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Mediæval Heresy & the Inquisition

Chapter 23: INDEX
By Arthur Stanley Turberville
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About This Book

This work surveys medieval heterodox movements and the institutional response of the Church, combining doctrinal history with procedural study of the Inquisition. It traces origins and varieties of heretical currents — including rural evangelical groups, dualist sects, philosophical Averroism, and late medieval reformers — and addresses associated topics such as millenarian ideas and popular beliefs in magic. The second part examines ecclesiastical policy: the emergence and spread of inquisitorial tribunals, their composition, procedures, and penalties. The author concludes that persecution reflected both ecclesiastical authority and prevailing public opinion, shaped in large part by clerical instruction.

[471] Directorium, p. 491. See De Cauzons, op. cit., vol. ii, p. 397.

[472] Ludovico à Paramo, op. cit., p. 124. See Tanon, op. cit., p. 437.

[473] As for example the Sire de Parthenay, see Lea, vol. i, p. 451; and the towns of Albi and Carcassonne, see Tanon, pp. 439-40. It is worth noticing that the notary, who drew up the appeal of the latter city against Nicholas d’Abbeville, was prosecuted for heresy and imprisoned.

[474] See Douais, Documents, vol. i, p. ccv., where the sentences are classified.

[475] Ibid., vol. ii, pp. 1-87.

[476] Tanon, p. 479.

[477] Taylor, op. cit., pp. 283-4 n. ‘The philosophic ideas of such seem gathered from the flotsam and jetsam of the later antique world; their stock was not of the best, and bore little interesting fruit for later times.’

[478] Mandell Creighton, Persecution and Tolerance (1895), p. 55. ‘Leo X was tolerant of the philosophic doubts of Pomponazzo concerning the immortality of the soul, because such speculations were not likely to affect the position of the Papacy; but could not allow Luther to discuss the dubious and complicated question of indulgences because it might have disastrous effects upon the system of papal finance.’

[479] See Acton, History of Freedom of Thought, pp. 569-71.

[480] E. S. P. Haynes, Religious Persecution (1904), p. 40. ‘A Liberal has recently been defined as one who would never have taken the chance of imposing silence on the deceivers of mankind. If we hold by this definition, very few Liberals have ever existed, or do exist now.’

[481] D. G. Ritchie, Natural Rights (1903), p. 160.

[482] The Catholic Encyclopædia (1907-14), on Heresy, vol. vii, p. 261.

[483] Creighton, Persecution and Tolerance, pp. 9-10.

[484] Ludovico à Paramo, op. cit., pp. 281-2.

[485] Ibid., pp. 288-9.

[486] Ibid., pp. 333-4.

[487] Joseph de Maistre, Considérations sur la France suivies ... des lettres à un gentilhomme russe sur l’inquisition espagnole (Brussels, 1844), pp. 281 et seq. Cf. Catholic Encyclopædia, vol. vii, p. 261. ‘Toleration came in when faith went out.’

[488] De Cauzons, op. cit., vol. i, p. 9.

[489] Pollock, Essays in Jurisprudence and Ethics (1882), on The Theory of Persecution, pp. 144-5. ‘However eager the clergy might be to stimulate and direct the anger of the faithful against heretics, their efforts would have been in vain if the bulk of the laity had not been predisposed to persecute heretics when duly pointed out. So far from persecution being merely the creature of priestcraft, it would be as near the truth to say that priestcraft was invented in order to organize persecution.’

[490] Haynes, op. cit., pp. 52-9.

[491] Ibid., p. 3. ‘And the heretic—often lacking in tact and a sense of proportion—is as offensive to the believer as one who should rudely tell him that his doctor was a quack and his solicitor a swindler.’ Cf. p. 55.

[492] Mill, On Liberty; Lecky’s Rationalism, esp., chs. iv and v.

[493] Op. cit., pp. 5, 113-15.

[494] Pollock, op. cit., p. 175.

[495] J. B. Bury, A History of Freedom of Thought (Home Univ. Lib.), p. 14. ‘A long time was needed to arrive at the conclusion that coercion of opinion is a mistake, and only a part of the world is yet convinced. That conclusion, so far as I can judge, is the most important ever reached by man. It was the issue of a continuous struggle between reason and authority....’

[496] Cf. Langlois, op. cit., pp. 21-47.

[497] For the trial of the Templars, see H. Finke, Papstum und Untergang des Templerordens (Münster, 1907); M. Lavocat, Procès des Frères et de l’ordre du Temple (Paris, 1888); Collection de Documents inédits sur l’histoire de France—Procès des Templiers, J. Michelet (Paris, 1841); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 238-334. Lea’s treatment of this complicated subject is masterly, and is conclusive against Philip IV and Clement V. For the trial of Jeanne d’Arc, see J. Quicherat, Procès de Condamnation et de Réhabilitation de Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, 1841-9); H. S. Denifle and E. Chatelain, Le procès de J. d’Arc et l’Université de Paris (Paris, 1897); A. France, Vie de Jeanne d’Arc (Paris, 1908); A. Lang, The Maid of France (1908); Lea, vol. iii, pp. 338-78, etc. For trial of Savonarola, see P. Villart, Life and Times of Savonarola (Eng. trans.), 1899; Lea, vol. iii, pp. 209-37. For papal use of the Inquisition for political purposes, see Lea, vol. iii, ch. iv, generally.

