperadoes, 128 ff., 150.
  • Dewees, F. P., 150.
  • Douglass, Frederick, 223.
  • Doyle, A. Conan, 140.
  • Drake family of South Carolina, tradition in, 17 ff.
  • Draper, Lyman C., 26, 34, 73.
  • Drayton, John, 61, 69.
  • Drewry, W. S., 92 ff., 165.
  • DuBois, W. E. B., 274.
  • Durbin, Governor, 263.
  • England, practice of lynching does not exist, 3, 7, 9.
  • Emancipation proclamation, 137.
  • Fallows, Samuel, 10.
  • Farmer, John S., 10.
  • Faux, W., 38, 76.
  • Featherston, H. C., 15, 23, 30.
  • Featherstonhaugh, G. W., 36.
  • Federal anti-lynching law proposed, 257.
  • Fiske, John, 212.
  • Flogging (see whipping).
  • Florida, lynch-law adopted, 119, 179, 183, 188.
  • Ford, Paul Leicester, 60.
  • Foreign element in population, effect on lynching, 186 ff.
  • France, practice of lynching does not exist, 3.
  • Franchise given to negroes, effect of, 205 ff.
  • Frontier conditions, lynch-law under, 1, 78 ff., 129 ff., 150, 194 ff.
  • Gag law, 37.
  • Galway story, 13 ff.
  • Gamblers, lynch-law adopted against, 98, 99, 108.
  • Garner, J. W., 138.
  • Garrison, W. L., 91, 96.
  • Georgia, lynch-law adopted, 92, 168, 179, 183, 185;
    • burning alive, 191;
    • anti-lynching laws, 231 ff., 233;
    • punishment of lynchers, 256.
  • Germany, practice of lynching does not exist, 3.
  • Gregg, Alexander, 20, 51 ff.
  • Grose, 7.
  • Grund, F. J., 114, 271.
  • Guinea Coast, secret societies of, 4.
  • Hakluyt, 61.
  • Halifax law, 8.
  • Hall, Judge James, 39, 81.
  • Hanna, C. A., 42.
  • Hardiman, 15.
  • Hawkes, Arthur, 202.
  • Hening, 30, 32, 73, 76, 211.
  • Henry, William Wirt, 32.
  • Hershey, O. F., 270.
  • Heyward, Governor, 252.
  • Hittell, John S., 132.
  • Hoffman, F. L., 153.
  • Hogg, Governor, 230.
  • Holt, George C., 155, 265.
  • Hone, Philip, 117.
  • Horse thieves, 3, 122, 128, 134, 163.
  • Howe, Henry, 25, 26, 33.
  • Idaho, lynch-law adopted, 180,184.
  • Illinois, lynch-law adopted, 44, 45, 78, 180, 185, 188;
    • compact entered into by Regulators, 83;
    • mob violence, 110, 115;
    • burning alive, 191;
    • punishment of lynchers, 254.
  • Illiteracy, study of with reference to the distribution of lynchings, 186 ff.
  • Immigration, effect on practice of lynching, 186 ff.
  • Indemnities paid by United States, 259.
  • Indemnification of William Preston and others, 29;
    • William Campbell and others, 72;
    • Thomas Nelson, Jr., 73.
  • Indiana, lynch-law adopted, 38, 77, 152, 180, 185, 188;
    • anti-lynching laws, 241 ff.;
    • Maxwell v. Dudley, 250.
  • Indians lynched, 172. Cf. 41 ff., 44. 45.
  • Indian Territory, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • Informers tarred and feathered, 62 ff.
  • Ingle, Edward, 75.
  • Ingraham, J. H., 101, 227.
  • Iowa, lynch-law adopted, 86 ff., 180, 184.
  • Italians lynched, 172, 181, 228.
  • Jacksonian period, 106 ff.
  • Jameson, R. G., 61.
  • Jamieson, John, 8.
  • Japanese lynched, 172, 181.
  • Jeddart justice, 8.
  • Jelks, Governor, 263.
  • Johnson, Joseph, 22, 56, 61.
  • Johnson, William, 26.
  • Judge Lynch, code of his honor, 82, 83, 102, 133.
  • Kansas, lynch-law adopted, 134, 152, 180, 184, 245;
    • burning alive, 191;
    • anti-lynching law, 245.
  • Keller, Albert G., 272.
  • Kemble, Fanny, 201.
  • Kentucky, lynch-law adopted, 38, 78, 88, 151, 179, 183, 188;
    • damages for slaves illegally executed, 125;
    • burning alive, 191, 264;
    • anti-lynching law, 238 ff.;
    • punishment of lynchers, 255, 264.
  • Ku-Klux Klan 6, 139 ff.
  • Lashing (see whipping).
  • Latrobe, C. J., 83.
  • Lawless, Judge, 109, 193.
  • LeBon, Gustave, 275.
  • Lee, Henry, 26.
  • Legal executions compared with lynchings, 163.
  • Legal remedies, efficacy of, 245, 251 ff, 277.
