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Malthus and his work

Chapter 19: INDEX.
By James Bonar
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About This Book

The work offers a systematic study of Thomas Malthus’s Essay on Population, tracing its genesis, historical context, and the development of its central claims about population and subsistence. It situates those claims within contemporary political economy, examines their theoretical roots and logical consequences, and explores the author’s wider moral and political philosophy. The book surveys the extensive contemporary criticism and replies, separating popular caricatures from the original arguments and assessing which doctrines retain explanatory value. A final biographical section links the thinker’s character and circumstances to the formation and reception of his ideas.

INDEX.

  • Abbot, Chas., mover of Enumeration Bill, 173, 178
  • Africa, 105, 111
  • America, North, 17, 28, 69 seq.;
  • America, South, 88
  • Anderson, Adam, 173, 174
  • Anderson, Jas., 221, 377
  • Arabs, 109, 110
  • Aristotle, 113, 211, 214, 319, 356, 384
  • Bacon, Francis, 22, 47, 66, 124, 396
  • Bagehot, Walter, 227, 383
  • Ball, John, 385
  • Bamford, Sam., 298
  • Bentham, Jeremy, 43, 44, 323, 325, 331
  • Berkeley, Bishop, 201
  • Bert, Paul, 371
  • Births, no criterion of numbers, 149;
    • or of increase, 179;
    • cf. 161
  • Board of Agriculture, 176, 186, 216–218
  • Booth, David, 362, 371
  • Bosanquet, Chas., 291
  • Bounties, 31, 217, 220, &c.
  • Brassey, Thos., 257
  • Brougham, H., 228, 415
  • Brown, Dr. J., ‘Estimate,’ 173
  • Bruckner, Dr. John, of Norwich, 8
  • Buckle, H. T., 22, 33
  • Bullion Committee, 285 seq.
  • Caird, Jas., 69, 75, 76, 245
  • Cairnes, J. E., 138, 245, 261
  • Cannibalism, 94
  • Carey, H. C., 65, 68, 70, 239, 395
  • Census, Swedish, 132;
    • English, B. I. ch. vii.
  • Chalmers, Geo., 174
  • Chalmers, Dr. Thos., 316, 409
  • Chartism, 298
  • Checks on population, classified, 52, 81, passim B. I. and B. IV.
  • China, 112, 113
  • Clarke, Edw., 48, 127, B. V. passim
  • Cobbett, Wm., 6 and note, 287, 290, 298, 338, 363, 395
  • Cobden, R., 225, 287, 353;
  • Coleridge, S. T., the Poet, 22, 48, 95, 111, 371 seq.;
    • the MS. notes genuine? 374;
    • cf. 48, 377
  • Comte, Auguste, 20, 344;
  • Comte, Charles, 413, 416
  • Condorcet, Marquis de, 11, 22–24, 30, 31, 375, &c.
  • Conversion of the world, the postulate of Socialism as of Christianity, 392
  • Cook, Captain, passim B. I. ch. iv.
  • Co-operation, 232, 300, 352, 392
  • Copleston, Dr. E., 363
  • Corn Laws, B. II. ch. i.;
    • corn as measure of value, 224, 255–6
  • Corn Law Catechism, 227, 308
  • Cosmology of Malthus, 34 seq.
  • Cosmopolitanism, 347, 356, 396;
  • Cripps, 127
  • Critics of Malthus, I, 45, B. IV. passim
  • Currency, 226–7, and B. II. ch. iii.
  • Cycle, 83, 84, 147
  • Darwin, Chas., 24, 46, 363
  • Decreasing returns, law of, 234 seq.;
  • ‘Definitions in Pol. Econ.,’ 211, 265, and generally B. II. ch. ii.
  • Dependence on the foreigner, 217, 225, 233;
    • dependent poverty, 310
  • Depopulation controversy, 173 seq.
  • Depreciation of currency, 285, and generally B. II. ch. iii.;
  • Distribution, when keeping pace with production, 166
  • Doubleday, Thos., 396
  • Dyer, T. H., 339
  • Eckersall, Harriet (Mrs. Malthus), 412;
  • Economists, 47, 247, 248, 276
  • Economy, political, its method, &c., B. II. ch. i.;
    • Club first founded, 263, 413;
    • place among the studies of youth, 419
  • Eden, Sir Fred., ‘the State of the Poor’ (1797), 248, 310, &c.
  • ‘Edinburgh Review,’ notice of Malthus, 43;
    • connection with Malthus, 33, 329, 364, 371, 412;
      • but see ‘Malthus, T. R.’;
    • notice of Godwin, 12, 368, 371
  • Education, 56, 77, 275, 298, 301, 340, 341;
  • Egypt, 111
  • Emigration, B. I. ch. v.;
    • Commons Committee, l. c. and 195 seq., 240, 377
  • Empson, Wm., 43, 213 n.;
    • his classification of critics, 377, 394;
    • life of Malthus, 399
  • Enclosures, 176, 215, 217
  • ‘Encyclopædia Britannica,’ article of Malthus in Supplement, 70 seq.