INDEX

  • Abano, Peter of, as Averrhoïst, 69
    • as sorcerer, 109
  • Abelard, Peter, as rationalist, 7-8, 15, 57-8, 91, 233
  • Abubacer, Arabian philosopher, 60
  • Accusatio, system of, 141, 143-4
  • Achellini, Paduan Averrhoïst, 70
  • Advocates, use of, in Inquisition, 198-9, 240
  • Aegidius Romanus, vindicates Aristotle against Averrhoïsts, 67
  • Affirmative heretics, 185
  • Albertus Magnus of Cologne, 39, 64-7, 75
  • Albi, Catharan stronghold, 136
  • Albigensian Crusade, 5, 77, 137-8, 159, 162, 231
  • Alexander III, Pope, 18, 132, 141, 211
  • Alexander IV, Pope, 41, 42, 64, 107, 109, 156, 167, 202, 218
  • Alexander VI, Pope, and witchcraft, 118 n.
  • Alexander of Hales, 39, 56
  • Alfarabi, Arabian philosopher, 59
  • Alfonso II, King of Aragon, his edict against heretics, 132, 157, 172, 217
  • Amaury de Bène, his heresies condemned, 49, 53, 63, 165, 225
  • Amaury of Rheims, Rector of University of Paris, 67
  • Ambrose, Saint, on Priscillianism, 128
  • Anjou, Charles of, 168-9
  • Annibaldi, Senator in Rome, 154
  • Anselm of Bec, 7-8, 57
  • Antinomianism, Catharan, 31
    • of Amaury de Bène, 49
  • Antisacerdotalism in mediæval heresy, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 32-3, 53, 77, 80, 90, 136, 229-30, 234-5
  • Aphrodistias, Alexander of, 70
  • Apostolic Brethren, in Brittany, 15, 17
    • The followers of Segarelli, 47
  • Appeals from Inquisition, 226
  • Aquinas, St. Thomas, and Aristotelianism, 64
    • and Averrhoïsm, 64-5
    • and Realism, 91
    • on nature of heresy, 157-8, 183
    • otherwise mentioned, 39, 85, 223, 232
  • Aquitaine, Catharism in, 22
    • Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
  • Aragon, Inquisition in, 159, 172-3
  • Arc, Joan of, 109, 164, 241
  • Arianism, 125-6, 217
  • Aristotle and Arabian philosophy, 58-62, 232
    • and Scholasticism, 63, 66-7, 74
  • Arnaldo da Villanova, 41
  • Arnaud of Citeaux, Archbishop of Narbonne and papal legate, 137-8, 144, 146
  • Arnaud, Guillem, inquisitor, 159
  • Arnold of Brescia, 15, 18
  • Arnoldists, followers of Arnold of Brescia, 16, 230
  • Arras, witches of, 121, 203
  • Arzevedo, Diego de, Bishop of Osma, his work among Cathari, 137
  • Asceticism and profligacy, 3-5
  • Astrology, 108
  • Athanasius, Saint, on persecution, 126
  • Aubryot, prévôt of Paris, 163
  • Aucassin et Nicolette, 5-7
  • Augustine, Saint, on persecution, 55, 96, 127
  • Augustinianism, in scholastic philosophy, 56, 66-7, 75, 232
  • Auto-da-fé, 163, 180, 223
  • Auxerre, Hugh, Bishop of, 133
  • Avempace, Arabian philosopher, 60
  • Averrhoës, or Ibn-Roschd, his career, 60 n.
    • his philosophy, 58, 60-2
    • attitude to religion, 61-2
    • and The Three Impostors, 72
    • views of Gerson concerning, 72
    • views of Petrarch concerning, 71-2
  • Avicenna, Arabian philosopher, 59-60
  • Avignon, ‘Babylonish captivity’ of, 11, 71, 80, 86, 103

