CHAPTER XXVI
| Mediæval art almost exclusively religious | 157 | ||
| The introduction of types and traditionary forms | 157 | ||
| A picture by Botticelli denounced as heretical (note) | 158 | ||
| The choice and treatment of sacred themes | 159 | ||
| Modified by the personal character of artists | 160 | ||
| Instances of this | 161 | ||
| Devotional feeling of early painters | 161 | ||
| Shown in the rules of their guilds at Siena and Florence | 162 | ||
| Case of Giorgio Vasari | 163 | ||
| The gloomy character of Spanish art | 163 | ||
| The subject to be considered apart from sectarian views | 164 | ||
| Christian art modified in the fifteenth century | 166 | ||
| Gradual innovation of naturalism | 167 | ||
| Followed by paganism and classicism | 168 | ||
| Rise of the "new manner" | 169 | ||
| Religious prudery in Spain fatal to art | 170 | ||
| Von Rumohr's definition of Christian art | 170 | ||
| Opinions prevailing in England | 171 | ||
| Hogarth and Savonarola | 172 | ||
| Burnet and Barry | 172 | ||
| Reynolds and Raffaele | 172 | ||
| Obstacles to a due appreciation of this subject among us | 173 | ||
| Mr. Ruskin and Lord Lindsay | 174 | ||
| Sir David Wilkie | 175 | ||
| It does not necessarily lead to popery | 175 | ||
| Nor is it a desirable "groundwork for a new style of art" | 176 | ||
| St. Francis of Assisi, his legends and shrine | 177 | ||
| Their influence renders Umbria the cradle of sacred art | 178 | ||
| Opinions of Rio, Boni, and Herbert Seymour | 179 |
CHAPTER XXVII
| The Umbrian school hitherto overlooked | 184 | ||
| The cathedral of Orvieto and the sanctuary of Assisi attract many artists | 185 | ||
| The dramatic or Dantesque character of Florentine painting | 186 | ||
| Sentimental devotion of the Sienese school | 187 | ||
| Influence of these on Umbrian painters | 187 | ||
| -1299. | Oderigi da Gubbio | 188 | |
| Notice of him by Dante | 188 | ||
| Guido Palmerucci of Gubbio | 189 | ||
| Angioletto, a glass-painter of Gubbio | 190 | ||
| 1375-1444. | Ottaviano Nelli of Gubbio and his pupils | 190 | |
| 1434. | June 30. | His letter to Caterina, Countess of Urbino | 192 |
| Allegretto Nuzi of Fabriano | 193 | ||
| 1370-14. | Gentile da Fabriano; he studies under | 193 | |
| 1383-14. | Fra Giovanni da Fiesole, the Beato Angelico | 194 | |
| ”” | A friar of holy life and pencil | 194 | |
| ”” | Gentile called "master of the masters" | 196 | |
| 1370-14. | His works studied by Raffaele | 196 | |
| ”” | Goes to Venice | 197 | |
| ”” | His taste for gaudy trappings | 197 | |
| Benedetto Bonfigli of Perugia | 199 | ||
| 1446-1524. | Pietro Perugino | 199 | |
| Painters in Urbino | 200 | ||
| -1478. | Piero della Francesca of Borgo San Sepolcro | 201 | |
| ”” | His history obscure | 201 | |
| ”” | His two distinct manners | 202 | |
| ”” | His knowledge of geometry | 203 | |
| ”” | His claims to the introduction of perspective | 203 | |
| ”” | These examined, and those of Luca Pacioli | 203 | |
| ”” | His unedited writings (note) | 204 | |
| ”” | His frescoes at Arezzo and their influence on Raffaele | 206 | |
| ”” | His portrait of Sigismondo Pandolfo Malatesta | 208 | |
| ”” | His portraits of the Montefeltrian princes | 209 | |
| -1484. | Bartolomeo Coradino, the Fra Carnevale | 210 | |
| Beautiful altar-picture near Pesaro | 211 | ||
| 1423-1502. | Francesco di Giorgio of Siena | 211 | |
| His works in painting, architecture, and engineering | 212 | ||
| Letter of Duke Federigo on his behalf | 214 | ||
| His writings | 215 |
CHAPTER XXVIII
| -1494. | Giovanni Sanzi of Urbino | 216 | |
| Till lately unjustly depreciated | 216 | ||
| His own account of himself | 217 | ||
| His style and works | 218 | ||