  • England, B. I. ch. vii.
  • Essay on Population, editions, 2;
    • origin, 5, 32, &c.;
    • B. I. passim, B. IV. passim
  • Ethics of Malthus, B. III.
  • Euler, 69, 369
  • Factory Acts, 301, 343, 345
  • Fawcett, Mrs., 240
  • Fawcett, Prof., 273
  • Ferguson, Adam, 297
  • Fifth Monarchy Men, 385
  • Finland, 48, 127
  • Foundling Hospitals, 134, 135;
  • Fox, Ch. J., 29, 31, 338
  • Fox, Henry, 173
  • France, B. I. ch. vi.
  • Franklin, Benj., 10, 14, 63, 369
  • Frend, tutor of Malthus, 406
  • Fyffe, C. A., 161
  • Gallois, 416
  • Garnier, his article on Malthus in ‘Dict. de l’Écon. Pol.,’ 214, 410, 415
  • George, Henry, 38, 40;
  • George III., 29, 324
  • Germany, 126, 183
  • Gibbon, Edw., 21 n., 107, 108, 400
  • Giffen, R., 72 n., 78 n.
  • Gilbert’s Act, 27
  • Glut, or over-production, B. II. ch. iii.
  • Godwin, Wm., 7; Pol. Justice, 9–11, &c.;
    • Enquirer, 13, 14;
      • cf. 355–371;
    • Caleb Williams, 10;
    • Memoir of Mary Wollstonecraft, 21;
    • St. Leon, 21, 22, 31;
    • Parr’s Sermon, 43 n., 45, 358;
    • Population, 43, 87, 364 seq.;
    • character, 58;
    • in hands of ‘Edinburgh Review,’ 12, 368, 371
  • Government, influence on population, 112, &c.;
    • due to our wickedness? 9;
    • acting from passion, 225;
    • Whig, as patrons, 415, 416
  • Grahame, Jas., 376 seq.
  • Graves, Rich., tutor of Malthus, 404 seq.
  • Green, T. H., 354
  • Greg, W. R., 41, 394
  • Grote, George, 413
  • Haileybury College, Malthus’ lectures in, 214, 222, 229, 416 seq.;
    • raison d’être and death, 415 seq.;
    • physical surroundings, 420
  • Hallam, H., 85, 363
  • Hazlitt, W., 85, 329, 372, 386, 394
  • Held, Adolf, 41, 325, 331, 382
  • Highlands, 150, 187–190
  • ‘High Price of Provisions,’ 43, 49, 215, 307, 408, 411
  • ‘High Price of Gold Bullion,’ 285
  • History, needs to be rewritten, 83;
  • Holcroft, friend of Godwin, 22
  • Holland, B. I. ch. v.
  • Holyoake, G. J., 412
  • Horner, Francis, B. V. passim;
  • Hume, David, 31, 32, 99, 115 n., 116, 135, 173, &c., &c.
  • Hume, Joseph, 425
  • Huntingford, Bishop, 377
  • India, child-murder, 117;
  • India Civil Servants, 417 seq.
  • Ingram, Disquisitions on Population, 329
  • Ireland, 146, 172, and B. I. ch. vii.
  • d’Ivernois, Sir F., 154, 163
  • Jeffrey, Francis, 329;
    • description of Haileybury, 418
  • Kant, E., 309, 321, 323
  • Kautsky, Karl, 416
  • Labour, as the measure of value, and as earning wages, B. II. ch. ii.
  • Land and its rent, B. II. ch. i.
  • Lassalle, 268
  • Lecky, W. E. H., 26, 177, 202
  • Leslie, Cliffe, 138, 165, 210, 252
  • Levasseur, E., 164 seq.
  • Levellers, 385
  • Locke, J., 13
  • Luddites, 290
  • Luxuries, 215, 225, 295.
    • See Standard of living.