  • Bacon, Roger, 39, 53, 74, 107
  • Baghdad, Aristotelian philosophers in caliphate of, 59-60
  • Banishment, penalty for heresy, 217, 221
  • Basel, Council of, 12, 234
  • Beatific Vision, dogma of, 84-5, 233
  • Beghards or Beguines, 48, 50-1, 75, 165-6, 214
  • Believers, Catharan adherents, 29-31
  • Benedict XI, Pope, 162
  • Benedict XII, Pope, 175
  • Benedict XIV, Pope, 50-1
  • Berengar of Tours, 7, 57, 130, 140 n., 229
  • Bergamo, Dolcino’s crusade in, 47
  • Bernard de Caux, inquisitor in Languedoc, 148, 202, 215, 227
  • Bernard, Saint, and Abelard, 8, 57
    • and Henry of Lausanne, 17
    • otherwise mentioned, 3, 38, 85
  • Béziers, Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
    • fall of, in Albigensian Crusade, 138
  • Bishops, failure of their courts to deal with heresy, 141-5
    • their part in Inquisition, 182-3
  • Black Death, its influence on Flagellant mania, 51
  • Boccaccio, his tale of The Three Rings, 72-3
  • Boëthius of Dacia, Parisian Averrhoïst, 58, 66-9
  • Bogomiles, Manichæan sect, 22, 24, 26
  • Bohemia, Catharism in, 22
    • Flagellants in, 51
    • Husitism in, 94-8 (passim), 175
    • Inquisition in, 159, 174-5
  • Bois, Peter du, 78
  • Bologna, University of, 6, 70, 95
  • Bonaventura, Saint, 39, 41, 53, 56
  • Boniface VIII, Pope, 42, 77-80, 107, 160, 174
  • Boniface IX, 50
  • Bosnia, Catharism in, 174
  • Bourges, Pragmatic Sanction of, 103, 164
  • Brescia, Dolcino in, 47
  • ‘Brethren of the Free Spirit,’ 49, 51, 165-6, 175
  • British Isles, their immunity from Inquisition, 176-7
  • Brittany, see Apostolic Brethren
  • Bruno of Cologne, founder of Carthusian order, 38
  • Bruys, Pierre de, 17
  • Bulgaria, Catharism in, 23 n., 174
  • Bulls, papal:
    • Ad abolendam (Lucius III), 133
    • Ad extirpanda (Innocent IV), 155-7, 167, 201, 213, 221
    • Clericis laïcos (Boniface VIII), 77, 79
    • Cum adversus haereticam pravitatem (Innocent IV), 154, 220
    • Cum inter nonnullos (John XXII), 45
    • Etsi de statu (Boniface VIII), 79
    • Excommunicamus (Gregory IX), 153-4
    • Exiit qui seminat (Nicholas III), 42, 44
    • Licet Heli (Innocent III), 190
    • Pastoralis Praeeminentiae (Clement V), 176
    • Quod super nonnullis (Alexander IV), 107
    • Quorundam (John XXII), 43-4
    • Unam sanctam (Boniface VIII), 77
  • Burgundy, Inquisition in, 159
    • Robert le Bugre in, 163

  • Calabria, Joachim of Flora in, 34
  • Calomar, Duke of Croatia and Dalmatia, 174
  • Cambrai, burning of heretics at, anno 1076, 129-30
    • Robert le Bugre in, 162
  • Canon law, and clerical abuses, 12
  • Carcassonne, Catharism in, 148
    • Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
  • Castelnau, Pierre de, papal legate in Languedoc, 137, 144-6
  • Cathari, 12, 22-34, 38, 46, 77, 84, 95, 128-38, 151, 159, 160, 170, 211, 214-18, 229, 236, 242
  • Celestine III, Pope, 34
  • Cesena, Michael de, 79, 81, 85
  • Châlons, Apostolic Brethren in diocese of, 15
  • Chambre ardente in Parlement de Paris, 165
  • Champagne, Catharism in, 22
    • Robert le Bugre in, 162
  • Charles IV, Emperor, 165
  • Chrysostom, Saint, on treatment of heretics, 113, 126-7
  • Citations, inquisitorial, 188, 192
  • Civil courts, influence of Inquisition on, 177, 205 n., 242
  • Civitas Dei, conception of, 1, 12, 32, 77
  • Clarendon, Assize of, 132, 177, 217-18
  • Clement V, Pope, 42, 44, 48, 156, 161-2, 176-7, 202
  • Clement VI, Pope, 52
  • Clement VII, Pope, 85
  • ‘Clementines,’ the, decrees of Clement V, 161-2, 165
  • Cologne, mob and heretics in, anno 1143, 180
  • Commutation of penalties in Inquisition, 225-6
  • Compagnia della Fede, in Milan, 167
  • Conciliar movement, 12-13, 96, 103
  • Confiscation of property, inquisitorial penalty, 211-14, 216-17, 227
  • Conrad of Marburg, 146, 147 n., 165
  • Consolamentum, Catharan rite, 28-31
  • Constance, Council of, 51, 98-102, 234
  • Constantine, Emperor, 125, 151
  • Contumacious heretics, treatment of, 219, 221, 227
  • Conventuals, see Franciscans
  • Cordova, Aristotelian philosophers in caliphate of, 59
  • Council, General, principle of, 11-12, 81-3
    • views of Michael of Cesena concerning, 81
    • views of Ockham, 81
    • views of Marsiglio, 82
    • views of Gerson, D’Ailly, Niem, etc., 11, 96-7
  • Councils, decrees of ecclesiastical:
  • Counsellors, inquisitorial, or periti, 182
  • Creighton, Bishop, on religious tolerance, 238
  • Cremona, Peter Martyr in, 167
  • Crocesegnati, the, 167
  • Crosses, wearing of, as inquisitorial penance, 208-9, 225, 227-8
  • Crusade, see Albigensian
  • Crusades and Islamism, 62, 70-3
  • Czech nationalism and Husite movement, 95, 103