  • LeRoy, James A., 202.
  • Lester, J. C., 139.
  • Levell, W. H., 274.
  • Linch, 16.
  • Linch’s Law, 39, 81.
  • Lincoln, Abraham, on effects of mob law, 110 ff.
  • Linn, W. A., 103.
  • Lossing, Benson J., 24.
  • Louisiana, lynch-law adopted, 117, 151, 179, 183, 188;
    • slaves sentenced to death by planters, 126;
    • burning alive, 191, 228.
  • Lovejoy, Rev. E. P., 110, 115.
  • Loyal League, 146.
  • Lydford law, 7.
  • Lyell, Sir Charles, 119.
  • Lynch, dictionary definitions of, 9 ff.;
    • etymology of, 16 ff.;
    • use of word, 116.
  • Lynch, Charles, 11, 23 ff.
  • Lynch, John, 23, 35, 75.
  • Lynch, James Fitzstephen, 13.
  • Lynch, William, 73, 75.
  • Lynchers, punishment of, 114 ff., 152, 254 ff., 265.
  • Lynch’s Creek, South Carolina, 19 ff.
  • Lynch Creek, North Carolina, 17.
  • Lynching, practice peculiar to United States, 1 ff., 267 ff.;
  • Lynchings, reports of in newspapers, 159;
    • distribution of by States, 182;
    • distribution of by counties, 189.
  • Lynch-law, meaning of term, 9 ff., 40, 136;
    • frontier type, 82 ff., 85 ff., 89, 90, 129 ff., 150, 194 ff.;
    • type found in well settled communities, 2, 112 ff.
  • Lynch’s law, earliest use of expression, 36;
    • original signification of term, 39, 40;
    • used for first time in Liberator, 97;
    • used for first time in Niles’ Register, 98.
  • Malay lynched, 152.
  • Marryat, F., 114, 194 ff.
  • Martin, Colonel William, 34.
  • Martin, F. X., 20, 48.
  • Martineau, Harriet, 104, 114.
  • Maryland, lynch-law adopted, 152, 179, 183, 188.
  • Massachusetts, lynch-law adopted, 102, 103;
    • tarring and feathering, 61 ff., 64, 65, 67 ff.
  • Matthews, Albert, 19, 21, 32, 36, 59.
  • Maxwell v. Dudley, 250.
  • Mayo-Smith, Richmond, 170.
  • McConnel, J. L., 84, 85.
  • McCord, D. J., 213, 219, 221.
  • McCrady, Edward, 20, 61, 69.
  • Mexicans lynched, 172, 181.
  • Michigan, lynch-law adopted, 152, 180, 185;
    • anti-lynching law, 244.
  • Mississippi, lynch-law adopted, 99 ff., 117, 120, 168, 179, 183, 188;
    • suits for damages, 115;
    • burning alive, 191;
    • punishment of lynchers, 254.
  • Missouri, lynch-law adopted, 98, 116, 118, 119, 120, 122, 151, 179, 183, 188;
    • burning alive, 108, 109, 126;
    • punishment of lynchers, 255.
  • Mob law, 37.
  • Mobocracy, 101.
  • Mobs, 20, 69, 97, 101;
    • definition, 241.
  • Mob violence, 66, 68, 91, 103 ff., 110, 115, 259;
    • damages for, 66.
  • Molly Maguires, 150.
  • Montana, lynch-law adopted, 151, 163, 180, 184.
  • Montgomery, Cora, 197.
  • Moore, Frank, 60, 61, 69, 70, 71.
  • Moore, Nina, 64.
  • Mormons, 103.
  • Murray, C. A., 36, 198.
  • Murrell conspiracy, 100.
  • Nebraska, lynch-law adopted, 152, 180, 184.
  • Negroes, lynching of, previous to Civil War, 124, 126 ff.;
  • Nevada, lynch-law adopted, 151, 180, 184.
  • New Hampshire, lynch-law adopted, 44.
  • New Jersey, tarring and feathering, 70, 180, 185.
  • New Mexico, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • New York, tarring and feathering, 63, 70;
    • lynch-law adopted, 180, 185.
  • New Zealand, tarring and feathering, 61.
  • Noble, J., 212.
  • North Carolina, Regulators, 20 ff., 48;
  • North Dakota, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • Nuttall, 10.
  • O’Ferall, Governor, 229, 231, 262.
  • Ohio, lynch-law adopted, 152, 180, 185, 188, 248;
    • anti-lynching laws, 235 ff.;
    • Commissioners v. Church, 248 ff.
  • Olmsted, F. L., 128.
  • O’Neall, J. B., 20, 21, 53, 55.
  • Oregon, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • Page, Thomas Nelson, 140, 207, 224.
  • Page, Thomas Walker, 23 ff.
  • Page, Walter H., 223.
  • Pell, Edward Leigh, 159, 231.
