INDEX
- Adelaide, Madame, the eldest of Louis XV.’s daughters, her influence on Marie Antoinette, 61;
- Aire, the river of Varennes, tactical advantages of, to Nationalists, 279, 282
- Aix-la-Chapelle, treaty of, 8
- Amand, Jacques, peasant child adopted by Marie Antoinette, 78;
- his death as a soldier at Jemappes, 343
- America, United States of. See also United States
- —— tea tax imposed in Boston coincidently with Louis XV.’s death, 72;
- British colonies in, origin of their revolt, 100;
- arrival of delegates to France from, 100;
- British colonies in, character of population forbids extreme policy of war in, 102;
- rebellion of colonies in, England’s certain policy towards, 106-7;
- failure of Burgoyne’s campaign in, 108-12;
- rebellion of colonies in, strategical position at time of Burgoyne’s march, 108-10
- Anne, Fort, Burgoyne captures, 111
- “Antoinette,” first use of this French form of the Queen’s name, 30
- Antwerp, commerce of, dependent on opening of the Scheldt, 145-46
- Archbishop’s Palace. See Archeveché
- Archeveché, National Assembly installed in, on coming to Paris in Days of October, 232
- Argonne, hills of, their position on the eastern road, 270;
- Army, British, its excellence in 1776, 101
- Army, French, deplorable condition of, in 1792, 296
- Army of the East, most reliable force for Crown in 1789, 216;
- pointed out by Mirabeau as support of the Crown, 246
- Artois, Comte d’, Louis XVI.’s youngest brother, his admiration of Marie Antoinette, 65;
- Assignats, creation of, 238
- Auctoritas, “Sine auctoritate nulla vita,” Gallic formula, 78
- Austria, extreme peril of, on partition of Poland, 61-63
- —— foreign policy of, Joseph II. arrives at Versailles to influence Queen in favour of, 103
- Authority, “without it no life,” 78
- “Autrichienne,” nickname given Marie Antoinette by Mesdames, 64
- Bailly, his role on 20th June 1789, 206;
- first Mayor of Paris, 212
- Ball, Court, on Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 53;
- masked, an especial diversion of Marie Antoinette as Dauphine, 65;
- Fersen first meets her at one, 66;
- of 21st January 1778, independence of United States recognised at, 114-15;
- on Shrove Tuesday, at the Opera, 1779, Queen’s undignified adventure in connection with, 121;
- the last held in Versailles, winter of 1786, 178
- Bankruptcy of the Guémenées disastrous to the Queen, 144;
- part of Queen’s plan for defeat of States-General, 210
- Barentin, Keeper of the Seals
- announces fatal decision as to vote by orders at opening of States-General, 201;
- Barnave, nominated to bring King back to Paris, 285;
- Barry, Madame Du. See Du Barry
- Bastille, Marie Antoinette talks wildly of sending Turgot to, 98;
- Batz, his plan for helping the Queen to escape, 354
- Bavaria, Joseph II. first covets, 105;
- Bayon and Romeuf, their ride in pursuit of the King to Varennes, 283, 284
- Beauharnais, in the Chair of the Assembly when news of the King’s arrest at Varennes is brought, 285
- Beaumarchais, de, title purchased by Caron, 102;
- Bed of Justice, Louis XVI.’s first recourse to, in registering Turgot’s decrees, 97, 98;
- last, held to coerce the Parlement under influence of the Queen, 189
- Bells, of Paris, sound the attack on the palace, 319
- Bernis, Cardinal de, negotiates the diplomatic revolution, 22
- Berthier, murder of, after fall of Bastille, 213
- Bodyguard. See Garde au Corps
- Boehmer and Bassange, jewellers and partners, owners of the Diamond Necklace, 159;
- Bondy, first post-house on the Eastern road, Fersen leaves Royal Family at, 262-63
- Boston, British man-of-war arrives in harbour of, to impose tea tax, at same hour as Louis XV.’s death, 72;
- English fleet fails to blockade French fleet in harbour of, 121
- Bouillé, in command of Army of the East in ’89, 216;
- Bouillon, Duke of, officially announces accession of Louis XVI., 72
- Brandweiss, Countess of, first governess of Marie Antoinette and her sister Caroline, 24
- Brandywine, Washington’s defeat on, 110
- Breteuil, orders the arrest of Cardinal de Rohan, 159
- Brienne. See Loménie
- Broglie, in “Ministry of Resistance,” to lead army for coercion of Paris, 210
- Brunier, family doctor of the Queen, admitted to the Temple, 348
- Brunswick, breaks camp at end of July 1792 and marches on Paris, 315
- Burgoyne’s, his campaign and surrender, 108-12
- Burke, his lack of judgment on the Queen, 94, 95
- Busne, officer guarding the Queen during her trial, 385
- Byron, fails to blockade d’Estaing in Boston harbour, 121
- Cagliostro, his influence over Cardinal de Rohan, 156
- Calonne, his appointment and character, 149, 150;
- Cambrai, garrison of, cut to pieces, 371
- Campaign of American Rebellion, Burgoyne’s failure, 108-12;
- Carnot, joins the Committee of Public Safety, 368;
- appears before Maubeuge with the army, 374;
- his plan in Avesnes before the battle of Wattignies, 375;
- prepares for the attack, 382;
- his first reconnaissance before the battle of Wattignies, Oct. 14, 383;
- orders the charge upon Dourlers, 386;
- brings troops over from left of French position to the right, before Wattignies, 392, 394;