  • Lyell, Sir Chas., 46
  • Macaulay, T. B., 272, 336;
  • MacCulloch, J. R., 33, 40, 167, B. II. ch. i. passim
  • Mackintosh, Sir Jas., B. V. passim;
  • Macleod, H. D., 287
  • Malthus, Daniel, 7, 399 seq.;
  • Malthus, Henry, 6, 415
  • Malthus, T. R., his several works: Crisis, 7, 30;
    • Essay on Population, B. I. chs. i. ii and passim;
    • High Price of Provisions, 43, 49, 307, &c.;
    • Letter to Whitbread, 215, 313;
    • Article on Newenham, 93, 195, 202;
    • other articles in ‘Edinburgh’ and ‘Quarterly,’ 33, 212, 271, 275, 285 and note, 288, 290, 329, 371;
    • Observations on the Corn Laws, 222, 223;
    • Grounds of an Opinion, 227;
    • Nature and Progress of Rent, 229;
    • Political Economy, 210–214;
    • Measure of Value, 254;
    • Definitions in Political Economy, 211, 265;
    • article in Encyclopædia Britannica, 71;
    • Papers read before Royal Society of Literature, 263;
    • Evidence before Emigration Committee, 144 seq.;
    • Summary View, 80;
    • Tracts on East India College, 423;
    • correspondence with Godwin, Senior, Napier, Ricardo, Clarke, Sinclair, see under these names;
    • letter on Wakefield, 405;
    • style, 50, 265, 304, 408, 409;
    • character, 57, and B. V. passim
  • Man on the earth. See Cosmology and Ethics
  • Manufacturer, late and early sense, 26
  • Marat, 404
  • Marcet, Mrs., 272
  • Martineau, Harriet, 3, 57, 58, 85, 287, 323, and B. V. passim
  • Marx, Karl, 84, 257, 268, 388 seq.
  • Mean, golden, 225 and note, 295, 320
  • Mercantile theory, 47
  • Middle classes, 225
  • Mill, Jas., 208, 209, 273, 276, 280, 281, 293, 413, 414
  • — John, 209, 239, 244, 271, 273, 281
  • Millennium, Godwin’s, 16;
    • Socialistic and Christian, 392
  • Milne, Joshua, 71, 72
  • Minimum of wages, 217, 268, &c.;
    • of prices, 279
  • Mivart, St George, 385
  • Montesquieu, 32, 108, 109, 138, &c.
  • Moore, Dr. John, 311
  • — Thomas, 416
  • Moral impossibility, &c., 53
  • Moral restraint, 49–53, 118, 119, 383, &c., &c.
  • — Philosophy of Malthus, B. III.
  • Moravians, 383
  • ‘Mordecai Mullion,’ 297
  • More, Sir Thos., 11 n., 27, 385
  • Muret, 148 seq., 174, 377
  • Napier, Macvey, 6, 43, 71, 314, 398, &c.
  • Nationality, 346–7
  • Nationalization of land, 236, 382, 392
  • ‘Nature’ defined, 337;
    • ‘Nature’s mighty feast,’ 305
  • Navigation Act, 228–9
  • Necessaries and luxuries, 117, 118, 122
  • New and old Malthusians, 24, 375;
  • Newenham, reviewed by Malthus, 93, 195
  • ‘New School of Political Economy,’ 275 seq.
  • Norway, B. I. ch. v.
  • Ortes, G. M., 391
  • Otaheite, B. I. ch. iv.
  • Otter, Bishop, 48, 127, B. V. passim
  • Over-population, 117, 145, 164, &c.
  • Over-production, B. II. ch. iii.;
  • Over-profits, see under Rent, esp. 230
  • Owen, Robert, 11 n., 24, 267, 301, 377, 380, 382 seq., 412
  • Paine, Thos., 9, 336, 405
  • Paley, W., 34, 38 and note, 39, 43, 269, B. III. passim, &c.
  • Parr, Dr. S., 43;
    • see Godwin
  • Peace of Paris, 35, 220
  • Perfectibility of man, 11, 22;
    • see Condorcet, Godwin
  • Petty, W., 68, 186, 369
  • Pitcairn Island, 102
  • Pitt, W., B. I. chs. i., ii.;
    • cf. 227, 363; B. II. ch. iv. &c., &c.
  • Plato, 66 n., 101 n., 113;
  • Poland, 249
  • Political justice. See Godwin
  • Politics of Malthus; see B. III.;
  • Poor Bill of Pitt, 6, 29, 43
  • Poor Laws, English, 6, 27, 29, 215, 135, &c., B. II. ch. iv.
  • — Foreign, 313
  • Population, B. I. passim, B. IV. passim;
  • Populousness of ancient nations, 31, 32, 113–117
  • Postulates of 1st Essay, 16, 47;
    • cf. B. I. ch. ii., Theses
  • Potatoes, 194–198, 203, 204, 217, 380
  • Price, Dr. R., 31, 32, 39, 174, but esp. 175, 176;
  • Production in relation to distribution, 166, and passim;
    • in relation to consumption, 296
  • Productive labour, 212
  • Property, private, 76, 236;
  • Prosperity, criterion of national, 123
  • Protection, B. II. ch. i.
  • Prussia, B. I. ch. v.
  • ‘Quarterly Review,’ articles of Malthus in, 212, 285 seq.
