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Madame Roland: A Biographical Study

Chapter 20: INDEX
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About This Book

The biography traces a political woman's life from modest girlhood through marriage and social ambition to the establishment of a household and salon that becomes a political center. Using personal letters and family papers, it reconstructs domestic routines, intellectual networks, and the growth of her political engagement, including efforts to influence events, mounting disillusion with rival factions, a complex personal alliance with a political companion, arrest, imprisonment, execution, and the aftermath for her family and circle. The narrative blends private anecdote with archival documentation to illuminate character, motives, and the tensions between private life and public action.

INDEX

  • Abbaye, Madame Roland imprisoned in the, 261 et seq.
  • Antoine, 145.
  • Assembly, National, see National Assembly.
  • Barbaroux, and the Rolands, their plans, 202–205, 206;
    • his fate, 309–311.
  • Beaumarchais, his Figaro first given, 85;
  • Beugnot, Comte, his words concerning Madame Roland in prison, 296, 299.
  • Buzot, François-Nicolas-Léonard, at the home of the Rolands, 145;
    • Madame Roland’s passion for, 224, 225;
    • his early career, 226, 227;
    • attracts Madame Roland, 227;
    • his nature, 228;
    • correspondence with Madame Roland, 228, 230;
    • his wife not his equal, 227, 230;
    • his personal attractions, 231, 232;
    • his love for Madame Roland, 230, 234, 242–244;
    • his relations toward M. Roland, 244;
    • his struggle against the Mountain party, 247–249;
    • his opinion of Danton and Robespierre, 247, 249;
    • in harmony with M. Roland, 249;
    • his efforts to prove his patriotism, 250;
    • could not approve the Terrorists, 250, 251;
    • his relations with the Rolands well understood, 251;
    • characterized by Marat as frère tranquille, 251;
    • his words on the Republic, 255–257;
    • flees from Paris to Evreux, 262, 263;
    • Madame Roland’s letters to, from prison, 274–280;
    • his last days and death, 309–311.
  • Cannet, Henriette, offers to take Madame Roland’s place in prison, 292.
  • Cannet, Sophie, Manon Phlipon’s friendship with, 12–15.
  • Cercle Social, the, patriotic club, 142, 143.
  • Chalier, sent home to Lyons by Roland “with honors,” 211.
  • Champagneux, M., starts the Courrier de Lyon, 128;
    • in constant correspondence with the Rolands, 155;
    • arrested, 284.
  • Champagneux, brother of above, husband of Eudora Roland, 98, 308.
  • Champ-de-Mars, the massacre of, 162, 163.
  • Chauveau-Lagarde, ambitious to defend Madame Roland in her trial, 299.
  • Clavière, at the home of the Rolands, 145–147.
  • Commune, the, 208;
    • and M. Roland, 212, 213;
    • vigorous action of, 212.
  • Conciergerie, Madame Roland imprisoned in the, 292, 295, 296.
  • Condorcet, his pamphlet on “Whether a king is necessary to the conservation of energy,” 159.
  • Constitution, the, formed by the Assembly and accepted by Louis XVI., 168, 169.
  • Constitutionalist party, the, 174.
  • Convention, National, see National Assembly.
  • Conversation, French, character of, 147, 148.
  • Creuzé-la-Touche, shelters Eudora Roland, 306.
  • Dames de la Congrégation de Notre Dame, Convent, Manon Phlipon at, 9 et seq.;
    • instruction given at, 10.
  • Danton, at the head of the insurrectionary element, 205, 206, 214;
    • Madame Roland’s antipathy to, 214–217;
    • the only mediator between the Gironde and the Mountain parties, 215;
    • his brutality, 217, 222;
    • “the one man who could support the Gironde, save the King and his country,” 223;
    • his words concerning Madame Roland, 245;
    • Buzot’s opinion of, 247, 249.
  • Desmoulins, Camille, his inability to understand the general admiration for Madame Roland, 151, 152, 206.
  • Dumas, Mathieu, his words on the publication of Roland’s letter to the King, 198.
  • Dumont, his comment on Madame Roland’s persuading her husband to publish his letter to the King, 198.