- leads the charge at Wattignies, 400
- Caroline, daughter of Maria Theresa, later Queen of Naples, educated with Marie Antoinette, 24
- Caron. See Beaumarchais
- Catholicism, decay of, in France before Revolution, 250
- Cats, Louis XVI.’s aversion to, 76
- Cease fire, order to, signed by Louis XVI., 328
- Cell, Queen’s first, in the Conciergerie, 365, 366
- Chaintry, posting station of, Royal Family recognised at, in flight to Varennes, 268
- Chalons, King recognised at, in flight to Varennes, 269;
- historical character of neighbourhood of, 270
- Champ de Mars, massacre of, 301
- Champlain, Lake, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109
- Chancel, hesitates to make a sortie from Maubeuge, 383
- Chartres, Duc de, later Duke of Orleans, first meeting with Marie Antoinette, 40;
- Chaumont, his house and park in Passy, the refuge of American delegates, 100
- Chauveau-Lagarde, named to defend the Queen, 374
- Chauvelin, his death at Louis XV.’s card-table, 67
- Cherbourg, harbour of, visited by Louis XVI., 177, 178
- Child, early craving of Marie Antoinette for a, 77;
- Childbed, first, of Marie Antoinette, 119-20;
- Choiseul, principal Minister of Louis XV., Maria Theresa’s reliance upon him before her daughter’s marriage, 26;
- Choiseul, Junior (nephew of former), at the post of Somme-Vesle, 271-272;
- Chorez, Mayor of Chalons, 270
- Church, Catholic, in France, attitude of Revolution towards revenues of, 237;
- constitution of, 238
- Churching, first, of Marie Antoinette, 120, 121;
- Civil Constitution of the Clergy, disastrous character of, 249-50;
- Mirabeau’s attitude towards, 251
- Civilisation, European (see Europe),
- threatened by Reformation, 3
- Claye, Queen’s waiting-women join Royal Family in flight at, 265
- Clergy, summoned to grant taxes before Revolution, refuse, 192;
- Cléry, Louis XVI.’s valet in the Temple, 336;
- is taken from the Temple, 348
- Coburg, determines to besiege Maubeuge, 367
- Commons. See Tiers État
- Compiègne, place of meeting of Louis XV. with Marie Antoinette, 38-40
- Conciergerie, Queen removed to, from Temple, 364
- Condé, emigration of, after fall of Bastille, 213;
- town of, surrender of, 363
- Conflans, country-seat of Mercy, 124
- Cornwallis enters Yorktown, 126;
- Coronation, of Louis XVI., 93-95;
- Queen’s presence at, 94
- Council, Marie Antoinette’s first interference with, 83;
- Crown, quarrel between, and States-General opens, 204;
- advises Union of Orders, 209
- Cubieres brings news of Paris marching on Versailles to Louis XVI., 221
- D’Aiguillon, Duc de, chief Minister at end of Louis XV.’s reign after Choiseul’s fall, made by the Du Barry, 55, 58, 59;
- D’Angoulême, Duchess of (see also Madame Royale), birth of, 120
- Danjou during massacres of September, 338
- Dauphin, son of Louis XV., his death in 1765, 26
- Dauphin, first, Louis XVI.’s eldest son, birth of, 129;
- Dauphin, second (Duke of Normandy), his birth, 163;
- Dead, Day of, November 2, coincidence of Marie Antoinette’s birth with, 21;
- Deane, delegate of the revolted British colonists in America, received by Louis XVI., 114
- D’Epresmenil affirms the revolutionary principles of national government in the Parlement, 191
- D’Estaing sails from Toulon to attack the English fleet in 1778, 115;
- D’Hervilly refuses to cease fire, 328
- Diamond Necklace, La Motte first introduced to Cardinal Rohan, 127;
- the Cardinal de Rohan begins his advances to the Queen (early 1782), she avoids him, 138;
- Mme. de La Motte present at Court in 1782, 138, 139;
- Cardinal de Rohan, bribing a porter, is present at a fête at Trianon, 141, 142;
- Mme. de La Motte presents petition to the Queen, 147;
- he sees Mme. de La Motte in his country house in Alsace in 1783, 149;
- in his palace in Paris in March 1784 she tells him she is now an intimate friend of the Queen’s, 151-52;
- he receives from La Motte letters which he believes to be written by the Queen, 155;
- is further encouraged by Cagliostro, and writes letters to the Queen which he gives to La Motte, 156;
- Mme. de La Motte’s husband hires the girl d’Oliva to act the part of the Queen, 157;
- supposed meeting of Cardinal de Rohan and the Queen in the park of Versailles July 24, 1784, 159;
- Necklace possibly offered to Queen in 1779, 159;
- Bassange, the jeweller, shows it to Mme. de La Motte, 162;
- purchased by Cardinal de Rohan on supposed authority of the Queen, 163;
- is taken by the male La Motte to London, 163;
- Boehmer, Bassange’s partner, begs Queen for payment, 165;
- suspicions of the Cardinal aroused, 166;
- Mme. de La Motte confesses her forgery, the Queen discovers the plot, 168;
- Rohan is arrested, 169;
- tried, 170-75;
- and acquitted, 176
- Dillon, Madame de, Queen’s violent and ephemeral friendship for, 94
- Dissipation, early cause of Marie Antoinette’s, 77;
- D’Oliva. See Oliva
- Dourlers, French objective on first day of battle of Wattignies, 385, 383;
- Dreux Brézé, Master of Ceremonies at opening of States-General, 200-201;
- his famous order to the Commons, 208