| His portrait of his son, the divine Raffaele | 218 | ||
| 1483. | Apr. 6. | Birth of Raffaele Sanzio of Urbino, surnamed "the Divine" | 220 |
| Notice of his biographers | 220 | ||
| His appearance happily timed | 221 | ||
| First pictorial influences on his mind | 222 | ||
| 1495. | He goes to the school of Perugino | 223 | |
| 1500-1504. | His earliest independent works at Città di Castello | 225 | |
| ”” | Returns to paint at Perugia | 226 | |
| ”” | Visits Siena and Florence | 226 | |
| ”” | Returns to paint at Urbino | 227 | |
| ”” | His second visit to Florence | 227 | |
| ”” | With a recommendation from Joanna della Rovere | 228 | |
| 1504-1505. | His works, patrons, and associates there | 228 | |
| 1505-1507. | Again painting at Perugia | 230 | |
| 1505-1507. | His intercourse with Francia | 231 | |
| 1503-1508. | And with the polished court of Urbino | 231 | |
| ”” | Works commissioned of him there | 232 | |
| ”” | His recently discovered fresco at Florence | 234 |
CHAPTER XXIX
| 1508. | He is called to Rome by Julius II. | 235 | |
| ” | And employed to paint in the Stanze | 236 | |
| 1508-1513. | His plan for the frescoes there detailed and examined | 236 | |
| 1513. | Feb. 21. | Death of Julius II. | 239 |
| 1513-1520. | Raffaele's powers overtaxed | 240 | |
| ”” | He gradually falls into "the new manner" | 241 | |
| ”” | The charge against him of a vicious life unfounded | 241 | |
| ”” | Question how far he imitated others | 242 | |
| ”” | Especially Michael Angelo | 243 | |
| ”” | No parallel between them | 244 | |
| ”” | His diminished intercourse with Urbino | 246 | |
| 1520. | Apr. 6. | His sudden death and funeral | 247 |
| ” | His intended marriage and cardinal's hat | 249 | |
| ” | His varied gifts | 250 | |
| ” | Testimonies to his merits | 250 | |
| ” | His sense of beauty | 251 | |
| ” | Purity of his taste | 252 |
CHAPTER XXX
| 1470-1523. | Timoteo Viti | 254 | |
| His picture of questioned orthodoxy | 256 | ||
| 1444-1514. | Donato Bramante | 259 | |
| Confusion regarding him | 259 | ||
| His works at Urbino | 261 | ||
| Commences St. Peter's, at Rome | 262 | ||
| Builds at the Vatican | 263 | ||
| Fra Bernardo Catelani | 264 | ||
| Crocchia of Urbino | 265 | ||
| 1450-1517. | Francesco Francia | 265 | |
| 1430-1506. | Andrea Mantegna | 265 | |
| 1424-1514. | Giovanni Bellini | 266 | |
| 1446-1523. | Pietro Perugino | 266 | |
| 1386-1445. | Jean van Eyck | 266 | |
| 1474. | Justus of Ghent | 267 | |
| Italian portrait medallions | 269 | ||
| 1468. | Clemente of Urbino | 270 | |
| Medals of Duke Federigo | 270 | ||
| Medal of Duchess Elisabetta | 272 | ||
| Medal of Emilia Pia | 273 |
CHAPTER XXXI
| 1414. | July 21. | Birth of Sixtus IV. | 277 |
| ” | Origin of his family | 277 | |
| 1414. | Omens attending his birth | 278 | |
| 1471. | Aug. 9. | His education and elevation to the papacy | 278 |
| Children of his father, and their descendants | 279 | ||
| His partiality to his nephews | 283 | ||
| Extravagance of Cardinal Pietro Riario | 284 | ||
| Hospitalities of Sixtus | 285 | ||
| His improvements in Rome | 286 | ||
| Scandals regarding him | 287 | ||
| His patronage of art | 287 | ||
| And of the Vatican Library | 289 | ||
| Portrait there of himself and nephews | 289 | ||
| Painted by Melozzo da Forlì | 290 | ||
| His brother Giovanni della Rovere | 291 | ||
| 1474. | Oct. 12. | Made vicar of Sinigaglia | 291 |
| ” | ” 28. | His marriage with Princess Giovanna of Urbino | 291 |
| 1475. | Made Lord Prefect of Rome | 291 | |
| His beneficial reign | 292 | ||
| His favour at the papal court | 293 | ||
| 1474. | The story of Zizim or Gem | 293 | |
| ” | His ransom is seized by the Prefect | 294 | |
