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Mars and Its Canals

Chapter 46: INDEX
By Percival Lowell
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Science - Earth/Agricultural/Farming

About This Book

The book assembles telescopic observations of Mars’ surface and atmosphere, cataloging polar caps, seasonal whitening, dark and light regions, and a network of linear markings identified as canals. It reviews past observations, presents maps, photographs, and arguments rejecting optical-illusion explanations, and describes canal geometry, seasonal kinematics, and apparent development and hibernation. The author argues these features indicate systematic water management and supports a hypothesis of organized, planet-wide engineering linked to life and climate, concluding with a synthesis of observational evidence and proposed mechanisms for canal constitution and the distribution of oases.

INDEX

Adamas, unmistakable double in 1903, 214.
Aeria, white in, 76;
ruddy color of, 148.
Air (see Atmosphere), 86;
necessity of, to life, 166, 167;
as important to astronomical calculations, 7.
Air-waves, 250, 251, 273.
Albedo, low, 162, 167.
Algæ, 349.
Amenthes, hibernation of, 317-324.
Animalcula, in almost boiling geysers, 349.
Aonium Sinus, two doubles suspected in, 242.
Aquae Calidae, 208, 253, 315.
Archæan age of the earth, 132, 133, 138.
Areography, 20-31;
beginning and progress of, 109;
three periods in, 24.
Arizona, 16;
in desert belt, 13;
plateau of, 18.
Arnon, convergent double, 240.
Artificiality, of canal system, 366, 368, 369, 370, 374;
of oases, 366, 371.
Ascraeus Lucus, 331;
embraced by the double Gigas, 257.
Astaboras, connection with Lucus Ismenius, 260-263.
Atmosphere, of Mars, 62, 63, 71, 78, 79, 87;
shown to exist, 80, 82, 83, 84, 163, 167;
rare, 85, 86, 162, 167;
effect on temperature, 80;
constituents of, 162, 164, 166, 168.
Autumn, length of Martian, in northern hemisphere, 35, 48;
in southern, 35, 48.
Axial tilt, 34, 36, 55, 155, 161;
determinations of, 34, 36, 155;
determines character of seasons, 34, 36;
effect of, on presentation of arctic and antarctic regions, 70;
effect of, on temperature of arctic and temperate regions, 88.
Bacteria, plasm-eating beings, 353.
Barometric pressure, 63, 85.
Beer, 23, 26, 109.
Bilateralism, 208;
inherent attribute of canals, 209.
Blue band, surrounding polar caps, 39, 40, 42, 43, 56, 61, 63, 71, 161,
162, 168, 338, 339.
Blue-green areas (see Dark Regions), 32, 67, 163;
taken for seas, 110.
British Nautical Almanac, 35.
Brontes, development of, 304-312.
Cambrian era of Earth, 139.
Camera, the, 272;
advantage of, 273;
slower than the eye, 273;
stars the peculiar province of, 273, 274.
Canals, 11, 32, 163;
discovery of, 24, 26;
considered straits, 27;
regularity of, 28, 29;
unnatural in look, 173;
manner of introduction of, 174;
conditions necessary to seeing of, 174-177, 282, 283;
pencil-like lines, 177, 179, 367;
definite in direction, 178;
name, 180;
width of, 179, 180, 182;
length of, 183;
visible by virtue of length, 181;
oddities of, 183;
number of, 184;
systematic arrangement of, 184, 185, 187-191, 248;
connect with polar caps, 325, 339, 373;
import of system of, 338, 372, 373;
intrinsic change in, 283, 284, 337, 338;
what they are not, 185-187, 373;
zonal distribution of, 188, 189;
departure-points, 190;
dependent on general topography, 191;
of later origin than main features, 191, 247;
kinematic character of, 281-303;
effect on, of illumination, 284;
drawings of, numerous and
consecutive, 286;
coördination of data, 288, 289;
curves of visibility of (see Cartouches), 289, 290;