- Dreyfus Case, parallel between, and affair of Diamond Necklace, 174-175, 177
- Drouet, sees the Royal Family in flight to Varennes, 275-76;
- Du Barry, her name first mentioned to Maria Theresa, 32;
- disastrous influence upon Louis XV.’s reign, 40-44;
- her character and appearance, 45-46;
- first meets Marie Antoinette at La Muette, 48-49;
- Marie Antoinette’s antipathy to her, 54-56;
- Maria Theresa attempts to break down that antipathy, 58-62;
- Marie Antoinette’s single speech to, 61;
- her devotion to Louis XV. at the end of his life, 69;
- she leaves the Court, 70;
- exiled to Burgundy on accession of Louis XVI., 83
- Dufort, French Ambassador at Vienna at time of Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 30
- Dumouriez, chief man in the War Ministry of ’92, 300;
- Dunquerque, Duke of York’s march upon, 368
- Earthquake of Lisbon. See Lisbon
- Ecclesiastical rights of Rohan, 171
- Education of Marie Antoinette, 24-27, 33-36
- Edward, Fort, Burgoyne’s tardy advance upon, 111
- Elector of Bavaria, his death precipitates the Bavarian diplomatic quarrel, 116
- Elizabeth, Madame, Marie Antoinette’s relations with, 122;
- Emigration, first, 213
- Émigrés, disturbing element in the Allies’ camp, 296;
- their charge at Wattignies, 400
- Enghien, emigration after fall of Bastille, 213
- England, fiscal position of, during pre-revolutionary and revolutionary period, 86, 87;
- Episcopacy, French, corrupt condition of, before Revolution, 181-82
- Etiquette, rigidity of French Courts, 37;
- strictness and publicity of, on accession of Louis XVI., 80
- Europe, civilisation of, peculiar in all history, 1, 2
- Extravagance of Marie Antoinette, character of rather than amount remarkable, 89, 90;
- Marie Antoinette’s first considerable purchase of jewellery, 97
- Falkenstein, Count, incognito of Joseph II., in Paris, 103
- Fersen, Axel de, first meets Marie Antoinette, 66;
- revisits Versailles, 118;
- Marie Antoinette obviously in love with him, 118, 119;
- leaves her for American War, 119;
- marches south with Washington to join the French at Yorktown, 126;
- negotiates surrender of Yorktown, 128;
- comes again to Versailles in 1784 with King of Sweden, 155;
- revisits Versailles in 1787, 183;
- his return to Versailles just before Revolution, 193-95;
- story of his presence in Queen’s room during days of October, 227 n.;
- Bouillé’s son received by, 253;
- organises the flight of the Royal Family, 260, 261;
- drives the Royal Family out of Paris in the flight to Varennes, 261, 262;
- his farewell to the Queen in flight to Varennes, 263;
- story of ring given him by the Queen, and of his death, 263, 265;
- the Queen’s letters to him after the failure of the flight to Varennes, 292-93;
- the Queen’s letter to, in September 1791, 303;
- his last journey to Paris to help the Royal Family, 303-4;
- in regular communication with Royal Family to arrange invasion, 310, 311;
- his communications with the Queen in prison, 349-50
- Feuillants, disused monastery, Royal Family lodged in, 330-32
- Figaro, Mariage de, play by Beaumarchais, its political character, 135-36;
- Finance. See Fiscal Problem
- Finances, French, Calonne appointed to the head of, 149, 150;
- his loans, 151
- Financiers, modern, their vulgar expenditure compared with that of the Court of Versailles, 78, 79
- Fiscal Problem of the French preceding the Revolution, 86;
- Flanders, Regiment of, marches into Versailles, 215;
- Fleury, exact coincidence of his life with the transition between the anti-Austrian policy of France and diplomatic revolution, 6;
- at the Exchequer during bankruptcy of the Guémenées, 144
- Flight of Royal Family, Mirabeau’s plan for, 252;
- Florida Blanca, Spanish Minister, his terror of Great Britain at moment of Burgoyne’s surrender, 112, 113
- Fontainebleau, Court gambling at, on accession of Queen, 99;
- French Court there at moment of Burgoyne’s surrender, 112
- Foreign Policy, French, D’Aiguillon ceases to control, on Louis XVI.’s accession, 83, 84;
- Vergennes controls, on accession of Louis XVI., 84;
- dominated by the fear of England on accession of Louis XVI., 100-2, 106-8;
- eagerly seeks Spanish alliance against England, 107;
- Spanish dread of England forbids this, 112-13;
- final determination to accept the English challenge, 113;
- this determination confirmed by Burgoyne’s surrender at Saratoga, 113-14;
- refuses to support Austria in Bavarian claim, but under pressure from Marie Antoinette pays compensation to Vienna, 116-18;
- Marie Antoinette’s increasing power over, after Maurepas’ death, 134;
- attitude of, towards opening of Scheldt, 148, 149;
- payment of Dutch indemnity to Austria under pressure from the Queen, 161, 165-66, 174
- Foulon, murder of, after fall of Bastille, 213
- Fouquier Tinville, his speech for the prosecution of the Queen, 380
- France, hesitation of, upon the Reformation, 3-5;
- generally thought in decline during early eighteenth century, 16
- France and Austria, causes of original antagonism between, and their final reconciliation in the eighteenth century, 2-9.
