glacial gravels of, 262 et seq.
Frankley Hill, England, 150.
Franklin, Pa., 230, 232.
Franz-Josef Land, 14.
Frederickshaab Glacier, 91, 212.
Frere, cited, 266.
Frickthal, 133.
Frondeg, Wales, 149, 178.
Gabb, cited, 318.
Galloway, ancient glaciers of, 144, 145, 154, 157, 167, 168, 173.
Garda, Lake, moraine in front of, 135.
Garonne, the, 136, 188.
Gaudry, cited, 263.
Geikie, Archibald, cited, 272, 312.
Geikie, James, on kames, 76;
on loess, 187, 188;
cited, 291 et seq., 307, 353.
Genesee River, 220.
Geological time, 361 et seq.
Georgian Bay, 339.
German Ocean, 129.
Germantown, Ohio, 107, 108.
Germany, North, moraine in, 181, 183;
glacial lakes in, 238;
Quaternary animals in, 279.
Gietroz Glacier, 211.
Gilbert, cited, 233 et seq., 350 et seq.;
on age of Niagara gorge, 339.
Glacial dispersion. (See Centres of Glacial Dispersion.)
Glacial boundary in New England, 67;
in New Jersey, 83;
in Pennsylvania, 84 et seq.;
in New York, 84;
in Ohio, 95, 100, 106;
in Kentucky, 96;
in Indiana, 96;
in Illinois, 96, 100;
in Kansas, Nebraska, Missouri, Montana, South Dakota, 96;
in Minnesota, 101;
in British Isles, 137, 148, 150, 151, 155, 167;
in Holland, 181; in Germany, 181, 183;
in Russia, 181, 189.
Glacial erosion, 118, 119, 182.
Glacial ice, depth of, in Pennsylvania, 90 et seq.;
in Connecticut, 91;
in New York, 91;
in Greenland, 91;
in the Alps, 91, 131, 133, 182;
in Germany, 182;
in Norway, 182;
amount of, 330.
Glacial lakes in Germany, 283.
Glacial motion, limit of, 2;
chapter on, 43-50;
plastic theory of, 48.
Glacial outlets of the Great Lakes, 220-222.
Glacial periods, cause of, 113;
chapter on, 302-331;
date of, chapter on, 332-364.
Glacial periods, supposed succession of, 106 et seq., 311, 324-326, 332;
criticisms of the theory, 116 et seq.
Glacial striæ. (See Rock-Scoring.)
Glacial terraces, 229-238;
in Pennsylvania, 87 et seq., 215, 217, 229, 230;
in New York, 88; at Beech Flats, Ohio, 217;
at Granville, Ohio, 227;
on the Minnesota River, 228;
around Great Salt Lake, 233 et seq.;
on Delaware River, 243 et seq.;
in Europe, 238-241;
in Ohio, 249 et seq.;
human relics in, 241-267;
on Delaware River, 245;
of the Mississippi River, 254;
in France, 263 et seq., 360;
in England, 264 et seq.;
in Belgium, 264;
in Spain, 264;
in Portugal, 264;
in Italy, 264;
in Greece, 264.
Glacial theory, crucial tests of, 62, 65, 257, 302 et seq.
Glaciation, signs of past, chapter on, 51 et seq.
Glacier Bay, 24;
map of, 25.
Glacier, denned, 2;
formation of, 3;
characterised by veins and fissures, 3;
advance and retreat of, 116;
velocity of, in the Alps, 43 et seq.;
in Greenland, 36, 46-48;
in Alaska, 47.
Glaciers, ancient, in North America, 66-128;
in Central and Northern Europe, 58-60, 131-136;
in the British Isles, 136-181;
in Northern Europe, 181-190;
in Australia, 126, 192;
in Asia, 190, 191;
in Africa. 191, 192.
Glaciers, existing, in the Alps, 9 et seq., 43 et seq.;
in Scandinavia, 12;
in Spitzbergen, Nova Zembla, and Franz-Josef Land, 12;
in Iceland, 14;
in Asia, 14 et seq.;
in Oceanica, 16;
in South America, 17;
in Antarctic Continent, 18 et seq.;
in North America, 20 et seq.;
in Greenland, 32 et seq., 46, 48, 364.
Glen Roy, parallel roads of, 239.
Glutton, 293.
Goat, 268.
Goffstown, N. H., 73.
Grafton, W. Va., 214.
Grand Haven, Mich., 346.
