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Maritime enterprise, 1485-1558

Chapter 4: SUMMARY OF ENGLISH MARITIME AND COMMERCIAL HISTORY, 1485–1558
By James A. Williamson
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About This Book

A comprehensive survey of English seafaring and commerce from the accession of Henry VII to 1558, combining accounts of exploration with analysis of trade and naval organization. It reconstructs early patronage of voyages, the Cabot expeditions, Anglo‑Portuguese and African voyages, and attempts at a northeast passage, while mapping the growth of overseas trade routes. The work outlines mercantile institutions and privileges, disputes with the Hanseatic League, relevant treaties and diplomacy, and developments in ports, ship types, and manpower, emphasizing the close interdependence of mercantile and naval practices in Tudor maritime policy.

SUMMARY OF ENGLISH MARITIME AND
COMMERCIAL HISTORY, 1485–1558

    PAGE
1485 Accession of Henry VII 13
  Renewal of privileges of the Hansa in England 41
  Navigation Act limiting import of Bordeaux wines to English traders 19
1488 Concessions to Italian merchants 46
1489 Commercial treaty with Spain 22
1490 Commercial treaty with Denmark 41
1491 Diet at Antwerp to settle differences with the Hansa 42
(1492 Columbus discovers the West Indies)  
1493 Rupture of intercourse between England and the Netherlands 19
  Riot against the Easterlings in London 43
(1494 Treaty of Tordesillas)  
1496 John Cabot and his sons obtain their first Letters Patent for discovery 53
  The Magnus Intercursus settles the dispute with the Netherlands 20
1497 John Cabot’s first voyage 71–7
  Commercial treaty with the Netherlands 20
  Diet at Bruges to discuss disputes with the Hansa 43
     