- Francis of Lorraine, husband of Maria Theresa, his happy marriage, 15;
- Frankfort, the crowning of the Emperor, the Queen’s nephew there in 1792, 309, 312
- Franklin, lands in France, 100;
- received by Louis XVI., 114
- Frederick the Great, his power first apparent at Mollwitz, 6;
- French Guards. See Gardes Françaises
- French Ministerial Tradition. See Ministerial Tradition
- Fontainebleau, Dr. Johnson sees the Queen at, 95
- Frontier, north-eastern, strategical nature of, 360
- Gardes du Corps, their banquet to the Regiment of Flanders, 217-25
- Gardes Françaises, almost only French troops in Paris at opening of Revolution, 209
- Gates, commanding American forces, receives Burgoyne’s surrender, 112
- Geoffrin, Madame, visits Vienna before Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 28
- George, Lake, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109
- Girondins, their appearance in the Revolution, 301, 302
- Goethe, his judgment on the household of Maria Theresa, 15
- Goguelat, second in command of Choiseul’s Hussars, 272;
- shot at Varennes, 282
- Goltz, Prussian Minister at Versailles, his letter on the date of Burgoyne’s surrender, 112
- Government, nature of all, 195-96
- Guémenée, Madame de, governess to the children of France, Marie Antoinette’s friendship with, 92;
- Guillaume, companion of Drouet in his famous ride, 277
- Guines, French Ambassador in London, protected by Marie Antoinette, 98
- Haga, Comte de, incognito of King of Sweden, 155
- Handwriting of Marie Antoinette, quite unformed, 50
- Harvest, failure of, in 1775, a cause of Turgot’s unpopularity, 97;
- difficulty of bringing to Paris in 1789, 216
- Hébert visits the Temple, 339;
- Henry of Prussia, Prince, visits Versailles in 1784, 160
- Herman, chief judge of the Queen at her trial, 374;
- Howe sails with 20,000 men to attack Philadelphia, 110
- Hudson, Valley of, strategical value of, in Burgoyne’s campaign, 109
- Hue, friendly guard of the Royal Family in the Temple, 336
- Huguenots, exceptionally tolerated in France, 5-7;
- Hungary, Joseph II.’s blundering attempt to suppress language of, 131
- Invasion, two principal avenues of, into France, 359
- Jacobin Society, nature of, 251, 252;
- Mirabeau subservient to, 251
- Jarjayes, his plot to rescue the Queen, 351, 352
- Jemappes, battle of, 342
- Jewellery. See Extravagance, also Diamond Necklace
- Johnson, Doctor, sees Marie Antoinette at Fontainebleau, 95
- Joseph II., son of Maria Theresa, first associated with her in the empire, 23;
- hastens the conclusion of Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 30, 31;
- accompanies Marie Antoinette for the first day on her journey to Versailles before her marriage, 36;
- his visit to Versailles and France, 99, 103-6;
- his insufficient character, 103;
- his ignorance of La Marck and Lavoisier, 105;
- his ludicrous misjudgment of French military power, 105;
- revisits Versailles July 1781, 126;
- his bungling in religion, 131;
- summons French to abandon Revolution, 238;
- dies, 238
- Jourdan, description of, 375;
- in command at Wattignies, overruled by Carnot, 391
- June the Twentieth, rising of, in 1792, 305
- Jury to try the Queen, 377-78
- Kaunitz, origin of his career, 9;
- Korff, Baroness de, alias of Duchesse de Tourzel in flight to Varennes, 261
- La Fayette volunteers for the American War, 103;
- leaves Richmond, 126;
- Marie Antoinette visits wife of, as a compliment after surrender of Yorktown, 135;
- marching from Paris to help the Court in Days of October, 226;
- his lack of judgment in defending the palace, 227;
- advises the Royal Family after victory of the mob, 229;
- fails to restrain mob on 18th April 1791, 259;
- his action in massacre of Champ de Mars, 301
- Lagny, post-master of Chaintry, 268
- La Marck, founder of the evolutionary theory, Joseph II.’s ignorance of, 105;
- Lamballe, Princesse de, first meeting with Marie Antoinette, 40;
- La Motte, Madame de (see Diamond Necklace), escapes from prison and flies to London, 179;
- her supposed innocence and martyrdom, 180
- La Muette, palace or royal hunting-box of, scene of Marie Antoinette’s first meeting with Madame du Barry before marriage, 47;
- Latour du Pin bears witness for the Queen at her trial, 387
- Lavoisier, Joseph II.’s ignorance of, 105
- L’Echelle, Rue de, rendezvous of Royal Family and Fersen for flight to Varennes, 261
- Lee, delegate of the revolted British colonists in America, received by Louis XVI., 114
- Legislative Assembly, receives the Royal Family on retirement from Tuileries, 326;
- permits the imprisonment of the Royal Family in the Temple, 332
- Leonard, the Queen’s hairdresser, contributes to disaster of Varennes, 272 n.;
- takes note from Choiseul to commanders of various posts, 274
- Leopold, Emperor, brother of the Queen, accession of, 238;
- Le Quay, real name of the woman Oliva, q.v.
