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Manual for the Solution of Military Ciphers

Chapter 17: Frequency Table for the Message
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About This Book

The manual provides practical instruction on the construction, operation, and cryptanalysis of military ciphers, stressing that secrecy requires enciphering entire communications, including headers. It sets out desirable system requirements and examines common cipher classes, their typical weaknesses, and tactical trade-offs between security and usability. Procedures for systematic analysis—frequency tables, rearrangement, pattern fitting—and the equipment and routines for a cipher office are explained step by step. The text emphasizes that no readily usable cipher is absolutely unbreakable, that short messages are particularly troublesome, and that successful work depends on perseverance, methodical technique, and applied intuition.

Frequency Table for the Message

A B C D E F G H I J K L M N O P Q R S T U V W X Y Z
15 13 15 8 13 20 16 16 30 21 13 27 14 19 15 26 13 9 33 30 17 12 19 20 19 11

This clearly eliminates Cases 4, 5 and 6.

Referring to the recurring words and groups above noted, we figure the number of letters between each.

AII ... AII 45 = 3×3×5
BK ... BK 345 = 23×3×5
CT ... CT 403 No factors
CTW ... CTW 60 = 2×2×3×5
DL ... DL 75 = 3×5×5
ES ... ES 14 = 2×7
FJ ... FJ 187 No factors
NP ... NP 14 = 2×7
OL ... OL 120 = 2×2×2×3×5
OS ... OS 220 = 11×2×2×5
OSB ... OSB 465 = 31×3×5
PO ... PO 105 = 7×3×5
SQ ... SQ 250 = 2×5×5×5
TLF ... TLF 80 = 2×2×2×2×5
TP ... TP 405 = 3×3×3×3×5
UV ... UV 115 = 23×5
XMKU ... XMKU 120 = 2×2×2×3×5
UV ... UV 73 No factors
YJ ... YJ 85 = 17×5

The dominant factor is clearly 5, so we may consider that five alphabets were used, indicating a keyword of five letters. Writing the message in lines of five letters each and making a frequency table for each of the five columns so formed, we find the following: