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Mars and Its Canals

Chapter 47: Transcriber's Notes
By Percival Lowell
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Science - Earth/Agricultural/Farming

About This Book

The book assembles telescopic observations of Mars’ surface and atmosphere, cataloging polar caps, seasonal whitening, dark and light regions, and a network of linear markings identified as canals. It reviews past observations, presents maps, photographs, and arguments rejecting optical-illusion explanations, and describes canal geometry, seasonal kinematics, and apparent development and hibernation. The author argues these features indicate systematic water management and supports a hypothesis of organized, planet-wide engineering linked to life and climate, concluding with a synthesis of observational evidence and proposed mechanisms for canal constitution and the distribution of oases.

Quaternary epoch of the Earth, 137.
Reddish-ochre regions, 153, 155;
deserts, 149, 156, 163;
variations of tint in, 32, 148, 149, 151.
Rifts in polar cap, 61-63, 67, 162, 325-329;
permanent in place, 61, 62;
not depressions, 62, 63, 162;
coincide with canals, 326-328;
explanation of, 328, 329.
Rotation, early noted, 108, 109;
how determined, 34;
time of, 34, 160;
disclosed by markings, 32-34, 108.
Sabaeus Sinus, 23, 207, 268, 269.
San Francisco Peaks, 18, 19, 149, 379, 380.
Saturn, 33.
Scepticism, 27, 28, 204.
Schaeberle, 30.
Schiaparelli, 11, 15, 21, 23, 24, 26, 27, 29, 30, 31, 34, 68, 74, 75,
81, 114, 115, 120, 121, 173, 177, 186, 192, 212, 217, 221, 247, 249,
265, 282, 313, 314, 325, 337, 367, 373.
Seas (see Dark Regions).
southern, 92;
formerly on Mars and the Moon, 129;
internal absorption of, 147.
Seasonal change, metabolic, 169;
in canals, 168, 169, 285, 373.
Seasons, like our own, 34, 35, 166;
length of, 48, 79, 161;
of vegetal growth, 346, 347.
Secular change, in canals, 314.
Silurian era of the Earth, 134, 138, 140.
Sky, blotting out of, 14;
measure of extinction of, 16.
Sky, Martian, 89;
clear, 165.
Slipher, 101, 103.
Snow, 345;
limits of, on Earth and Mars, 108.
Solis Lacus, 23, 242.
Spring, Martian, 35, 48;
haze in, 94.
S.S. Challenger, concerning south polar cap of earth, 45.
S.S. Pagoda, 45.
Subsidiary snow patches, 67, 73.
Summer, Martian, length of, 35, 48, 381.
Surface, relatively flat, 62, 76, 97, 164;
covered by canal network, 243;
clear-cut in good air, 258;
in fluid equilibrium, 374;
indicative of thin air, 162, 167.
Surface features, reality of, proved, 26, 33.
Syrtis Major, 22;
first marking made out, 23.
Tempe, white in, 77, 80.
Temperature, 78, 147, 165, 166;
effect on life, 358.
Terminator, projections on, 77, 81, 96, 100-107, 114, 165;
depressions on, 164.
Terrane, 108, 265.
Terraqueousness, shown by earth, 128, 131.
Terrestriality, follows terraqueousness, 129, 131, 137, 144-146;
earth’s oceans contracting in size, 131;
inevitably, 131, 146;
as shown by Mars and the Moon, 128, 130, 131;
as shown by the geologic history of earth, 131-137;
as shown by paleontology, 138-144;
making a better habitat, 145, 146.
Tertiary times of the Earth, 137, 151.
Thoth-Nepenthes, peculiar course of, 208;
hibernation of, 315-324.
Titan, 305.
Triassic era, 136, 142, 152.
Trivium Charontis, canals and oases in, 251, 252, 256.
Twilight arc, shows thin air, 85, 162.
Uranus, 33.
Vegetation, 79, 119-127, 163, 166, 169, 301;
color of Mare Erythraeum, 122-126;
proof of, 170;
theory supported by rifts in polar cap, 329;
most satisfactory explanation of phenomena of canals, 339, 341, 344,
345, 347, 348, 373;
two seasons of growth of, 346;
melts snow, 328.
Water, dearth of, 128, 161, 163, 166, 168, 169, 341, 366;
loss of, inevitable, 131;
speed of flow of, 375;
from polar caps, 340, 374.
Water-vapor, from polar caps, 83;
in atmosphere, 162, 168.
Weather, 66, 89, 95.
Wedge of Casius, 242;
canals in, 247;
oases in, 251, 252, 256.
Welkin, man-manufactured, 13-15.
White spots, 32, 165;
similar in look to polar caps, 73;
location and season of, 74, 76-79, 80, 81;
White spots, permanency of, 73, 76;
indication of temperature, 80, 165.
Winds, 154.
Winter, Martian, 35, 48.
World, Mars another, 4, 5, 169;
evolution of a, 16, 128, 131, 155-158, 358.
Year, of Earth, 35;
of Mars, 35, 161.
A COMPENDIUM OF SPHERICAL ASTRONOMY
With its applications to the determination and reduction of positions
of the fixed stars
By SIMON NEWCOMB
Cloth      8vo      $3.00 net
CONTENTS
PART I. PRELIMINARY SUBJECTS