- Lequesnoy surrenders, 371
- Lisbon, character of town of, in eighteenth century, 19;
- Logotachygraphe, Revolutionary journal, Royal Family lodged in the reporters’ box of, 329, 330
- Loménie de Brienne, proposed by the Queen as successor to Calonne, April 1787, 181;
- Lorraine (Francis of, see Francis), princesses of, umbrage given by their precedence at the Court ballon Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 52-53
- Louis XV. at opening of diplomatic revolution, 16;
- his reticence and hesitation in the matter of his grandson’s marriage, 27-31;
- his appearance on Marie Antoinette’s first meeting with him, 38-40;
- feels the approach of death, 67;
- effect of Court sermon on, before death, 67;
- falls ill of small-pox, 68;
- his strong Christian faith, 69;
- dismisses Madame du Barry, 70;
- receives the Last Sacrament, 70-72;
- his death, 72
- Louis XVI. left heir on his father’s death, 26;
- his appearance at that moment, 26;
- his mother, after the death of the Dauphin her husband, opposes the Austrian marriage, 28;
- her death, 29;
- ceremony of his marriage as Dauphin to Marie Antoinette, 50, 51;
- his accession, 73;
- supposed impotence, 74-77;
- publicly ridiculed by his wife in early days of his marriage, 93;
- coronation of, 93-95;
- Joseph II. visits Versailles to effect cure of, 104, 105;
- date of operation upon, 105 (see also Appendix A);
- consents to receive delegates of United States, 114;
- influence of Maurepas upon, 133;
- grants Moratorium on Marie Antoinette’s express prayer in the Guémenée bankruptcy, ill effect of this, 144;
- visits Cherbourg, 177, 178;
- one of very small minority that practised religion before Revolution, 182;
- his appearance at opening of States-General, 201;
- fails to receive deputation of Tiers État, 202;
- quarrel with States-General opens, 204;
- at Royal Session of, 23rd June 1789, 206-7;
- his final decision on Votes by Order, 207;
- flight debated during capture of Bastille, 212;
- his Veto discussed, 214;
- his flight again urged by the Queen, in October 1789, 217;
- shooting at Chatillon when Paris was marching on Versailles, 220-22;
- hesitates to fly in Days of October, 226;
- brought to Paris by mob in Days of October, 230, 231;
- Marie Antoinette ridicules him in a letter to her relatives after Days of October, 233;
- his rôle in flight to Varennes, 261;
- first recognised during flight at Viels-Maisons, 267;
- and again at Chaintry, 268;
- and once more at Chalons, 269;
- recognised in Ste. Menehould, 276;
- vetoes prosecution of non-juring clergy and formation of volunteer camp, 304;
- his note of credentials to Mallet du Pan, 311;
- ridiculed at his last review, 321;
- retires from Tuileries, 325;
- signs order to cease fire, 328;
- his sword removed in the Temple, 336;
- separated from his family in the Temple, 340;
- condemned to death, 344;
- last interview with his family, 345;
- his execution, 346, 347
- Madame. See Adelaide
- Madame Elizabeth, her passage of arms with Pétion, 287-88;
- Madame Royale, the Queen’s daughter, her first Communion, 232, 234-35.
- See also D’Angoulême
- Maillard leads march of Paris on Versailles, 223
- Mallet du Pan negotiates with the enemy for the King, 310, 311, 312
- Mandat, head of the Paris Militia, his organisation of defence of the palace in August 1792, 320, 321;
- murder of, 322
- Manège, the Riding-school of the Tuileries, National Assembly installed in, 232
- Mangin, his ride to carry news to Paris of the arrest of the King, 284-85
- Manifesto of Brunswick, the Queen the author of its threat against Paris, 310-12;
- Manuel bears evidence against the Queen, 384
- Mareuil, Commissioners meet Royal Family at, returning to Paris from Varennes, 285-86
- Maria of Saxony, widow of the first Dauphin, and mother of Louis XVI., her opposition to Austrian marriage, 28;
- her death, 29
- Maria Theresa, devotion of Kaunitz to, 11;
- character of, 13, 14;
- married life of, 15;
- her negotiation for French alliance, 18;
- health at birth of Marie Antoinette, 21;
- her negotiations for Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 27, 28;
- associates her son Joseph with her government, 30;
- hears of the Du Barry, 32;
- letter to Marie Antoinette on her leaving Vienna, 36;
- her judgment of a happy marriage, 37;
- early letters of Marie Antoinette to her, 54;
- her repeated letters to Marie Antoinette as Dauphine, urging reconciliation with Du Barry, 59, 61, 63;
- her anxiety as to Louis XVI.’s condition, 65, 76, 77, 105, also Appendix A;
- her letters advising Marie Antoinette’s policy, 82;
- she hears news of Marie Antoinette’s first pregnancy, 115;
- her last illness and death, 125
- Marie Theresa Charlotte. See Madame Royale
- Marly, Court gambling at, 99
- Marriage, slowness of negotiations for Marie Antoinette’s, 27-31;
- Marseillaise, first sung in Marseilles, 309;
- at Wattignies, 399
- Marseilles, Battalion of, organised, 309;
- Martin, d’Auch, refuses oath in Tennis Court, 205
- Maubeuge, its position on the first line of invasion, 359;
- last stronghold against invasion on north-eastern frontier, 361, 362;
- threatened by Coburg, 367;
- Drouet arrives in, 371, 372;
- lack of provisions in, 373;
- cavalry patrol cut their way out of, 374;
- hears the guns of the French advance, 383;
- attempt to force passage to, on 15th of October fails, 385-90;
- extreme peril of, in consequence of this, 391;
- relieved by French victory at Wattignies, 401
- Maubourg nominated to bring the King back to Paris, 285
- Maurepas, chosen to be Minister on accession of Louis XVI., 82;
- Maury, example of French hierarchy before Revolution, 182
- Maximilian, Marie Antoinette’s youngest brother, visits Paris in 1775, 91
- Mayence, siege of, prevents invasion, 355
- Mayor of Paris, Bailly the first, 212
- Measles, Queen suffers from, in spring of 1779, 121
- Meaux, first passage of Royal Family through, in flight to Varennes, 266;