geometricism of, 175, 206, 365, 367, 368;
polar, 327.
Canals in the dark regions, 30, 31, 243-248;
of the southern hemisphere, 245;
of the northern hemisphere, 246, 247;
detection of, 243, 245;
deprived seas of marine character, 243;
part of canal system, 244, 245, 247.
Caps (see Polar Caps).
Carbon dioxide, 39, 161, 164-168.
Carbonic era of Earth, 134, 141, 142.
Carets, 265-270;
natural formations, 231, 232;
form and position of, 266, 267;
reason for shape of, 268;
associated with canals, 267, 269;
help in solution of riddle, 270;
act like oases, 333.
Cartouches of the canals, 289-303;
interpretation of, 291-293, 299-303, 344-347;
arranged by latitudes, 294;
showing first frosts, 299;
minimum points of, 297, 344;
maximum point of, 301;
mean canal, 297, 298.
Cenozoic times, 144.
Cerberus, obliterated by white spot, 75.
Change, 4, 281;
shown in polar caps, 37, 338;
in blue-green areas, 113, 114, 115, 120, 122-127, 163, 164;
in canals, 168, 169, 205, 283-285, 314, 337, 338;
in oases, 250-252, 330, 331, 337, 338.
Chromacea, 352;
plasm-forming beings, 353;
close to inorganic things, 357;
in hot springs, 357, 358.
Chryse, 90, 102.
Climate, 82-89;
one of extremes, 87;
temperature, theoretic and observed, 87;
non-glaciation the rule, 88.
Clouds, 55, 71, 73, 89, 163, 165, 283, 284;
but few exist, 83, 165;
none over blue-green areas, 92;
of tawny dust color, 106;
probably dust storms, 165;
prove existence of atmosphere, 167.
Cold, 87, 167, 299.
Coloe Palus, in connection with double canals, 257, 258, 263.
Color, 74, 148;
of Mare Erythraeum, 122.
Confervæ, in almost boiling geysers, 349, 358.
Cretaceous era of the earth, 136, 143, 151, 152.
Crystals, conditions of formation, 357.
Dana, 131, 139, 140.
Dark Regions, 122-125;
thought to be seas, 110, 111;
named in accordance, 110, 113;
change in aspect cast doubt on
marine character of, 113, 114;
change in, considered seasonal, 115, 120, 127, 163, 164;
marine character lost, 30, 115-118, 163, 164;
vegetation tracts, 119-127, 163, 164, 168, 169, 170;
below level of surrounding surface, 130, 164;
former ocean basins, 120, 129, 131;
latitudinal development in, 123, 124, 126, 127.
Dawes, 21, 23, 249, 250, 268.
Day, Martian, length of, 34, 160, 166.
Desert regions of the earth, 13, 149-155;
as observatory sites, 12, 13;
help explain Mars, 16, 17, 156;
color of, 149, 151;
compared with color of Mars, 150, 163;
vegetation in, 150;
position of, 153, 154;
due to winds, 154.
Desertism, 16, 89, 153-158.
Deserts (see Reddish-ochre regions).
Deuteronilus, 259-261.
Development of canals, latitudinal law of, 299, 302, 375;
follows melting of polar caps, 302, 338-340;
across equator, 373, 375.
Devonian era of the earth, 141.
Diaphragm, the great, 265.
Diplopia, 196.
Djihoun, narrowest double, 228-230;
embouchure of, 219-220;
connection with Luci Ismenii, 260, 262.
Double Canals, first seen by Schiaparelli, 28, 192;
impression of, 193, 204;
two classes of, 224;
require steady definition, 194;
phenomena of, 194, 205, 208, 212, 213;
physical bond between the constituents of, 226;
connection with bays, 232;
optical theories of, 196-203;
not illusions, 195-203, 209;
widths of, 205, 206, 221-224, 229, 230, 233;
length of, 205;
seasonal change in, 205;
constituents of, 204;
original line of, 216, 217;
number of, 205, 209;
list of, 210, 211;
gemination period of, 212, 213;
direction of, 234-236;
zonal distribution of, 236-239, 370;
distribution in longitude, 236;
tropical phenomena, 239, 240, 241, 242;
compared with single canals, 240;
convergent, 240;
avoid blue-green areas, 241;
connect with blue-green areas, 242.
Dust storms, 90, 165.