  • D’Ailly, Cardinal Peter, a moderate reformer, 11, 234
    • his defence of Conciliar movement, 86, 97
    • at Council of Constance, 98, 100, 102
    • and astrology, 108
  • Dalmatia, Inquisition in, 174
  • Damiani, Peter, 38
  • Dancing mania, the, 5, 53, 105, 166
  • Dante, and Joachim of Flora, 34
    • and Dolcino, 47
    • and Siger of Brabant, 69
    • his De Monarchia, 80-1
  • Defence, difficulties of, in Inquisition, 192-205 (passim), 240-2
  • Defensor Pacis, Marsiglio’s, 45, 82-3
  • Delation, inquisitorial encouragement of, 141-4, 180-1
  • Delays, inquisitorial, 200-1, 228
  • Delegates, inquisitors as papal, 144-9 (passim), 179
    • assistants to inquisitors, 180
  • Délicieux, Bernard, 160, 162, 194
  • De aeternitate mundi, work by Siger, 66
  • De anima intellectiva, work by Siger, 66
  • De haeretico comburendo, statute of, 94, 177
  • De modis uniendi et reformandi ecclesiam, tract attributed to Niem, 97
  • De unitate intellectus contra Averroëm, of Albertus Magnus, 64
  • De unitate intellectus contra Averroïstas, of Aquinas, 66
  • Denuntiatio, judicial system of, 141, 144
  • Diffamatio, judicial system of, 143, 190-3
  • Disabilities, civil, of heretics, 217
  • Dolcino, Fra, 12, 47-8, 214, 231
  • Dominic, Saint, 38-9, 137, 145, 208-9
  • Dominicans, in University of Paris, 56, 64
    • rivalry with Franciscans, 65, 232
    • use by Gregory IX against heretics, 140
    • areas allotted to, for prosecution of heresy, 159
  • Donatists, 14, 125, 127, 229
  • Duns Scotus, 91

  • Eccelin da Romano, 168
  • Eckhart, Master, 49, 53
  • Edward I and Boniface VIII, 79
  • Edward II and Templars, 176-7
  • Elias of Cortona, 39
  • Empire and Papacy, their relations, 1-3, 13, 42, 45, 72, 79, 84, 152
  • Endura, Catharan suicide, 27, 29
  • England and Inquisition, see British Isles
  • Eon de l’Etoile, 12, 15, 17, 231
  • Episcopal Courts, see Bishops
  • Erasmus, 72, 166
  • Eriugena, John Scotus, 57, 229, 233
  • Eugenius IV, Pope, 51, 103, 118
  • Evidence, rules of, in Inquisition, 195-8
  • Excommunication, of heretics, 217, 224
    • for secular rulers neglecting their duties against heretics, 156-7
  • Extortion, inquisitorial, 210-14
  • Eymeric, Nicholas, inquisitor of Aragon, on authorship of The Everlasting Gospel, 36
    • relations with Raymond Lully, 71
    • complaints of poverty of Aragonese Inquisition, 173
    • his ideals as inquisitor, 179
    • on use of advocates, 198-9
    • on use of torture, 203-4
    • on fines in Inquisition, 210, 214
    • on eleventh hour repentances, 219
    • his Directorium Inquisitorum, 244-5

  • Fabiano, inquisitor, 174
  • Fabri, citizen of Carcassonne, prosecuted posthumously, 160
  • Familiars, inquisitorial officials, 180-1
  • Fautors of heretics, treatment of, 187
  • Ferdinand the Catholic, of Aragon, 172
  • Ferrer, inquisitor in Languedoc, 159
  • Fines, exaction of, by Inquisition, 210-11
  • Fiore, see Joachim of Flora
  • Fitzralph, Archbishop of Armagh, on doctrine of poverty, 84
  • Flagellants, why considered heretics, 5, 231
  • Flagellation, inquisitorial penance, 208-9
  • Flanders, Tanchelm in, 14
    • Catharism in, 22
    • Flagellants in, 51, 53
    • Robert le Bugre in, 162-3
  • Florence, Peter Martyr in, 167
  • France, northern, Inquisition in, 151, 159, 162-5
  • Francis of Assisi, Saint, 8, 38-48 (passim), 53
  • Franciscans, influence of their founder, 38
    • of Elias of Cortona, 39
    • the Conventuals, 39, 41, 43, 79
    • the Spirituals, 41-4, 48-53 (passim), 77-84 (passim), 231
    • rivalry with Dominicans, 56, 65, 146-8, 159, 232
    • used by Gregory IX against heretics, 146-8
    • areas allotted to them for prosecution of heresy, 159
  • Fraticelli, in Languedoc, 45, 214
    • in Germany, 48-9
  • Frederick I, Barbarossa, Emperor, relations of Church and State under, 2
  • Frederick II, Emperor, and Averrhoïsts, 62
    • and The Three Impostors, 72
    • his Constitutions against heresy, 149-56, 166, 169, 220
    • question of his responsibility for the stake, 151-2
    • orders destruction of heretics’ houses, 218

