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Manual of the apiary

Chapter 6: ILLUSTRATIONS.
By Albert John Cook
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About This Book

The text combines a natural-history account of the honey bee — classification, anatomy, life stages, castes, and swarming — with hands-on instruction for managing colonies and harvesting products such as honey, wax, pollen, and propolis. It covers site selection, hive and frame construction (including movable-frame designs), equipment, seasonal care, and methods for producing comb and extracted honey. Heavily illustrated and indexed, the work blends scientific explanation with tested, economical techniques and step-by-step guidance intended for students, amateurs, and practical apiarists seeking a concise, usable manual.

CONTENTS.

INTRODUCTION.

Who May Keep Bees 11
  Specialists 11
  Amateurs 11
Who are Specially Interdicted 12
Inducements to Bee-Keeping 12
  Recreation 12
  Profit 13
  Excellence as an Amateur Pursuit 15
  Adaptation to Women 15
  Improves the Mind and Observation 17
  Yields Delicious Food 17
What Successful Bee-Keeping Requires 18
  Mental Effort 18
  Experience Necessary 18
  Learn from Others 18
  Aid from Conventions 19
  Aid from Bee Papers 19
    American Bee Journal 19
    Gleanings in Bee Culture 20
    Bee-Keepers' Magazine 21
  Books for the Apiarist 21
    Langstroth on the Honey-Bee 21
    Quinby's Mysteries of Bee-Keeping 22
    King's Text-Book 22
    A, B, C of Bee Culture 22
    Foreign Works 22
  Promptitude 23
  Enthusiasm 24

PART I.

Natural History of the Honey Bee.

CHAPTER I.

The Bee's Place in the Animal Kingdom 27
  The Branch of the Honey-Bee 27
  The Class of the Honey-Bee 28
  The Order of the Honey-Bee 30
  The Sub-Order of the Honey-Bee 31
  The Family of the Honey-Bee 34
  The Genus of the Honey-Bee 38
  The Species of the Honey-Bee 41
  The Varieties of the Honey-Bee 41
  German, or Black Bee 41
  Italian, or Ligurian 41
  Fasciata, or Egyptian 42
    Other Varieties 43
  Bibliography 44
    Valuable Books on Entomology 47

CHAPTER II.

Anatomy and Physiology 48
  Anatomy of Insects 48
    Organs of the Head 48
    Appendages of the Thorax 55
    Internal Anatomy 56
    Secretory Organs 61
    Sex Organs 62
    Transformations 66
      The Egg 67
      The Larva 68
      The Pupa 68
      The Imago Stage 70
    Incomplete Transformations 70
  Anatomy and Physiology of the Honey Bee 71
    Three Kinds of Bees in Each Colony 71
      The Queen 71
      The Drone 86
      The Neuters or Workers 90

CHAPTER III.

Swarming, or Natural Method of increase 101

CHAPTER IV.

Products of Bees, their Origin and Function 104
  Honey 104
  Wax 106
  Pollen, or Bee-Bread 111
  Propolis 112
Bibliography 113

Part II.

The apiary, its Care and Management 115

INTRODUCTION.

Preparation 117
  Read a Good Manual 117
  Visit some Apiarist 117
  Take a College Course 118
  Decide on a Plan 118
How to Procure our Bees 118
Kind of Bees to Purchase 119
In What Kind of Hives 119
When to Purchase 119
How Much to Pay 120
Where to Locate 120

CHAPTER V.

Hives and Boxes 122
  Box Hives 122
  Movable Comb Hives 123
    The Langstroth Hive 123
    Character of the Hive 124
      The Bottom Board 127
      The Cover 129
      The Frames 132
        How to Construct the Frames 133
        A Block for making Frames 134
    Cover for Frames 136
    Division Board 137
    The Huber Hive 138
  Apparatus for Securing Comb Honey 141
    Boxes 142
    Small Frames or Sections 144
      Requisites of Good Sections 144
      Description 144
    How to Place Sections in Position 147
      Sections in Frames 147
      Sections in Racks 149

CHAPTER VI.