Chapter I. Introductory. Notes and References.

Chapter II. Differences, Interpolation, and Development. Notes and References.

Chapter III. The Method of Least Squares. Section I. Mean Values of Quantities. II. Determination of Probable Errors. III. Equations of Condition. Notes and References.

PART II. THE FUNDAMENTAL PRINCIPLES OF SPHERICAL ASTRONOMY

Chapter IV. Spherical Coördinates. Section I. General Theory. II. Problems and Applications of the Theory of Spherical Coördinates.

Chapter V. The Measure of Time and Related Problems. Section I. Solar and Sidereal Time. II. The General Measure of Time. III. Problems Involving Time.

Chapter VI. Parallax and Related Subjects. Section I. Figure and Dimensions of the Earth. II. Parallax and Semi-diameter.

Chapter VII. Aberration.

Chapter VIII. Astronomical Refraction. Section I. The Atmosphere as a Refracting Medium. II. Elementary Exposition of Atmospheric Refraction. III. General Investigation of Astronomical Refraction. Notes and References to Refraction.

Chapter IX. Precession and Nutation. Section I. Laws of the Precessional Motion. II. Relative Positions of the Equator and Equinox at Widely Separated Epochs. III. Nutation. Notes and References to Precession and Nutation.

PART III. REDUCTION AND DETERMINATION OF POSITIONS OF THE FIXED STARS

Chapter X. Reduction of Mean Places of the Fixed Stars from one Epoch To Another. Section I. The Proper Motions of the Stars. II. Trigonometric Reduction for Precession. III. Development of the Coördinates in the Powers of the Time. NOTES AND REFERENCES.

Chapter XI. Reduction to Apparent Place. Section I. Reduction to Terms of the First Order. II. Rigorous Reduction for Close Polar Stars. III. Practical Methods of Reduction. IV. Construction of Tables of the Apparent Places of Fundamental Stars. Notes and References.

Chapter XII. Method of Determining the Positions of Stars by Meridian Observations. Section I. Method of Determining Right Ascensions. II. The Determination of Declinations.

Chapter XIII. Methods of Deriving the Positions and Proper Motions of the Stars from Published Results of Observations. Section I. Historical Review. II. Reduction of Catalogue Positions of Stars to a Homogeneous System. III. Methods of Combining Star Catalogues.

NOTES AND REFERENCES
List of Independent Star Catalogues.
Catalogues made at Northern Observatories.
Catalogues made at Tropical and Southern Observatories.
APPENDIX

Explanation of the Tables of the Appendix.—I. Constants and Formulæ in Frequent Use. II. Tables Relating to Time and Arguments for Star Reductions. III. Centennial Rates of the Precessional Motions. IV. Tables and Formulæ for the Trigonometric Reduction of Mean Places of Stars. V. Reduction of the Struve-Peters Precessions to the Adopted Values. VI. Conversion of Longitude and Latitude into R. A. and Dec. VII. Refractions. VIII. Coefficients of Solar and Lunar Nutation. IX. Three-place Logarithms and Trigonometrical Functions.

THE MACMILLAN COMPANY, 64-66 Fifth Avenue, New York

Transcriber's Notes

Ditto marks have been replaced by the text they represent.

Some presumed printer's errors have been corrected, including normalizing punctuation. Further corrections are listed below:

Printed text Corrected text Page
MITGLIED DER MITGLIED DER
ASTRONOMISCHE GESELLSCHAFT ASTRONOMISCHEN GESELLSCHAFT Title page
terrrane terrane 108
seem seems 247