  • Gaunt, John of, 93
  • Geoffrey d’Ablis, inquisitor in Languedoc, 202
  • Gerard of Abbeville, opponent of Mendicants in University of Paris, 65
  • Germany, Catharism in, 22
  • Gerson, Jean, moderate reformer, 11, 234
    • on Averrhoës, 72
    • on General Councils, 96-8, 102
  • Ghazali, or Algazel, opponent of Arabian Aristotelianism, 60
  • Gherardo da Borgo San Donnino, reputed author of The Everlasting Gospel, 36
  • Ghibellines and heresy, 168
  • Goslar, execution of heretics at, 129
  • Grace, time of, in inquisitorial practice, 191
  • Gratian, on witchcraft, 112
    • on death penalty for heretics, 131
    • on torture, 201
  • Greece, infected by Catharism, 22
  • Gregory VII, Pope, and heretics of Cambrai, 130
  • Gregory IX, Pope, on teachings of Aristotle, 63
    • and Frederick II, 72
    • and the Mendicant orders, 39, 145-9
    • and Conrad of Marburg, 146
    • attitude of, to episcopal jurisdiction over heresy, 130, 148-9
    • question of his responsibility for the stake, 152-5, 220
    • otherwise mentioned, 162, 166, 169, 173
  • Gregory XI, Pope, 50, 109, 118 n., 166, 170
  • Grosseteste, Bishop of Lincoln, 8, 9, 35, 63
  • Guala, Bishop of Brescia, 153
  • Guglielma, 46, 105
  • Gui, Bernard, inquisitor in Languedoc, 184, 202
    • his resentment against the Clementines, 161
    • on the ideal inquisitor, 179
    • classification of his sentences, 227
    • his Practica, 245
    • his Sententiæ, 245

  • Harding, Stephen, 38
  • Henry II of England, and Cathari, 132
    • and Assize of Clarendon, 132, 157
  • Henry III, Emperor, and Cathari, 129
  • Henry VI, Emperor, 132-3, 218
  • Henry of Lausanne, 17
  • Heretic, definition of, 123, 183-5
    • compared to coiner, 157-8
    • compared to traitor, 211, 214, 223
  • Hohenstaufen, fall of the house of, 77, 79, 168
  • Holland, Flagellants in, 51
  • Holy Ghost, predicted advent of, 37, 40
    • supposed incarnations of, 66, 232
  • Holy Roman Empire, conceptions of, 1-3, 78
  • Honorius III, Pope, 8, 35, 150, 169 n.
  • Houses, destruction of heretics’, 218
  • Hugo of Saint Victor, 57
  • Hungary, Catharism in, 22
    • Flagellants in, 51
    • Inquisition in, 174
  • Hus, John, expounds doctrines of Wycliffe, 94-6
    • summoned to Bologna, 95
    • his doctrine of Predestination, 96
    • at Constance, 98-103
    • otherwise mentioned, 11, 12, 175, 234, 243, 244

  • Illuminism, 49, 51
  • Immaculate Conception, dogma of the, 86, 233
  • Impenitent heretic, treatment of the, 219-21, 224
  • Imperfect heretic, treatment of the, 185
  • Impostors, The Three, 72
  • Imprisonment, inquisitorial penance, 212, 214, 225, 227-8
  • Innocent III, Pope, and Albigensian Crusade, 135-7
    • and system of inquisitio, 144-5
    • and demolition of heretics’ houses, 218
  • Innocent IV, Pope, his bull Cum adversus haereticam pravitatem, 154-5
    • his bull Ad extirpanda, 155, 167, 201, 213
    • his regulations regarding torture, 156, 201-2
    • on exaction of fines, 210
    • on demolition of heretics’ houses, 218
    • his attitude towards persecution, 220
    • otherwise mentioned, 9, 42, 146, 148
  • Innocent VIII and witchcraft, 118
  • Inquisitio generalis, 191-2
  • Inquisitio specialis, 191-2
  • Inquisitio, judicial system of, 177, 190, 242
  • Intellect, the active and passive, Averrhoïst doctrine of, 60-1, 66-7
  • Interrogatory, inquisitorial, 192-205 (passim)
  • Intolerance, religious, its causes, 235-6, 238
  • Italy, Manichæism in, 22
    • Arnaldo da Villanova in, 41
    • Spiritual Franciscans in, 43-5, 47, 60
    • Flagellants in, 51
    • Siger of Brabant in, 69
    • Averrhoïsm in, 70
    • Inquisition in, 44, 151, 153, 157, 166-71, 213, 217
  • Isabella, Queen of Castile, 172
  • Islam, philosophy of, 59-61
    • Lully’s crusade against, 70-1
  • Ivo of Chartres, 112, 141, 225

  • Janow, Matthias of, 94
  • Jehovah, Catharan views concerning, 23
  • Jerome of Prague, at Council of Constance, 98, 102
  • Joachim of Flora, 34-8, 40-7
  • John the Baptist, Catharan views on, 25
  • John of Parma, see Parma
  • John XXI, Pope, 68
  • John XXII, Pope, his attitude towards doctrine of poverty, 43-5, 77
    • relations with Lewis of Bavaria, 45, 79, 84
    • attacked by Michael of Cesena, Ockham, etc., 79, 81
    • attitude towards doctrine of Beatific Vision, 85
    • attitude towards sorcery, 109
    • otherwise mentioned, 162
  • Julian, Emperor, on persecution among Christians, 106, 125

  • Kerlinger, German inquisitor, 166
  • Koran, orthodox faith of, 59, 70
  • Kremsier, John Militz, 94