Position and Arrangement of the Apiary 152
  Position 152
  Arrangement of Ground 152
  Preparation for each Colony 153

CHAPTER VII.

To Transfer Bees 156

CHAPTER VIII.

Feeding and Feeders 159
  How Much to Feed 159
  How to Feed 160

CHAPTER IX.

Queen Rearing 163
  How to Rear Queens 163
  Nuclei 165
  Shall we Clip the Queen's Wing? 168

CHAPTER X.

Increase of Colonies 171
  Swarming 171
    Hiving Swarms 173
  To Prevent Second Swarms 175
  To Prevent Swarming 176
  How Best to Increase 177
  Dividing 177
    How to Divide 177

CHAPTER XI.

Italians and Italianizing 180
  All Should Keep Only Italians 183
  How to Italianize 183
  How to Introduce a Queen 183
  To Get Italian Queens 185
  Rearing and Shipping Queens 186
    To Ship Queens 186
    To Move Colonies 187

CHAPTER XII.

Extracting and the Extractors 188
  Honey Extractor 188
    What Style to Buy 189
  Use of the Extractor 191
  When to use the Extractor 192
  How to Extract 194

CHAPTER XIII.

Handling Bees 195
  The Best Bee Veil 196
  To Quiet Bees 197
  Bellows Smoker 198
    The Quinby Smoker 198
    The Bingham Smoker 199
  How to Smoke Bees 201
  To Cure Stings 201
  he Sweat Theory 201

CHAPTER XIV.

Comb Foundation 203
  History 203
  American Foundation 204
  How Foundation is Made 206
  To Secure the Wax Sheets 206
  Use of Foundation 207
  To Fasten the Foundation 209
  Save the Wax 211
    Methods 211

CHAPTER XV.

Marketing Honey 213
  How to Invigorate the Market 213
  Extracted Honey 214
  How to Tempt the Consumer 214
  Comb Honey 215
    Rules to be Observed 215

CHAPTER XVI.

Honey Plants 218
  What are the Valuable Honey Plants? 220
    Description with Practical Remarks 222
      April Plants 223
      May Plants 225
      June Plants 228
      July Plants 237
      August and September Plants 242
    Books on Botany 244
      Practical Conclusions 244

CHAPTER XVII.

Wintering Bees 246
  The Cause of Disastrous Wintering 246
  Requisite to Safe Wintering—Good Food 248
    Secure Late Breeding 249
    To Secure and Maintain Proper Temperature 249
  Box for Packing 250
  Chaff Hives 251
  Wintering in Cellar or House 252
  Burying Bees 254
  Spring Dwindling 254

CHAPTER XVIII.

The House Apiary 255
  Description 255
  Are they Desirable 256
  The Case as it Now Stands 256

CHAPTER XIX.

Evils that Confront the Apiarist 258
  Robbing 258
  Disease 259
  Foul Brood 259
    Remedies 260
  Enemies of Bees 262
    The Bee Moth 262
      History 266
      Remedies 266
    Bee Killer 267
    Bee Louse 268
      Important Suggestion 269
    Bee Hawk 269
    Tachina Fly 270
    Spiders 271
    Ants 271
    Wasps 271
    The King Bird 272
    Toads 272
    Mice 272

CHAPTER XX.

Calendar and Axioms 274
  Work for Different Months 274
    January 274
    February 274
    March 274
    April 275
    May 275
    June 275
    July 275
    August 275
    September 276
    October 276
    November 276
    December 276
  Axioms 277

ILLUSTRATIONS.