  • Dumouriez, General, Madame Roland’s distrust of, 181, 182;
    • Roland made overtures to, 223.
  • Encyclopédie méthodique, M. Roland’s contributions to, 76, 77.
  • Faugère, M. P., and the Roland Memoirs, 308, 309.
  • Feuillants, the, 176, 189, 201.
  • Financial errors of the French government, 113–117, 121, 122.
  • France, financial errors of the government, 113–117, 121, 122.
  • Garaud, 146.
  • Garran, 145.
  • Genlis, Madame de, her lack of knowledge at twelve, 10.
  • Gironde, the party of the, character and principles of, 171–176;
    • Madame de Staël’s words concerning, 173;
    • its attitude toward the Mountain and constitutionalist parties, 174–176;
    • the Girondin ministry, 178;
    • join the Jacobins, 205;
    • struggle between the Mountain party and, 255;
    • expulsion and trial of twenty-two members of, 259;
    • twenty-one executed, 290.
  • Gluck, his Danaïdes first given, 85.
  • Grandpré, his assistance to Madame Roland in prison, 269, 270.
  • Grégoire, 146.
  • Greuze, Manon Phlipon’s visit to, 57, 58.
  • Guillon de Montléon, Abbé, his words concerning M. Roland, 91;
    • his words concerning Madame Roland, 150, 151.
  • Hannaches, Mademoiselle d’, and Manon Phlipon, 19, 20.
  • Heinsius, his portrait of Madame Roland, 152, 153.
  • Insurrection, party of the, 205–207.
  • Jacobins, too conservative for the Rolands, 143;
    • the Girondins join, 205.
  • Lafayette, Marquis de, 157, 200.
  • Lanthenas, and the Rolands, 127, 128, 216, 233, 237.
  • Le Clos, the country home of M. and Madame Roland, 94 et seq.;
    • amusements at, 101;
    • Madame Roland’s life at, 99–111.
  • Louis Noailles, 145.
  • Louise, Madame, sister of Louis XVI., did not know her alphabet at twelve, 10.
  • Louis XVI., appears with Marie Antoinette in the National Assembly, 129, 130;
    • his flight and return, 156–159;
    • “worse than a stick in a wheel,” 158;
    • efforts to secure a trial of, 161, 162;
    • accepts the constitution, 168;
    • names a cabinet to suit the Girondins, 178;
    • Madame Roland doubts the good faith of, 183;
    • hesitates to sign measure to raise army for protection of Paris against foreign attack, 189;
    • Roland’s letter to, concerning the public perils, 190–199;
    • his words to Roland concerning the letter, 197;
    • the red cap placed on his head in the riot of the 20th of June, 200.
  • Lyons, M. and Madame Roland at, 91–93;
    • M. Roland’s manuscripts in the archives of the Academy of, 92, 93;
    • disorders in, 134–137;
    • rumors of a Prussian and Austrian invasion, 137;
    • the Rolands detested in, 138;
    • its devotion to the aristocracy, 165.
  • Mandat, murdered, 208.
  • Marat, joins the Commune, 212;
    • his character, 218;
    • and M. Roland, 218, 219;
    • attacks M. and Madame Roland in his journal, 222, 223;
    • his words concerning Buzot, 251;
    • his characterization of Madame Roland, 252.
  • Marie Antoinette, her appearance in the National Assembly, 129, 130;
    • her flight, 156.
  • Mesmer-study, 85.
  • Mirabeau, Madame Roland’s words concerning, 290.
  • Morris, Gouverneur, quoted, 163;
    • his words concerning the attitude of affairs in Paris, 177.
  • Mountain party, the, its character, 174–176;
    • M. Roland’s struggle against, 247;
    • Buzot’s struggle against, 247–249;
    • struggle of the Gironde party with, 255.
  • National Assembly, the, 124;
    • King and Marie Antoinette appear in, 129, 130;
    • Madame Roland’s dissatisfaction with, 129–131, 138–142;
    • M. Roland a deputy to, 138;
    • measure to raise army to protect Paris against attack of foreigners, voted by, 189;
    • Roland’s letter to the King presented to the, 197–199;
    • Madame Roland appears before the Convention, 253;
    • struggle in, between the Mountain and Gironde parties, 255;
    • expulsion and trial of members of the Gironde, 259;
    • Madame Roland’s letter to, from prison, 269, 270.