Granville, Ohio, terrace at, 227, 343.
Grape Creek, Col., view of moraines of, 123.
Great Bend, Pa., depth of river-channel at, 206.
Great Lakes, depth of, 115; formation of, 199 et seq.;
glacial outlets of, 220-222;
elevation about, 224.
Great Salt Lake, Utah, 233 et seq., 350.
Greece, human relics in glacial terraces of, 264.
Greenland, existing glaciers of, 1, 32 et seq., 46, 48,364;
map of, 33;
climate of, 302.
Gross Glockner, 9, 134.
Ground ice, 357.
Gulf of Mexico, 313, 318.
Gulf Stream, 13, 311, 313, 317 et seq.
Guyot, 9, 58, 133.
Haas, 16.
Hall, on the age of Niagara, 336.
Hare, 289.
Harrison, quoted, 167.
Harte, Bret, cited, 296.
Hartz Mountains, 136, 181.
Hayes, 36.
Haynes on Tertiary Man, 365-374.
Heald Moor, England, 147.
Hebrides, the, 136.
Heim, 9.
Helland, 14, 46-48.
Hennepin, cited, 340.
Heme Bay, England, 265.
Herschel, cited, 310.
Hertfordshire, England, 158.
Hicks, Dr. II., cited, 272.
Hicks, L. E., cited, 343.
Himalayas, 1,45, 292, 330;
age of, 328.
Hingham, Mass., section of kame near, 79.
Hippopotamus, 263, 265, 271, 280, 284, 285, 290, 292.
Hitchcock, C. II., discovery of boulders on Mount Washington, 60;
on drumlins, 73;
cited, 309, 313.
Hitchcock, E., on kames, 77.
Holland, terminal moraine in, 181.
Holderness, 157.
Hooker, cited, 191.
Horse, 188, 263, 268-270, 272, 278, 280, 288, 289.
Horseheads, N. Y., 220.
Horseshoe Fall, 337 et seq.
Hottentot skull, 276.
Hoxney, England, 266.
Hudson River, preglacial channel of, 194 et seq.
Hugi, 9, 43.
Hungary, Quaternary animals in, 279.
Huxley, cited, 276, 278.
Hyena, 271, 272, 282, 291, 292.
Ibex, 289.
Icebergs, 18, 20;
formation of, 28.
Ice, characteristics of, 2, 48 et seq., 302 et seq.;
transporting power of moving, 5.
Ice-dams, 211-228;
in the Alps, 211;
in the Himalayas, 211;
in Greenland, 212;
in Alaska, 212;
at Cincinnati, 213 et seq.;
across the Mohawk, 92, 220, 334, 335;
in the Red River of the North, 225;
in Europe, 360.
Iceland, existing glaciers of, 1, 14.
Ice-pillars, 6, 27.
Ice-sheet, retreat of, 333 et seq.
Idaho, 122; lava-beds of, 297.
Illicilliwaet Glacier, 23.
Illinois, 96-98, 100, 119, 121, 345 et seq.
Indiana, 96, 98, 107, 119, 121.
Indian Ridge, 80.
Iowa, 98, 101.
Ireland, ancient glaciers of, 143.
Irish elk, 270, 278, 288.
Irish Sea Glacier, 137, 145-153, 164, 271.
Irthing, valley of the, 153.
Isère, glaciers of the, 132.
Isle of Man, 164-167.
Isle of Wight, 266.
Italy, existing glaciers of, 9;
ancient glaciers of, 185;
human relics in glacial terraces of, 264;
supposed Tertiary man in, 366.
Ivrea, 134.
Jackson, cited, 357.
Jackson’s Lake, 123.
Jakobshavn Glacier, velocity of, 46, 47;
depth of, 91;
ice-dams of, 212.
James, cited, 204.
James River, Dak., 228.
James River, Va., 257.
Jamieson, cited, 330.
Jensen, 91.
Judge’s Cave, 72.
Jura Mountains, ancient glaciers of, 58-60, 132.
Kames, formation of, 7, 76, 77;
of Muir Glacier, 29, 30;
in Massachusetts, 77 et seq.;
in New Hampshire, 80;
map of, in Maine, 81;
in Pennsylvania, 87.
Kanawha River, 216.
Kane, 36-38.
Kansas, 96.
Kelly’s Island, view of grooves on, 103, 105.
Kendall, chapter by, 137-181;
cited, 273.
Kent, England, 265.