1. Trachea 28
2. Respiratory Apparatus of a Bee 29
3. Bee's Wings 38
4. Head of Drone 39
5. Head of Worker 39
6. Head of Bee 49
7. Thorax of Bee 55
8. Nervous System of Drone 58
9. Alimentary Canal 60
10. Male Organs of Bee 63
11. Queen Organs 64
12. Larva of Bee 68
13. Pupa of Bee 69
14. Queen Bee 72
15. Labium of Queen 73
16. Part of Queen's Leg 74
17. Drone 86
18. Part of Drone's Leg 87
19. Worker Bee 90
20. Tongue of Worker Bee 91
21. Jaw of Queen, Drone and Worker 92
22. Part of Posterior Leg of Worker—outside 93
23. Part of Posterior Leg of Worker—inside 94
24. Anterior Leg of Worker 94
25. Sting of Worker 95
26. Egg and Brood 97
27. Wax Scales 106
28. Honey-Comb 109
29. Langstroth Hive 124
30. Body of Hive 125
31. Bevel Gauge 126
32. Bottom-Board 128
33. Two-Story Hive 130
34. Cover to Hive 131
35. Frame 133
36. Frame, with Cross-Section of Top-Bar 134
37. Block for making Frames 135
38. Division-Board 137
39. Part of Quinby Hive 139
40. Part of Bingham Hive 140
41. Glass Honey Box 142
42. Isham Honey Box 143
43. Harbison Section Frame 143
44. Chisel 144
45. Block for Section Making 145
46. Hetherington Separator 146
47. Dove-tailed Section 146
48. Phelps Section 147
49. Section Frame 148
50. Sections in Frame 149
51. Southard's Section Back 150
52. Wheeler's Section Back 150
53. Hive in Shade of Ever-green 155
54. Feeder 160
55. Simplicity Feeder 161
56. Queen-cell Inserted in Comb 167
57. Shipping Queen Cage 187
58. Everett's Extractor 189
59. Comb Basket for Extractor 190
60. Knife for Uncapping 191
61. Knife with Curved Point 191
62. Bee-Veil 196
63. Quinby Smokers 199
64. Bingham Smoker 199
65. Comb Foundation 203
66. Comb Foundation Machine 205
67. Comb Foundation Cutter 206
68. Block for Fastening Foundation 210
69. Presser for Block 211
70. Wax Extractor 212
71. Prize Crate 216
72. Heddon Crate 217
73. Maple 222
74. Willow 223
75. Judas Tree 224
76. American Wistaria 225
77. Chinese Wistaria 226
78. Barberry 226
79. White Sage 227
80. White or Dutch Clover 228
81. Alsike Clover 229
82. Melilot Clover 230
83. Borage 230
84. Mignonette 231
85. Okra 231
86. Mint 232
87. Pollen of Milk-Weed 233
88. Black Mustard 233
89. Rape 234
90. Tulip 235
91. Teasel 236
92. Cotton 236
93. Basswood 237
94. Figwort 238
95. Button-Bush 240
96. Rocky Mountain Bee Plant 239
97. Boneset 241
98. Buckwheat 242
99. Golden Rod 243
100. Sun Flower 243
101. Packing-Box for Winter 250
102. Gallery of Moth Larva 262
103. Moth Larva in Comb 263
104. Moth Larvæ 264
105. Moth Cocoons 264
106. Moth with Wings Spread 264
107. Male and Female Moths 265
108. Bee-Killer 268
109. Bee Louse 268
110. Tachina Fly 270
111. Munn's Hive 270
112. Munn's Triangular Hive 280
113. Lecanium Tulipiferas 288
114. Stem of Motherwort 289
115. Fruit and Leaf of Motherwort 290
116. Motherwort Bloom 291
117. Sour-Wood 292
118. Stinging-Bug--natural size 294
119. Magnified twice 294
120. Beak, magnified 294
121. Antenna, magnified 295
122. Anterior leg, exterior view 295
123.     "     "   interior view 295
124. Claw, extended 296
125. Middle leg, magnified 296
126. Southern Bee-Killer 297
127. Wings extended 297
128. Head of 298
131. Foot of 298
129. Wing of 299
130. Wing of Asilus Missouriensis 300
132. Honey-Comb Coral 301
133. Wasp-stone Coral 302