  • Noailles, Louis, 145.
  • Notre Dame des Marais, the Gothic church at Villefranche, 88.
  • Nouvelle Héloïse, Rousseau’s, its influence on Manon Phlipon, 32–35.
  • Paine, Thomas, at the home of the Rolands, 146;
    • forms a republican society in Paris, 159.
  • Paris, gold and silver smiths in the western end of, 1;
    • measure to guard the city against attack of foreigners, 188 et seq., 201;
    • life in, during the Revolution, 293, 294.
  • Pétion, at the home of the Rolands, 145;
    • a Girondin, 171;
    • counsels calm, 205, 208;
    • his fate, 309–311.
  • Phlipon, Madame, mother of Manon Phlipon, her character, 3;
    • her control over her daughter, 5;
    • her death, 31.
  • Phlipon, Marie-Jeanne, called Manon, afterwards Madame Roland, her parents, 2–6;
    • her birth, 5;
    • her character as a child, 5, 6;
    • early reading and education, 6 et seq.;
    • effect of Plutarch’s Lives on, 7, 8;
    • her religions zeal, 9;
    • enters the convent, Dames de la Congrégation de Notre Dame, 9, 10;
    • her life and work there, 10–14;
    • her friendship with Sophie Cannet, 12–15;
    • her piety, 11, 12;
    • her letters to Sophie Cannet, 14, 15;
    • her secret resolve to return to convent life, 15;
    • her dislike for the vanities of life, 16, 17, 20, 21;
    • her love of nature, 17;
    • Meudon her favorite spot, 17;
    • her visit to Madame de Boismorel, 18, 19;
    • her early contempt for the social conditions, 19–21;
    • a secretary to Mademoiselle d’Hannaches, 20;
    • makes an eight-day visit to Versailles, 21;
    • her description of her impressions there, 22;
    • her attitude toward the King and government at twenty years of age, 22–24;
    • prefers a republic, 22, 23;
    • her reading after leaving the convent, 24–26;
    • her cahiers, 26;
    • deeply interested in philosophy, 26, 27;
    • studies Christian dogma severely and rationally, 27, 28;
    • her mental and spiritual condition, 28–30;
    • the influence of Rousseau’s Nouvelle Héloïse on, 31–35;
    • her words concerning Rousseau and his works, 34, 35;
    • her notions of a future husband, 35–38;
    • applicants for her hand, 35, 36;
    • her love affair with Pahin de la Blancherie, 38–44;
    • her Loisirs, 40, 58;
    • her interest in Sainte-Lettre, 44, 45;
    • refuses M. de Sévelinges, 46, 47;
    • her interest in Roland de la Platière, 45, 52, 53;
    • her interest in M. Pittet, 54;
    • the dulness of her life, 54;
    • her visit to Rousseau, 55, 56;
    • her visit to Greuze, 57, 58;
    • her relations with her father, 58, 59;
    • conceals from Sophie Cannet her feeling for Roland de la Platière, 60;
    • Platonic arrangement with Roland, 61;
    • correspondence between Roland and, 61–69;
    • difficulty with her father in her betrothal to M. Roland, 67–69;
    • leaves her father, and retires to the convent, 69, 70;
    • marries Roland, 71;
    • her account in her Memoirs of the courtship and marriage, 71, 72.
    • See Roland, Madame.
  • Phlipon, Pierre Gatien, his engraving shop, 2, 3;
    • his character, 3, 4;
    • his home life and family, 4, 5;
    • displeased with Pahin de la Blancherie, 40;
    • his relations toward his daughter, 58, 59;
    • grows dissipated, 68;
    • his attitude toward M. Roland, 68, 69;
    • death, 140.
  • Pittet, M., Manon Phlipon’s interest in, 54.
  • Plutarch’s Lives, effect of, on Manon Phlipon, 7, 8.