  • Pennsylvania, Rangers at Paxtang, 41;
    • tarring and feathering, 64;
    • lynch-law adopted, 22, 97, 98, 180, 185.
  • Perfectionists, 103.
  • Phillips, Edward, 7.
  • Popular tribunals, 133.
  • Public sentiment as remedy, 265 ff., 279.
  • Race prejudice, 168, 198 ff., 272.
  • Ramsay, David, 55.
  • Rangers, 41, 45, 82.
  • Rape, 126, 127, 166, 169, 170, 177, 207 ff., 213 ff., 273.
  • Ratzel, F., 4, 201.
  • Reconstruction period characterized, 153.
  • Regulate, earliest use in connection with extra-legal punishment, 48.
  • Regulating, 20, 38, 39, 46, 48, 51, 59, 80.
  • Regulators, 6, 20 ff., 33, 38, 42, 48 ff., 79 ff., 88, 121, 130, 143.
  • Remedies tried, 245, 251 ff.
  • Revolutionary War, social conditions during, 60.
  • Rhode Island, tarring and feathering, 63;
    • mob violence, 66.
  • Riding on rail, 92, 103, 113, 120 (see whipping, tar and feathers).
  • Riots, 38, 69, 91, 97.
  • Roads, Jr., S., 69.
  • Roberts, William, 3.
  • Royce, Josiah, 132.
  • Russia, lynch-law procedure, 3.
  • San Francisco vigilance committees, 132.
  • Schaper, Wm. A., 21.
  • Schenck, David, 36.
  • Schofilites, 22, 56.
  • Scotland, summary procedure, 7, 9.
  • Scotch-Irish blamed for introduction of lynch-law, 42, 43.
  • Sewall, Samuel, 201.
  • Shaler, N. S., 270.
  • Shepherd, Samuel, 211.
  • Sidis, Boris, 275.
  • Simms, W. G., 26.
  • Slick, use of word, 98, 120.
  • Sloane, W. M., 71.
  • Smith, W. H., 45.
  • Sons of Liberty, 59, 154.
  • South Carolina, Regulators, 19, 21, 51 ff.;
    • tarring and feathering, 69, 71;
    • lynch-law adopted, 151, 168, 179, 183, 188;
    • provision for trial of slaves, 218 ff.;
    • anti-lynching law, 233 ff.;
    • Brown v. Orangeburg Co., 246 ff.
  • South Dakota, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • Squire Birch, 33, 81.
  • Stamp Act, 59.
  • Stearns, Charles, 139.
  • Stedman, C., 26.
  • Stone, Alfred Holt, 191.
  • Summers, L. P., 36.
  • Sumner, W. G., 60, 107.
  • Swiss lynched, 172, 181.
  • Tar and feathers, 60 ff., 92, 97, 98, 100, 101, 103, 120.
  • Tarleton, Banastre, 26.
  • Tea merchants, subjects for tar and feathers, 66.
  • Tennessee, lynch-law adopted, 35, 114, 115, 119, 151, 179, 183, 188;
  • Texas, lynch-law adopted, 118, 121, 122, 128, 179, 183, 188;
    • burning alive, 191, 228;
    • anti-lynching law, 240, 241;
    • punishment of lynchers, 255.
  • Tillinghast, J. A., 200.
  • Tories, 24 ff., 60, 72.
  • Turner, Nat., 92 ff.
  • Union League, 146.
  • Upton, George P., 160.
  • Utah, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • Vardaman, Governor, 263.
  • Vehmic courts, 5 ff.
  • Verdicts of coroner’s juries, 263.
  • Vicksburg gamblers, 99, 108, 194.
  • Vigilance organizations, 6, 122, 125, 128, 130 ff.
  • Virginia, lynch-law adopted, 23 ff., 32, 39, 76, 92, 119, 151, 179, 183, 188;
    • acts to indemnify, 29, 72, 73;
    • tarring and feathering, 71;
    • agreement of 1780, 73;
    • slave insurrection led by Nat Turner, 92 ff.
  • Washington, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184.
  • Washington, Booker T., 278.
  • Wells, Ida B., 229.
  • West Virginia, lynch-law adopted, 102, 179, 183, 188;
    • joint resolution condemning lynching, 244.
  • Westcott, 7.
  • Wheeler, John H., 17 ff., 50.
  • Whipping, 27, 28, 32, 35, 47, 76, 77, 92, 98, 99, 102, 113, 114, 115, 116, 120, 217–218.
  • White Caps, 154, 168.
  • Willcox, Walter F., 207.
  • Williams, George W., 199, 203.
  • Williamson, Hugh, 20, 48, 50.
  • Wilson, D. L., 139.
  • Wilson, Woodrow, 107.
  • Wirt, William, 26, 32, 71.
  • Wisconsin, lynch-law adopted, 152, 180, 185.
  • Wister, Owen, 197.
  • Women, lynching of, 172, 173.
  • Wright, Carroll D., 268.
  • Wyoming, lynch-law adopted, 180, 184;
    • punishment of lynchers, 255.