- Mercenaries, most troops in Paris in 1789 foreign, 209
- Mercy, d’Argenteau, becomes Ambassador at Versailles for Maria Theresa in 1766, 27;
- notes Artois’ “shocking familiarity” with the Queen, 92;
- desires the Queen to be crowned with the King, 93;
- tries to dissuade Queen from opposing Turgot, 98;
- intrigues for Marie Antoinette to support Austria’s Bavarian policy, 105, 106;
- influences Marie Antoinette in favour of Austrian policy on the Bavarian succession, 117-18;
- a description of him and his household, 124-25;
- clumsily pressed by Joseph II. to influence Queen in affair of Scheldt, 137;
- meets Mirabeau in La Marck’s house, 243;
- Queen betrays to him the plans of the French defence in 1792, 300;
- in regular communication with Royal Family to arrange invasion, 311
- Mesdames, Louis XV.’s daughters, Marie Antoinette first meets at Compiègne, 39;
- Michonis, the Municipal, sympathetic jailer of the Queen, 350;
- Militia, new popular, of Paris, after July ’89, La Fayette at head of, 212;
- Ministerial tradition, French, its transformation in early years of Louis XVI. produces the Revolution, 81, 82
- Ministry, French, permanent character of, 148
- Ministry of Resistance, Queen’s plan to destroy States-General, 210-13;
- fails, 213
- Mirabeau, noted by populace at opening of States-General, 200;
- reluctantly accepts oath in Tennis Court, 205;
- his doubtful reply to Dreux Brézé, 208;
- during Days of October, 223;
- his influence on the Court, 239-56;
- his position in 1790, 241, 242;
- La Marck, friend of, introduces to the Crown, 242;
- his debts and subsidy, 243, 244;
- his interview with the Queen, 245;
- his written advice to the Crown, 246, 247;
- his attitude towards Civil Constitution of the Clergy, 250, 251;
- his plan for the flight of the Royal Family and Civil War, 251-53;
- his death, 255
- Mireur, from Montpellier, sings the Marseillaise in Marseilles, 309
- Mohawk Valley, British force in, marching to join Burgoyne, repulsed, 111
- Monarchy, French, its national nature, 41;
- Monsieur. See Provence
- Montmédy decided on as refuge for the Royal Family, 260
- Moratorium, or stay of legal proceedings, granted by King to the Guémenées on their bankruptcy, 144
- Mounier, in chair of Assembly during Days of October, 223
- Mollwitz, first great Prussian victory, 6
- Mozart meets little Marie Antoinette, 28
- Nancy, mutiny at, 247, 248
- Napoleon, his verdict upon the affair of the Diamond Necklace, 177;
- Narbonne, Archbishop of, example of French hierarchy before the Revolution, 182
- National Assembly (before p. 218, see States-General) passes last clauses of new Constitution coincidently with Banquet of the Body Guard, October 1789, 218;
- Navy, British, terror inspired by, in 1776, 100;
- Necker, his character and religion, 98, 99;
- his daughter, offered in marriage to Fersen and to Pitt, finally marries M. de Staël, 98;
- fails to administrate finances, and is dismissed for the first time in 1781, 127;
- Queen responsible for his return to the Finances after fall of Loménie, 195;
- character of, 197;
- ostensibly fixes number of Tiers État, 197;
- re-summons Notables in late 1788, 198;
- abandons question of “Vote by Orders,” 198;
- his appearance and long speech at opening of States-General, 201-2;
- calculated absence from Royal Session, 206;
- dismissal of, July 11, 1789, 210;
- recalled by Louis XVI., 213;
- flight of, 248
- Neerwinden, Dumouriez’ defeat at, 352
- New Order, the Queen’s plan for efficient despotic government before Revolution, 190-92;
- its breakdown, 192
- Noailles, Madame de, Mistress of the Ceremonies to Marie Antoinette as Dauphine, 37, 48
- Nobles, minority of, joins Commons led by Orleans, 209
- Nord, Comte du, incognito of the Grand-Duke Paul, 139
- Notables, Assembly of, summoned by Calonne, 178;
- Oath of Tennis Court. See Tennis Court
- October, Days of, 215-32
- Œil de Bœuf during Days of October, 228
- Oliva or “d’Oliva,” employed by Mme. de La Motte to represent the Queen, 157;
- Orleans, Duke of. See also Chartres
- —— Duke of (formerly Duc de Chartres), his opposition to the Queen’s government before the Revolution, 190;
- Pannizardi, destruction of the original telegram in Dreyfus Case compared to Vergennes’ action in Diamond Necklace case, 168
- Paris, Marie Antoinette’s entry to, as Dauphine, 65;
- supported by Duke of Orleans in 1789, 209;
- Queen’s plan for coercion of, in July 1789, 210;
- names of regiments coercing, 210;
- rises and captures Bastille, 210-12;
- new municipality of, Bailly elected Mayor, 212;
- marches on Versailles in October 1789, 220-22, 225;
- Royal Family brought to, by the mob in the Days of October, 230, 231;
- re-entry of Royal fugitives from Varennes into, 289-291;
- Queen’s attitude towards, after return from Varennes, 298;
- threat to destroy, in Brunswick’s Manifesto, drawn up by the Queen, 310-13
- Parlement of Paris exiled by Louis XV., 59;
- Passy, Chaumont’s house in, the refuge of the American delegates, 100
- Paul, Grand-Duke, heir to Catherine of Russia, visits Versailles, 139-42;
- hears Beaumarchais read Figaro, 140
- Persuasion the only instrument of Government, 40, 41
- Pétion nominated to bring King back to Paris, 285;
- Philadelphia attacked successfully by Howe, contemporaneously with Burgoyne’s advance, 110
- Picard recognises the King during flight at Viels-Maisons, 267
- Pillnitz, Declaration of, its exact significance, 302
- Pinks, affair of the, plot to get the Queen out of the Conciergerie, 369, 370
- Planta, a gentleman follower of Cardinal de Rohan’s, present at the
- supposititious interview with the Queen, 159
- Poland, its partition, character of, 61-63
- Polignac, Comtesse de, friendship of Marie Antoinette with, 92;
- Pompadour, Madame de, Mistress of Louis XV., her rôle in diplomatic revolution, 18;
- Portugal, King and Queen of, chosen as god-parents of Marie Antoinette, 18-19
- Pot, first holder of post of Master of Ceremonies, 208 n.