  • Rebecqui, 202.
  • Republic, excitement at the name of, 158–160;
    • not welcomed by the people, 161.
  • Republican, the, journal, 159, 160.
  • Robespierre, at home of the Rolands, 145;
    • his words concerning a Republic, 160, 161;
    • criminal accuser, 171;
    • in open rupture with the Girondins, 189;
    • joins the Commune, 212, 221, 222;
    • Buzot’s opinion of, 247, 249.
  • Revolution, the French, the Rolands welcomed, 112 et seq.;
    • preliminary outbreaks of, 117–120;
    • the word révolution long used in private, 118;
    • call for States-General in 1788, 123;
    • the fall of the Bastille, 124;
    • disorders in Lyons, 134–137;
    • rumors of a Prussian and Russian invasion, 137;
    • the Revolutionary temper, 149;
    • the flight and return of the king, 156–159;
    • the massacre of the Champ-de-Mars, 162, 163;
    • disorders and riots everywhere, 183, 184;
    • the riot of the 20th of June, 199, 200;
    • the insurrectionary element organizing, 206, 207;
    • the Commune, 208, 212, 213;
    • the September massacres, 219–222;
    • the execution of the twenty-one Girondins, 290;
    • the daily life of Parisians during, 293, 294.
  • Roland, Eudora, daughter of Madame Roland, born, 75;
    • her husband Champagneux receives “conscience money,” 98;
    • her education by her mother, 102;
    • her life, 305–309;
    • her resentment toward her mother and admiration for her father, 308.
  • Roland, the chanoine, brother of M. Roland, 89, 140.
  • Roland, Madame, first year of married life, 73–75;
    • at Amiens, 75;
    • her child, 75;
    • helping her husband on the Encyclopédie, 77;
    • absorbed in her domestic life, 78;
    • her efforts in Paris to secure a title for her husband, 79–84;
    • secures for her husband the position of inspector at Lyons, 84;
    • her correspondence with her husband while in Paris, 85, 86;
    • interest in Mesmerism, 85;
    • returns to Amiens, 85, 86;
    • trip to England, 86;
    • life at Villefranche-sur-Saône, 87 et seq.;
    • her relations toward M. Roland’s mother and brother, 89, 90;
    • in correspondence with Bosc, 90;
    • not pleased with and not popular at Villefranche, 90, 91;
    • not pleased with Lyons, 92;
    • home life at Le Clos, 94, 99–111;
    • education of her daughter, 102;
    • her letters on Rousseau’s Julie and the education of children, 103–108;
    • her devotion to her husband unabated during life at Le Clos, 108, 109;
    • her trip to Switzerland, 109, 110;
    • a sympathetic witness of preliminary outbreaks of the Revolution, 112, 117 et seq.;
    • cramped for money after marriage, 120;
    • her idea of “complete regeneration” of social affairs, 124, 125;
    • her political convictions and plan of action, 125–133;
    • her influence over her husband and friends, 126–129;
    • her words after the fall of the Bastille, 129;
    • concerning the King’s and Marie Antoinette’s appearance in the National Assembly, 129, 130;
    • displeased with the constitution, 130;
    • her firmness, 132;
    • detested in Lyons, 138;
    • her dissatisfaction with the National Assembly, 129–131, 138–142;
    • goes up to Paris, 138, 140;
    • her irritation at the aristocrats, 142;
    • gives up going to theatres, and goes to political clubs, 142, 143;
    • her words concerning Jacobins, 143;
    • her esteem for Brissot, 145;
    • her comments on the discussions of patriots that gathered at her house, 146–148;
    • her words on the necessity of uniting efforts, 148, 149;
    • her supremacy over group of patriots around her, 149, 150;
    • her inflexibility, 150;
    • her personal charms, 150–152;
    • the portraits of, 152–154;
    • her joy at the flight of the King, 156, 157;
    • her words on the return of the King, 158;
    • endeavors to secure a trial of the King, 161, 162;
    • she loses heart, and returns from Paris to Villefranche, 164;