  • Lactantius, on persecution, 124
  • Landun, John of, Averrhoïst, 69, 70
  • Languedoc, Saracen influence in, 16, 62, 231
  • Lawyers in Inquisition, 182
  • Lecky, W. E. H., on religious persecution, 238
  • Leo I, Pope, 128
  • Leo X, Pope, as patron of Aristotelianism, 70
  • Leo the Isaurian, 22
  • Lessines, Gilles de, in correspondence with Albertus Magnus, 65-6
  • Lessing, his Nathan der Weise, 73
  • Lewis the Bavarian, his conflict with John XXII, 45, 79
  • Liège, mob and heretics in, anno 1145, 130
  • Locke, on religious toleration, 235
  • Lollards, extent of their influence, 93-4, 103
  • Lombard, Peter, 57, 85
  • Lombardy, Dolcino in, 48
  • Lorraine, Inquisition in, 159
  • Louis the Great of Hungary, 174
  • Louis IX, King of France, 151, 163
  • Luciferans, see Brethren of the Free Spirit
  • Lucius III, Pope, 133, 211-12, 226
  • Lully, Raymond, his crusade against Islam, 70
    • in conflict with Eymeric, 71
  • Luther, his indebtedness to Hus, 103, 234
  • Lutheranism, soil prepared for, in Germany, 49, 51

  • Magdeburg, Albert, Archbishop of, 153
  • Maifreda, devotee of Guglielma, 46
  • Mainz, Pragmatic Sanction of, 103
  • Maistre, Joseph de, on tolerance, 237
    • defends Spanish Inquisition, 240
  • Malleus Maleficarum, by Sprenger, 113
  • Manichæism, revival of ancient, 22, 32
    • its different forms, 24, 27
    • in Roman empire, 126-7
    • otherwise, see Catharism
  • Marca, Giacomo della, his crusade in Slavonia, 174
  • Marguerite la Porète, her execution, 163
  • Marriage, Catharan views concerning, 27
    • views of Conrad Schmidt concerning, 52-3
  • Marsh, Adam, 35
  • Marsiglio of Padua, arguments of his Defensor Pacis, 45, 53, 73, 82-4, 86-7, 97
  • Martin V, Pope, 103
  • Martin of Tours and Priscillian, 128
  • Martyr, Peter, as inquisitor in Italy, 167
  • Mary, the Virgin, Catharan views concerning, 14, 25
    • See also Immaculate Conception
  • Maximus, Emperor, and Priscillian, 127-8
  • Melfi, Constitutions of, 150-1
  • Mendicant orders, see under Dominicans, Franciscans
  • Metempsychosis, Catharan belief in, 26
  • Milan, Guglielmites in, 46
    • Dolcino in, 47
    • Peter Martyr in, 167
  • Mill, John Stuart, his views on religious toleration, 238
  • Minorites, see Franciscans
  • Missionary character of inquisitors, 188-90, 219, 239-40
  • Mithraism, 123
  • Moneta, on Waldensianism, 19
  • Montfort, Simon de, in Albigensian Crusade, 138
  • Montségur, fall of, 160
  • Moors, see Saracens
  • Moral offences, when triable by Inquisition, 187-8

  • Naples, Inquisition in, 168
  • Narbonne, Spiritual Franciscans in, 43
    • Arabian philosophy in, 62
  • Nationality, force of, in religious matters, 2-3, 78-80, 94-5, 103, 177
  • Navarre, Inquisition in, 159
  • Negative heretic, treatment of, 185
  • Neoplatonism, 55-6, 59, 123
  • Nicaea, Council of, 125
  • Nicholas d’Abbeville, inquisitor in Languedoc, 160, 226 n.
  • Nicholas III, Pope, 42, 44
  • Nicholas V, Pope, 164, 169
  • Niem, Dietrich, and Conciliar movement, 11, 97-8
  • Nifo, Augustino, Paduan Averrhoïst, 70
  • Nominalism, its tendencies towards Tritheism or Unitarianism, 7, 234
    • and doctrine of Transubstantiation, 91, 92, 95
  • Norbert, Saint, Archbishop of Magdeburg, 14, 38

  • Ockham, William of, in controversy against John XXII, 45, 53, 79
    • his arguments in favour of General Councils, 81-2, 97
    • otherwise mentioned, 91
  • Olivi, Pierre Jean, 41
  • Orcagna, his delineation of Averrhoës, 72
  • Ordeal, used for trial of heresy, 141
  • Ortlieb of Strassburg, 49
  • Orvieto, death of Siger of Brabant at, 69
  • Oxford, University of, 6