- Premonition of Marie Antoinette relative to Temple, 164
- Protestant States of Europe, French diplomatic support of, after Reformation, 5-6
- Provence, Comtesse de, unintentional insult to, at birth of the Dauphine, 129;
- possibly protects Mme. de La Motte, 139
- Provence, Monsieur, Comte de, present at the first playing of Figaro, 152;
- Prussia, revelation of power of, at Mollwitz, 6;
- growing menace of Poland to, in modern times, 62
- Racing introduced into France on accession of Louis XVI., 92
- Red Book, publication of, 239
- Reformation, origin of the cycle which closes with the Diplomatic Revolution, 2;
- Religious Orders, Joseph II.’s suppression of, 131
- Representation never so full as in States-General of 1789, 198
- Representative System, its character and origin in Europe, 184-87
- Resistance, Ministry of. See Ministry
- Rheims, Louis XVI.’s coronation at, 93-95;
- flight by way of, rejected by King, 260
- Rhodes, title of Pot, 208 n.
- Riding-school. See Manège
- Ring, the Queen’s, story of, 263-65
- Robespierre at Oath in Tennis Court, 205;
- Roderigo Hortalez. See Beaumarchais
- Roederer advises King to retire from Tuileries, 325
- Rohan, Bishop, coadjutor of, later Cardinal de, Marie Antoinette’s first meeting with, 38
- (see Diamond Necklace; after acquittal King strips him of his functions and exiles him);
- his later career and death, 177
- Rohan, Cardinal de, example of French hierarchy before the Revolution, 182
- Romeuf. See Bayon
- Rosalie, name of the girl who served the Queen in the Conciergerie, 365
- Rothschild, difficulty of trying one to-day compared with difficulty of trying a Rohan in eighteenth century, 171
- Royal Session. See Session
- Royale, Madame. See Madame Royale
- Sacrament, Last, received by Louis XV., 71;
- parallel between it and the French Monarchy, 78
- St. Antoine, Gate of, Marseillese march in by, 313;
- St. Cloud, Palace of, bought for first Dauphin in his illness, 160;
- St. Germain l’Auxerrois, Church of, Madame Royale’s communion in, 234
- St. Landry, schismatic priest of, appointed to accompany Queen at her execution, 395
- St. Lawrence, Valley of, strategical value during rebellion of American colonies, 108, 109
- St. Marcel. See St. Antoine
- Ste. Menehould, its position, 270;
- Saratoga, Burgoyne blockaded near, and surrenders, 112;
- news of Burgoyne’s capitulation at, reaches Versailles, after Vergennes had determined to recognise United States, 113
- Sauce, official at Varennes, his action in detaining the King, 279-81
- Scheldt, opening of the, first mentioned, 134;
- Marie Antoinette supports her brother in, 137;
- character of quarrel over, explained, 145, 146;
- Joseph II.’s increasing irritation over, 148;
- Vergennes refuses to support Austria in, 149;
- the Dutch fire on one of Joseph II.’s ships in, 4th October 1784, 160;
- French Cabinet again, under pressure from Queen, pay the Dutch indemnity to Austria for this incident, 161;
- money actually paid over, 164-65;
- and is received in cash by Austria when affair of Diamond Necklace is at its height; consequent unpopularity of Queen, 174
- September, Massacres of, 337, 338
- Sergent serves out ammunition to the rebels, 317
- Session, Royal, summoned for 22nd of June 1789, 204;
- Siéyès at Oath in Tennis Court, 205
- Silesia, forcible occupation of, by Prussia, moral revolution involved by this, 8
- Simon, reputed tenderness of, in the Temple, 341
- Sledge, Queen’s escapade upon, 96, 97
- Soissons, Marie Antoinette’s arrival at, on her journey to her marriage, 38
- Solstice, summer, date unlucky for the Bourbons, 261-63, 305
- Somme-Vesle, posting station of, place arranged for the first cavalry guard during flight to Varennes, 271;
- Souberbielle visits Queen in Conciergerie, 369;
- on jury that tries her, 377
- Spain, greatness of, in sixteenth century, difficulty of understanding to-day, 4;
- French maintain their independence against, 5
- Stahrenberg, Austrian Ambassador in Paris after Kaunitz, 18;
- his last letter to Maria Theresa announces certitude of Marie Antoinette’s marriage, 27
- Stars and Stripes first seen in Europe, 100
- States-General, Crown of mediæval representative system in Europe, 185;
- Parlement insists on their being summoned, 184-89;
- Loménie and the Queen propose calling them within five years with the object of adjourning and nullifying the summons, 189;
- summoned by administrative order, accepted by the Queen, on 8th August 1788, 192 (after October 1789 and p. 222, see National Assembly);
- number of Tiers État in, ostensibly fixed by Necker, 197;
- only fully representative assembly in Europe, 198;