Kent’s Hole, 267 et seq., 352 et seq.
Kentucky, 63, 96, 97, 212;
view of boulder in, 63.
Kentucky River, 214.
Kettle-holes, formation of, 7, 68;
of Muir Glacier, 29, 30;
in New England, 66 et seq., 344, 345;
in Pennsylvania, 86;
sedimentation of, 333, 344 et seq.
Kettle-moraine in Wisconsin, 100.
King, 21, 351;
implement discovered by, 297.
Knox County, Ohio, 232.
Kurtz, Nam pa image discovered by, 297.
Lake Agassiz, 126, 223, 225;
continuance of, 347 et seq.
Lake Bonneville, 233 et seq., 299, 350 et seq.
Lake Constance, 60, 133.
Lake Erie, origin of, 200 et seq.;
ridges around, 222;
preglacial outlet of, 200, 333.
Lake Geneva during the Glacial period, 131, 132.
Lake Huron, preglacial outlet of, 202;
ridges around, 224.
Lake Itasca, 254.
Lake Lahontan, 233, 234.
Lake Michigan, age of, 345 et seq.
Lake Nipissing, 339.
Lake Ontario, origin of, 201 et seq.
Lake Traverse, 208, 226.
Lake District, England, the, 144.
Lake dwellings in Switzerland, 281.
Lake ridges, 222 et seq.
Lakes, sedimentation of, 333, 344 et seq.
Lamplugh, glacial observations of, 140, 196.
Lancashire, 153, 178, 180.
Lancaster, Ohio, 232.
Lang, cited, 116.
Lark, England, valley of the, 266.
Lateral moraines, 5.
Laurentide Glacier, 113 et seq., 121, 321.
Lava on the Pacific coast of North America, 294, 298, 300, 306, 321.
Lawrence, Mass., 80.
Lawrenceburg, Ind., 231, 232.
Le Conte, cited, 286, 322 et seq., 330, 372.
Leicestershire, England, 158.
Lehigh River, 243.
Lemming, 289.
Lenticular hills, 73.
Leopard, 282.
Lesley, cited, 215.
Lesse, Belgium, valley of the, 279.
Leverett, cited, 101, 218.
Lewis, on transported boulders, 57, 61;
work of, in Pennsylvania, 84, 119;
in Great Britain, 137;
cited, 254 et seq., 273.
Lickey Hills, 151.
Licking River, 214.
Liége, Belgium, 274.
Lincolnshire, England, 158.
Lindenkohl on old channel of the Hudson, 195 et seq.
Lion, 282, 293.
Little Beaver Creek, 231, 232.
Little Falls, Minn., 225, 232, 252, 254.
Little Falls, N. Y., buried channel near, 202.
Livingston, Mont., 122.
Llangollen, vale of, 151.
Loess in the Mississippi Valley, 98, 119, 120;
in Europe, 186 et seq.
Lohest, cited, 275 et seq.
Lombardy, 134.
London, 158, 159, 178;
glacial terrace in, 264.
Long Island, 66, 67.
Louisville, Ky., buried channel near, 205.
Loveland, Ohio, 232, 250.
Lubbock, cited, 267.
Lucerne, 133.
Lyell, on Richmond train of boulders, 70;
cited, 239, 263, 267, 274, 276, 285, 355, 361;
on the age of Niagara, 336.
Lyons, 132.
Maack, cited, 318.
Macclesfield, England, 273.
MacEnery, cited, 267.
Machairodus, 270, 282.
Mackintosh, quoted, 149, 150, 173.
Mâcon, France, 369.
McTarnahan, mortar discovered by, 297.
Madison boulder, 71.
Madisonville, Ohio, 232, 250, 254.
Magdalena Bay, 13.
Mahoning River, 220.
Maine, 80; re-elevation of, 331.
Malaspina Glacier, map of, 31.
Mammoth, 188,
About This Book
The work surveys geological evidence of past glacial activity and examines its relationship to human presence and antiquity. It explains glacial deposits, terraces, and stratigraphic contexts, assesses artifact discoveries claimed to be Paleolithic, and considers dating and formation processes that affect interpretation. Through regional case studies and critique of competing readings of the field record, the author evaluates how glacial episodes shaped landscapes and influenced human dispersion and technology. The book combines descriptive geology with discussion of archaeological implications, aiming to clarify methods for distinguishing natural from human-made features and to place human remains and implements within a glacial chronology.