  • — attitude to Malthus, 363–4
  • ‘Querist,’ Berkeley’s. See Wall of Brass
  • de Quincey, 266, 297, 363
  • Ratio, geometrical and arithmetical, 17, 66, and generally B. I. ch. iii.;
    • B. IV. esp. 369
  • Raynal, Abbé, 26, 28, 97, 336, 337
  • Revolution, Industrial, in England, 25, 282
  • — in France, 7, 11, 27, 154 seq., 336, &c.
  • Ricardo, D., 57, B. II. passim;
    • letters to Malthus, 213, 265 note, 414;
    • Pol. Econ. and Taxation, 209;
    • High Price of Bullion, 285;
    • Low Price of Corn, 238;
    • contrasted with Malthus, 265–6
  • Rickman, J., 179 seq., 338
  • Rogers, Prof. Thorold, 37, 96, 136, 238, 240, 269, &c.
  • Rome, B. I. ch. iv.
  • Roscher, W., 210, 267
  • Rousseau, J. J., 7, 27, 135, 401
  • Russia, B. I. ch. v.
  • Sadler, Mich., 377 seq.
  • Sargant, W. L., 412
  • Say, J. B., 57, 208, 292 seq.
  • Scotland, B. I., ch. vii.
  • Scrope, G. Poulett, 377
  • Senior, W. N., 3, 4, 47, 209, 414
  • Short, 369
  • Simonin, 376
  • Sinclair, Sir John, 186, 216, 368, 369, 370, 426
  • Sismondi, Chas. de, 209, 296, 415
  • Smith, Adam, 3, 5, 9, 26, 31, 33, 47, 56, 57, 86, 95, 105, 117 and passim
  • Smith, Sydney, B. V. passim
  • Socialism, 214, 252, 312, 382 seq.
  • Society, Royal, 413;
  • Southey, Robt., 4, 11, 338, 374, 377, 383
  • Speenhamland Act, 30
  • Spence, Wm., Great Britain Independent of Commerce, 247, 293
  • Spence, author of ‘The Land the People’s Farm,’ 382, 385
  • Spencer, Herbert, 393, 396
  • Standard of Comfort, 117, 120 seq., 137, 140, 194, 195–198, 269, 295, &c., &c.
  • State insurance, 24
  • Steuart, Sir J., 32
  • Stewart, Dugald, barrel-organ, 385
  • Struggle for existence, 20, 47, 119;
    • not leading to progress, 96, 112
  • Styles, Dr. E., 357, 369
  • ‘Summons of Wakening,’ 365
  • Sumner, Dr. J. B., Archbishop of Canterbury, 12, 34, 38, 307
  • Sunday Schools, 298
  • Suspension of cash payments, 284 seq.
  • Süssmilch, J. P., 39, 115, 124 seq., 139, 369
  • Sweden, B. I. ch. v.;
  • Taine, 121
  • Talleyrand, 418
  • Teleology, 319 seq., 326
  • Tendency, B. I. ch. iii. passim, esp. 61, 65, 66
  • Theses. See Postulates
  • Thompson, l’erronet, 227, 308
  • Thornton, W. T., 130 n., 210, 273
  • de Tocqueville, 89
  • Tooke, Thos., 288, 291, B. II. ch. iii., passim, 412, &c.
  • Torrens, R., contrasts Malthus unfavourably with Ricardo, 265
  • Townsend, Joseph, 32, 64
  • Toynbee, A., 314, 378
  • Tucker, Abraham, 35, 164, B. III. passim, esp. 324, 403, &c.
  • Tucker, Josiah, 33, 324
  • Turkey, 112
  • United States. See America
  • Utilitarianism, 39, 53, and B. III.;
  • Vice and virtue defined, 81, 327, 330;
  • Voltaire, 27, 33
  • Wages, B. II. ch. ii.;
    • review of wages for five centuries, 247–8
  • Wages Fund, 270 seq.
  • Wakefield, Gilb., tutor of Malthus, 339, 404
  • Walker, F. A., 210, 244
  • Wall of Brass, 201, 250–1
  • Wallace, A. R., 46, 47
  • Wallace, Dr. Robt., 8, 9, 20, 31, 126, 173
  • War, reparable and irreparable evils of, 155 seq.
  • Watson, Bishop of Llandaff, 11, 405
  • Wealth, as subject of Pol. Econ., 210, 212
  • Wesleyan movement, 26;
  • West, Sir Edw., 222, 234–5, 240
  • Weyland, J., 377, 410
  • Whishaw, John, 409
  • Whitbread, Samuel, 29, 31, &c.
  • Wollstonecraft, Mary, 21
  • Young, Arthur, 69, 159 seq., 178, 201, 216, 380