  • Padua, centre of Italian Averrhoïsm, 69-70
  • Pallavicino, Uberto da, 168
  • Pantheism, and Realism, 7, 91, 234
    • in Germany, 49
  • Paramo, Ludovico à, on origin of Inquisition, 188
    • on death penalty for heresy, 223
    • on nature of heresy, 237
  • Paris, University of, Averrhoïsm in, 56, 63
    • controversies in, 64, 69
    • its part in Conciliar movement, 96-7
    • otherwise mentioned, 6, 35, 50, 85, 164-5
  • Parlement de Paris, its jurisdiction over heresy, 164-5
  • Parma, Segarelli in, 47
    • Inquisition in, 168
  • Parma, John of, and Spiritual Franciscans, 36, 40-1, 53
  • Partenay, Sire de, 163 n.
  • Paul, Saint, on ‘false prophets,’ 124
    • otherwise mentioned, 194
  • Paulicians, see Cathari
  • Peckham, John, Archbishop, his controversy with the Dominicans, 56, 65
  • Pedro II, King of Aragon, his edict against heretics, 132, 134, 137, 157, 172, 217
  • Peñaforte, Raymond of, his influence on Gregory IX regarding heresy, 153
    • his activity in Aragon, 172-3
    • his definition of a heretic, 183
  • Penances, inquisitorial penalties regarded as, 188-90
  • Perfected heretic, treatment of, 185
  • Perfected, the, among Cathari, 28-31
  • Peter Lombard, see Lombard
  • Peter Martyr, see Martyr
  • Peter the Venerable, 17
  • Petrarch, his opinion of Averrhoïsts, 71-2
  • Petrobrusians, 17, 230
  • Philip Augustus, King of France, his treatment of heretics, 130
    • and Albigensian Crusade, 137-8
  • Philip IV, the fair, his quarrel with Boniface VIII, 78, 80, 160
    • and inquisitorial abuses in Languedoc, 160-1, 202
    • maintains supremacy of crown over Inquisition in France, 161-4
    • his attack on Templars, 164
  • Philosophy, see Scholastic, also Aristotle, Averrhoës, Siger, etc.
  • Picardy, Catharism in, 22
  • Piedmont, Waldensianism in, 170
  • Pilgrimages, inquisitorial penance of, 205-8, 211, 227
  • Pisa, Council of, 97
  • Pius II, Pope, 103
  • Pleadings, possible, for defence before Inquisition, 197-200
  • Poggio and Jerome of Prague, 102
  • Poland, Inquisition in, 174-5
  • Pollock, Sir F., on religious intolerance, 238-9
  • Polycarp, on heretics, 124
  • Pomponazzi, as Aristotelian, 70
  • Ponzinibio and witchcraft, 113
  • Poor Men of Lyons, see Waldo
  • Portugal, Inquisition in, 172
  • Poverty, Franciscan doctrine of, 40-6, 79, 81, 230-1
  • Praemunire, statute of, 79
  • Prague, University of, 94, 105
  • Prato, Edict of, 218
  • Priscillian, Spanish heretic, 127
  • Prisons, inquisitorial, 215-16
  • Privileges of inquisitors, 179
  • Protestants and persecution, 239
  • Provence, see Languedoc
  • Provisors, Statute of, 79
  • Pulci, his Morgante Maggiore, 73
  • Purgatio Canonica, system of, 142, 191-2

  • Rainerio Saccone, see Saccone
  • Rais, Maréchal Gilles de, 109-11
  • Raymond V, Count of Toulouse, 136
  • Raymond VI, Count of Toulouse, 136-7
  • Realism, philosophy of, its tendency to Pantheism, 7, 234
  • Reformation, the Protestant, 1, 12, 94, 98, 103-4
  • Registers, inquisitorial, 181
  • Relapsed heretic, treatment of, 181, 219-21, 224
  • Relaxation to secular arm, formula of, 220, 227-8
    • responsibility of Church for, 220
    • responsibility of State regarding, 149-50 (passim), 221-2, 237-8
  • Religion, Averrhoïst views regarding, 61, 67-9, 72-6
  • Renaissance, of twelfth century, 112, 232, 234
  • Reuchlin, 104, 166
  • Richard of Cluny, 19
  • Robert II, King of France, and Cathari, 128
  • Robert le Bugre, 162-3
  • Rome, Annibaldi in, 154
  • Roscellinus, his heresy, 7, 12, 57, 129, 229