1498 John Cabot’s second voyage 79–85
  (Vasco da Gama arrives at Calicut)  
1499 Sebastian Cabot’s voyage to the North-West (?) 86–103
  Commercial treaty with the Netherlands 20
  Diet at Bruges to discuss disputes with the Hansa 44
1500–2 Voyages of the brothers Corte Real to Newfoundland, &c. 106, 116
1501 Letters Patent for discovery granted to Bristol merchants and Portuguese explorers 104
  First voyage of the Anglo-Portuguese syndicate 107
1502 Second voyage of the Anglo-Portuguese syndicate 108
  New Letters Patent issued reconstituting the syndicate 109
1503 Third Anglo-Portuguese voyage 110
1504 Fourth Anglo-Portuguese voyage 110
1505 Fifth Anglo-Portuguese voyage (?) 110
  New Charter granted to the Merchant Adventurers 34
1506 The Archduke Philip (King of Castile) falls into the hands of Henry VII 20
  The Malus Intercursus with the Netherlands 21
1507–8 Commercial negotiations with the Netherlands 21
1509 Death of Henry VII. Accession of Henry VIII 120
1511 Defeat and death of Andrew Barton 374
1512 War with France. Expedition for conquest of Gascony 375
  Battle off Brest. Loss of the Regent 376–8
1513 Attack on Brest. Death of Sir Edward Howard 381–3
1514 Raids on English and French coasts. End of the war 384–5
1515 Commercial treaty with Spain 216
1516 Alleged North-West voyage by Sebastian Cabot and Thomas Spert (very doubtful) 241–5
1517 The Evil May Day 141
  Grievances of the Hansa 154
  Charter of privileges granted to English merchants in Andalusia by the Duke of Medina Sidonia 216
1520 Commercial treaty with the Netherlands 185
  Diet at Bruges to discuss differences with the Hansa 155
1521 The London Companies invited to finance a voyage of discovery. Abandonment of the project 245–8
1522–5 Second French War of Henry VIII 386–8
1525 Proposal for a voyage of discovery to be led by Paolo Centurioni. Death of the latter 249
(1526 Sebastian Cabot’s voyage to the River Plate)  
1527 Robert Thorne’s Declaration of the Indies and Book to Dr. Lee 250–2
  John Rut’s voyage to the North-West 252–8
1528 Arrest of English merchants in Spain and Flanders 187
1530 The English merchants in Spain constituted a Company by Charter of Henry VIII 218
  Act relating to the decay of Southampton 368
1530–2 Voyages of William Hawkins to Brazil 265–7
1532 Death of Robert Thorne 261
  Diet at Bourbourg for settling disputes with the Netherlands 187
1533 Act forbidding export of food stuffs 147
1534 Act giving power to the king to suspend commercial statutes by proclamation 124
1535 Temporary arrest of the Hanse merchants 157
1536 Master Hore’s voyage to the North-West 262–4
1538–9 International crisis 125
1539 Proclamation placing foreign merchants on fiscal equality with English for seven years 126
1539–40 Religious persecution of Englishmen in Spain 220–3
1540 Extensive list of grievances presented by the Hansa 157
  Comprehensive Navigation Act 128
1540–2 Commercial and diplomatic struggle with Imperial Government 130–2
  Further voyages to Brazil 267–8
1541 Project for northern exploration 265
1542 Proposed diet with the Hansa at Antwerp 159
1544 War with Scotland and France. Sack of Leith and Edinburgh. Capture of Boulogne 388–9
1545 Arrest of the Merchant Adventurers at Antwerp 191
  Capture of a Spanish treasure-ship by Robert and John Reneger 272
  Arrest of all English merchants in Spain 224
  Renewed religious persecution of English in Spain 224
  French landing in the Isle of Wight 395
  Naval actions at Portsmouth and off Sussex coast 392–8
1546 Peace with France 399
1547 Death of Henry VIII. Accession of Edward VI 144
  Suspension of statutes limiting the export of unwrought cloth 145
1548 Return of Sebastian Cabot to England 308
1551 Thomas Wyndham’s first voyage to the Barbary coast 274
1552 Partial repeal of the Navigation Act of 1489 (1485) 214
  Execution of the Duke of Somerset 164
  Revocation of the privileges of the Hansa in England 166
  Voyage of Roger Bodenham to Chios 235–8
  Wyndham’s second voyage to Barbary 275–7
1553 Safe-conduct for trade in Turkey granted to Anthony Jenkinson by the Sultan 238
  First English voyage to Guinea (Wyndham and Pinteado) 277–83
  Formation of the Russia Company 311
  Departure of Willoughby and Chancellor on the first voyage to the North-East 317
  Death of Edward VI. Accession of Mary 150
  Restoration of Hanse privileges 170
  Willoughby discovers Novaia Zemlia 319
  Chancellor discovers the White Sea and reaches Archangel 323
1553–4 (winter) Chancellor travels to Moscow and interviews the Czar 324
1554 Death of Willoughby at Arzina 321
  John Locke’s voyage to Guinea 284–7
  Return of Chancellor with news of discoveries 326
1555 Partial revocation of Hanse privileges 174
  New Charter granted to the Russia Company 326
  Chancellor’s second voyage to Archangel 327–9
  Prohibition of Guinea voyages by the Privy Council 291
1555–6 William Towerson’s first voyage to Guinea 293–5
1556 Agreement with the Hansa allowing limited privileges 176
  Third expedition to Archangel 329
  Voyage of Stephen Borough in search of the North-East Passage 330-2
  Wreck of the Edward Bonaventure. Death of Chancellor 333
  Renewed prohibition of the Guinea trade 295
1556–7 Towerson’s second Guinea voyage. Fighting with the Portuguese on the Gold Coast 296–302
1557 Complete rupture with the Hansa 178
  Banishment of Englishmen from the Hanse towns 178
  Arrival in London of a Russian ambassador 334
  Fourth expedition to Archangel 336
1558 Fall of Calais 405
  Towerson’s third voyage to Guinea 302–6
  Death of Queen Mary 406