    • her disgust with Lyons, 165;
    • her disappointment in her child, 166;
    • decides to return to Paris, 166, 167;
    • her ideal of government unsatisfied, 169, 170;
    • her supreme confidence in herself, 170;
    • considered herself better than her husband, 170;
    • her feeling against the old régime, 170;
    • her attitude on her return to Paris, 176, 177;
    • her life and habits after her husband entered the Ministry of the Interior, 179, 180;
    • her influence in choosing persons for positions in the department, 180, 181;
    • her mistrust of General Dumouriez and others, 181, 182;
    • doubts the good faith of the King, 183;
    • her measures to meet perils threatening Paris, 188 et seq.;
    • she writes letter to the King concerning the perils, 190;
    • persuades her husband to publish the letter to the King, 197, 198;
    • meets Barbaroux, 201, 202;
    • her plan carried, 210;
    • her antipathy to Danton, 214–217;
    • her words concerning Robespierre, Marat, and Danton, 221, 222;
    • her disgust at the brutal turn of affairs in the Revolution, 222;
    • attacked by Marat, 222, 223;
    • would not compromise with the insurrectionary force, 223, 225;
    • her passion for Buzot, 224, 225, 227–244;
    • her first interest in Buzot, 227, 228;
    • her correspondence with Buzot, 228–230;
    • her disillusionment in regard to the Revolution, 230, 231;
    • her hope in Buzot, 231;
    • attracted by Buzot’s personal charms, 231, 232;
    • the waning of her affection for her husband and of her friendship with Bosc, Lanthenas, and Bancal, 233;
    • her notions of duty and devotion, 234;
    • her relations with various friends during her life, 235–241;
    • influenced by the “new ideas” of love and marriage, she accepts the love of Buzot, 242, 243;
    • she tells her husband of her love for Buzot, 243;
    • her relations to her husband thereafter, 244;
    • Danton’s words concerning, 245;
    • holds her place in the struggle, 251;
    • abused by Marat, 252;
    • her position compared with that of Marie Antoinette, 252;
    • appears before the Convention, 253;
    • danger to her life, 253, 254;
    • attempts to leave Paris, but falls ill, 258;
    • her vain endeavor to reach the Convention to plead her husband’s cause, 259–261;
    • put under arrest, 261, 262;
    • her imprisonment in the Abbaye and Sainte Pélagie, 264, 265;
    • her fortitude in prison, 266, 267;
    • made a prominent actor in the public tragedy by her imprisonment, 267, 268;
    • her letters from prison to the Convention and to the ministers, 269, 270;
    • her conversation with a committee visiting her prison, 270, 271;
    • defending herself against accusations and calumnies, 271–273;
    • her “Last Thoughts,” 273, 284;
    • doubt as to the object of her passion alluded to in her last letters, 274;
    • her letters to Buzot from prison, 274–280;
    • would ultimately have left Roland for Buzot, 280;
    • her life and occupations in prison, 280–283;
    • her Historical Notes written at the Abbaye prison, 283, 284;
    • her Memoirs and other writings, 284–289;
    • rapidity and ease with which she wrote, 285;
    • Rousseau’s Confessions the model of her Memoirs, 287, 288;
    • her anguish and despair, 289, 290;
    • her words concerning Mirabeau, 290;
    • she resolves to kill herself, 291;
    • conveyed to the Conciergerie, 292;
    • refuses assistance from her friends, 292;
    • had hoped, during her imprisonment, for a popular uprising, 292, 293;
    • her life in the Conciergerie, 295, 296;
    • her second examination, 296–298;
    • her defence, 298;
    • her trial, 299, 300;
    • sentenced to death, 301;
    • her words to Chauveau-Lagarde, refusing his assistance as counsel, 299;
    • her trip to the guillotine, and death, 301, 302.
    • See Phlipon, Marie-Jeanne.