  • Sabbat, the witches’, 110-16, 121
  • Saccone, Rainerio, of Vicenza, 167-8
  • Sachsenhausen, Protest of, 45
  • Sacraments, Donatist views concerning, 17
    • Petrobrusian views concerning, 17
    • Henrician rejection of, 17
    • Catharan attitude to, 28
  • Sacraments, Conrad Schmidt’s views concerning, 53
    • Flagellants’ views concerning, 5, 52
  • Saint-George, Fulk de, inquisitor in Languedoc, 160
  • Salimbene, and his Chronicle, 36
  • Salvation, Exclusive, influence of doctrine on religious intolerance, 238
  • Saracens, their influence in Languedoc, 16, 62
    • influence in Spain, 59, 73
    • on Frederick II, 62
    • otherwise mentioned, 132, 138
  • Satan, Catharan views regarding, 24
    • witches, supposed compact with, 105, 124 (passim)
  • Savonarola, 241
  • Savoy, Waldenses in, 170
  • Scandinavia, Inquisition in, 176
  • Scepticism and religious toleration, 238
  • Schism, the papal, 11, 12, 71, 80, 86, 96-8, 103, 164, 166, 171
  • Schmidt, Conrad, 52
  • Scholastic philosophy, 6-8, 54, 56, 62-76 (passim), 81-104 (passim), 232-5
  • Scot, Michael, 62
  • Secular arm, see Relaxation
  • Segarelli, Gherardo, 46-7, 105, 231
  • Sens, Council of ecclesiastical province of, 63
  • Sermo generalis, see auto-da-fé.
  • Sicily, Inquisition in, 150, 167
  • Siger of Brabant, leader of Paris Averrhoïsts, 12, 66-9, 244
  • Sigismund, King of the Romans, at Council of Constance, 99, 101
    • otherwise mentioned, 174
  • Socii, their functions in Inquisition, 180
  • Sorcery, 105-11
  • Spain, Inquisition in, 44, 171-3
    • Arabian philosophy in, 59-62, 73
  • Spina, Bartholomew de, on witchcraft, 113, 115
  • Spiritual Franciscans, see Franciscans
  • Sprenger, on witchcraft, 113-20 (passim)
  • Stake, the, death of Hus at, 102
    • of Jerome of Prague at, 102
    • of de Rais at, 111
    • of witches at, 118-19
    • of Cathari at, anno 1022, 128
    • of heretics of Cambrai at, anno 1076, 129
    • edict of Pedro II enjoining, 132-3
    • attitude of mob to, 129-35 (passim)
    • attitude of Church to, 130, 149-58, 219-24
    • Constitutions of Frederick II relating to, 149-56
    • responsibility of Gregory IX for, 149-54, 220
    • justification of, by Aquinas, 157-8
    • penalty for impenitent and relapsed, 219-20
    • prescribed by De Haeretico Comburendo, 94, 177
    • ceremony of, at autos, 223
    • frequency of the penalty of, 227-8
  • Strassburg, mob and heretics at, anno 1114, 130
  • Suspects of heresy, treatment of, 185-7
  • Synodal witnesses, see Testes Synodales

  • Tanchelm, 14, 15, 229, 231
  • Tempier, Etienne, Bishop of Paris, 66-8
  • Templars, suppression of the, 164, 176-7, 241
  • Tertullian, on heretics, 124-5
  • Testes synodales, 143, 190-1
  • Theocracy, mediæval, 1-3, 238, 239-40
  • Theodosius II, his laws against heretics, 126
  • Theoduin, Bishop of Liège, his advice regarding treatment of heretics, 130
  • Toleration, principle of religious, 73, 83, 124-5, 222, 235-9
  • Tors, Conrad, 165
  • Torture, of reputed witches, 119-22
    • used by Constantine against Donatists, 125
    • in days of Julian, 125-6
    • used against Templars, 176-7
    • Edward II prevailed upon to sanction use of, in England, 176-7
    • of delay, 200-1, 228
    • as used in Inquisition, 201-5, 240, 242
    • rules of Ad extirpanda concerning, 201
    • frequency of, 201-3
    • repetition or continuation of, 203-4
    • otherwise mentioned, 227
  • Transubstantiation, views of Berengar concerning, 7
    • views of Wycliffe concerning, 90-2, 233
  • Treason, analogy of heresy to, 211, 214, 223
  • Treviso, Inquisition in, 169
  • Trinity, tendencies of Realism and Nominalism regarding doctrine of, 7, 85, 100
  • Tritheism, of Roscellinus, 7
  • Trivium, the, 56
  • Troubadours, their antisacerdotalism, 136, 230
  • Tuscany, Honorius III and heretics in, 169 n.

  • Uberto da Pallavicino, see Pallavicino
  • Urban IV, Pope, 63, 202
  • Urban V, Pope, 165, 174

  • Valentinian II, his laws against heretics, 126
  • Val, Simon du, French inquisitor, 68
  • Vaudois, see (i) Waldensianism, (ii) Witchcraft in Arras
  • Vegetarianism, Catharan, 26
  • Venice, legislation against sorcery in, 107
    • Inquisition in, 169-70
  • Vercelli, Dolcino in, 47
  • Vincent of Beauvais, 57

  • Waldensianism, 10, 12, 16, 19-22, 32, 75, 77, 95, 132, 165, 170-1, 175, 193, 229, 231
  • Waldhäuser, Conrad, 94
  • Waldo, Peter, 18-20, 140 n., 230
  • Wazon, Bishop of Liège, on toleration, 130
  • Wenzel, King of Bohemia, and University of Prague, 95
  • Wessel, Johann, 166
  • William of Auxerre, 63
  • William of Moerbeke, 64
  • William of Saint-Amour, 41, 65
  • Witchcraft, causes of the craze, 111
    • Canonist ruling regarding, 107, 112-13
    • circumstantial stories of, 114-16
    • psychology of, 117-18
    • trials before Inquisition, 118-22
    • in Arras, 121, 203
  • Witnesses, treatment of false, by Inquisition, 196, 209
    • withholding of names of, in Inquisition, 195-6, 200, 240
  • Wycliffe, John, on clerical abuses, 11, 86
    • his doctrine of Lordship, 86-90
    • his denial of Transubstantiation, 90-2
    • his translation of the Bible, 89, 92-3
    • otherwise mentioned, 12, 94, 95, 96, 98-100, 103, 233, 234, 244

  • Yolande, of Savoy, 170

  • Zabarella, Cardinal, 96
  • Zimara, Italian Averrhoïst, 70
  • Zimiskes, John, tolerates Manichæans in the Balkans, 22