- opening of, 198-202;
- declared “National Assembly,” 204;
- Royal session of, June 23, 1789, 206-7;
- under military threat declare themselves “inviolable,” 209;
- permanent sitting of, during capture of Bastille, 211-12
- Stormont, Lord, English Ambassador at Versailles, present at the ball where news of the Independence of the United States was received, leaves Versailles, 115
- Strasburg, Marie Antoinette’s arrival at, on her journey to her marriage, 37;
- Bishop of, see Rohan
- Sweden, Gustavus, King of, visits Versailles in 1784;
- Swiss Guard before palace of Versailles in Days of October, 1789, 222;
- Talleyrand, example of French Hierarchy before the Revolution, 182;
- Tea Tax. See Boston and America
- Temple, Artois receives Marie Antoinette at, her premonitions with regard to, 164;
- Tennis Court, Oath of, 205
- Theatre, Marie Antoinette’s, at Trianon inaugurated, 123;
- Mercy’s disapproval of, 124
- Ticonderoga abandoned by American forces, before Burgoyne, 110
- Tiers État, number of, ostensibly fixed by Necker, 197;
- Tison, jailor and spy upon the Royal Family in the Temple, 336;
- wife of, goes mad, 354
- Toulouse, Archbishop of, Confessor of Marie Antoinette, 244
- Tourzel, Madame de, made governess of children of France after Mme. de Polignac’s emigration, 214
- —— Duchess of, her rôle during flight to Varennes, 261;
- Duchesse de, removed from Royal Family in Temple, 335
- Trial of the Queen, preliminary interrogation, 373-74;
- Trianon, public exaggeration of its real cost, theatre started in, 123;
- Tronçon Ducourdray named to defend the Queen, 374
- Tuileries, arrival of Royal Family at, in Days of October, 231;
- Turgot, enters Ministry after accession of Louis XVI., 84;
- Marie Antoinette not connected with nomination of, 84;
- policy and character of, 85;
- fiscal problem presented to him, 86-88;
- his way of dealing with it, 89;
- is lavish with funds to the Queen, 85, 89-90;
- his reforms cause popular suffering, 90;
- their unwise side, 97;
- opposed by the Parlement of Paris, 97;
- his fall largely due to the Queen, 98;
- servant of the Queen in the Temple and authority for history of period, 349
- United States of America recognised by Vergennes before the news of Saratoga, 113;
- Valenciennes, surrender of, 363
- Vallet, son-in-law of post-master at Chaintry, recognises King, 268
- Valmy, battle of, 339, 340;
- mill of, passed by fugitives in flight to Varennes, 275
- Varennes, flight to, described, 263-291;
- Vergennes, becomes director of foreign policy on accession of Louis XVI., his great abilities, 84;
- his acute panic just before Burgoyne’s surrender, 110;
- caution and fear of England at moment of Burgoyne’s surrender, 113;
- determines to recognise United States before hearing news of Saratoga, 113;
- refuses to support Austria in Bavarian claim, but under pressure from Queen pays compensation to Vienna, 116-18;
- practically first Minister after Maurepas’ death, 133;
- his patriotic refusal to support Joseph II. in the affair of the Scheldt, 149;
- but consents to pay indemnity, 161;
- his policy of silence in the case of the Diamond Necklace compared to the French modern Foreign Office destroying the Pannizardi telegram, 168;
- death of, 179
- Vermond (physician), brother of Abbé, attends Queen’s first childbirth, 120
- Vermond (Abbé), Marie Antoinette’s tutor, librarian of Mazarin collection and protégé of Loménie de Brienne, 33;
- Versailles, palace of, eruption of mob into, in Days of October, 227-229
- Veto of Crown over legislation, discussion on, 214
- —— of Louis XVI. against prosecution of non-juring Clergy and formation of volunteer camp, 304
- Viels-Maisons, posting station, Louis XVI. first recognised at, in flight to Varennes, 267
- Viet, post-master at Chalons, 269
- Vilette, Rétaux de, an old soldier, forges the so-called Queen’s letters for the La Motte, 155, 156;
- Vote by Order, prime question before States-General, 198;
- Walpole, Horace, his admiration for Marie Antoinette, 95
- War, first declaration of, between Europe and Revolution, responsibility for, 293-95;
- Washington, his defeat on the Brandywine, 110;
- marches south to join the French before Yorktown, 126
- Weissembourg, lines of, their strategical importance, 355
- Wattignies, battle of, described, 385-401;
- village of, scene of final charge against Austrians before Maubeuge, 396
- Weber, family of, Marie Antoinette put out to nurse with, 23
- Wine, Marie Antoinette’s curious aversion to, 77, 92;
- Mercy, an excellent judge of, 124
- York, Duke of, marches on Dunquerque, 368
- Yorktown, Cornwallis surrenders at, 128;