  • Roland de la Platière, M., 45;
    • his position and career, 47–51;
    • his character and disposition, 51, 52;
    • first acquaintance with Manon Phlipon, 53;
    • professes love for Manon Phlipon, 60;
    • Platonic arrangement with Manon, 61;
    • correspondence between Manon and, 61–69;
    • annoyances and obstacles in his love affair with Manon, 67–70;
    • marries Manon, 71;
    • the first year after his marriage, 73, 74;
    • his contribution to the Encyclopédie méthodique, 76, 77;
    • ambitious to obtain a title, 78, 79;
    • the general prejudice against, 81, 82;
    • his wife obtains for him the position of inspector of commerce at Lyons, 84;
    • his letters to his wife while she was in Paris, 85, 86;
    • trip to England, 86;
    • his life at Villefranche-sur-Saône, 87 et seq.;
    • his mother and brother, 88–90;
    • disliked in the Academy of Villefranche, 91;
    • the Abbé Guillon’s words concerning, 91;
    • his manuscripts in the archives of the Academy of Lyons, 92, 93;
    • home life at Le Clos, 94 et seq.;
    • sympathized with preliminary outbreaks of the Revolution, 112 et seq.;
    • appreciated the financial errors of the French government, 113–116;
    • labors against the abuses of the realm, 120;
    • poverty after marriage, 120;
    • his wife’s influence over, 126, 127;
    • becomes embroiled in Lyons, 134–138;
    • detested in Lyons, 138;
    • goes to Paris as deputy to the National Assembly, 138;
    • his words concerning Jacobins, 143;
    • hard at work in Paris, 143, 144;
    • his zealous spirit, 144;
    • gathering of patriots at home of, 145–147;
    • pronounces the King “worse than a stick in a wheel,” 158;
    • his pamphlet on the “Advantages of the flight of the king, etc.,” 159;
    • his words on the riot in the Champ-de-Mars, 162, 163;
    • appointed to head of Department of Interior on Girondin ministry, 177–179;
    • pictured by the Mercure as one of the principal agitators of Lyons, 178;
    • his life and duties as minister, 179, 180;
    • his formulas in reply to requests of departments that he suppress disorders, 185–187;
    • his conduct exasperating, 188;
    • his letter to the King concerning the perils threatening Paris, 190–196;
    • discharged from the ministry, 197;
    • presents his letter to the Assembly, 197–199;
    • meets and plans with Barbaroux, 201–205;
    • everywhere upheld the Jacobin party, 211;
    • his great energy, 212;
    • hindered in activity by the Commune, 212–214;
    • at cross-purposes with Danton, 217;
    • antagonized Marat, 218, 219;
    • protests against the September massacres, 219–221;
    • orders Santerre to quell disorder, 221;
    • attacked by Marat, 222;
    • makes overtures to Dumouriez, 223;
    • Madame Roland informs him of her love for Buzot, 243;
    • resigns from the ministry, 245;
    • withdraws his resignation, 246;
    • his struggle against the Mountain party, 247;
    • his retirement, 254, 255;
    • neglected by the Convention, 254, 255, 258;
    • arrested, 259;
    • in concealment, 276;
    • his last days and death, 303–305.
  • Rousseau, Jean Jacques, the prophet of the sentimental generation, 32;
    • his Nouvelle Héloïse and its influence on Manon Phlipon, 32–35;
    • his Émile, 33, 34;
    • Manon Phlipon’s visit to, 55, 56;
    • his Social Contract, 125;
    • his Confessions the model of Madame Roland’s Memoirs, 287, 288.
  • Sainte-Lettre, M. de, and Manon Phlipon, 44, 45.
  • Sainte Pélagie, the prison of, 281, 282.
  • Sanson, the headsman, and Madame Roland, 302.
  • Santerre, 206, 221.
  • Servan, in the ministry with Roland, 188, 189;
    • discharged from the ministry, 197.
  • Sévelinges, M. de, Manon Phlipon declines hand of, 46, 47.
  • Staël, Madame de, her words concerning Girondins, 173, 174.
  • Taxes, heavy previous to the Revolution, 113–116, 121, 122.
  • Tissot, his words concerning Madame Roland, 151.
  • Vergniaud, 201.
  • Villefranche-sur-Saône, 87 et seq.;
    • the Church Notre Dame des Marais, at, 88;
    • disorders in the district of, 184.
  • Volfius, 145.
  • Williams, Miss, Bancal’s love for, 233, 241.