| ” | Curious correspondence of the Sultan with Alexander VI. | 295 | |
| ” | Description of Gem by Mantegna the painter | 297 | |
| 1501. | Nov. 6. | Death of the Prefect | 299 |
| His portrait | 299 | ||
| His widow | 300 | ||
| Cardinal Giuliano della Rovere | 301 | ||
| His persecutions by the Borgias | 301 | ||
| 1503. | Nov. 1. | His election to the Tiara | 303 |
| His character and policy | 304 | ||
| His patronage of art | 306 | ||
| His improvements in Rome | 306 | ||
| Parallel of him with Leo X. | 307 |
CHAPTER XXXII
| 1490. | Mar. 25. | Birth of Duke Francesco Maria I. | 313 |
| 1501. | Nov. 6. | He succeeds to his father's state of Sinigaglia | 313 |
| ” | ” | He is carried to Urbino | 313 |
| 1502. | Apr. 24. | Is made Prefect of Rome | 313 |
| ” | His early education and tastes | 314 | |
| ” | His military propensities | 314 | |
| ” | June 20. | His escape from Cesare Borgia | 315 |
| 1502. | He is received at the court of France | 315 | |
| 1504. | March. | His return to Italy | 315 |
| ” | June 17. | Restored at Sinigaglia | 316 |
| ” | Sep. 18. | Invested as heir-apparent of Urbino | 316 |
| 1505. | Jan. | Contracted in marriage to Leonora Gonzaga | 316 |
| 1506. | His first military service | 316 | |
| 1507. | Oct. 6. | Assassinates the paramour of his sister | 317 |
| 1508. | Apr. 14. | He succeeds to the dukedom of Urbino | 318 |
| ” | ” | His constitutional concessions | 319 |
| ” | ” 25. | His summons to his new subjects to swear allegiance | 319 |
| ” | His judicious and conciliatory measures | 320 | |
| ” | Origin of the League of Cambray | 321 | |
| ” | Dec. 10. | It is signed | 322 |
| ” | ” | The objects of this unnatural combination | 322 |
| ” | Oct. 4. | Francesco Maria made captain-general of the ecclesiastical forces | 323 |
| 1509. | May. | Elected a Knight of the Garter, but not confirmed by Henry VIII. | 324 |
| ” | Dec. 24. | His marriage celebrated | 324 |
| The Duchess Leonora's psalter | 324 | ||
| ” | April. | He takes the field against Venice | 325 |
| ” | May 4. | Takes Brisghella | 325 |
| ” | Remarkable incident in his camp | 325 | |
| ” | The Pope's partiality for the Cardinal of Pavia | 326 | |
| ” | His character and intrigues against Francesco Maria | 327 | |
| ” | His treachery | 327 | |
| ” | May 14. | The Venetians beaten at Vaila | 328 |
| ” | June 11. | Rimini capitulates, and the campaign closes | 329 |
| ” | The Duke carries his bride to Rome | 329 | |
| ” | He reconciles the Pope to Giuliano de' Medici | 329 | |
| ” | The Pope changes sides | 330 | |
| ” | Further treachery of the Cardinal of Pavia | 330 | |
| 1510. | July. | The Duke marches against Ferrara | 331 |
| ” | Sep. | Julius II. takes the field | 331 |
| ” | His suspicions of the Cardinal | 332 | |
| ” | The council of Pisa threatened | 332 | |
| ” | His indomitable resolution | 333 |
CHAPTER XXXIII
| 1510. | Dec. | His ill-judged appearance at the siege of Mirandola | 334 |
| 1511. | May 21. | The Duke's miscarriage before Bologna by the Cardinal's treachery | 336 |
| ” | ” | The Cardinal prepossesses the Pope against his nephew | 338 |
| ” | ” 24. | And falls by his hand | 339 |
| ” | Ill-timed badinage of Cardinal Bembo (note) | 339 | |
| ” | The Duke retires to Urbino | 340 | |
| ” | June. | And the Pontiff returns to Rome | 340 |
| ” | His indignation against the Duke | 340 | |
| ” | Who is arrested, and subjected to a complicated prosecution | 341 | |
| ” | Defended by Beroaldo the younger | 341 | |
| ” | Dangerous illness of Julius | 342 | |
| ” | He is reconciled to Francesco Maria | 343 | |
| ” | Dec. 9. | And absolves him | 343 |
| ” | ” | New league against the French | 343 |
| 1512. | Hesitation of Francesco Maria | 344 | |
| ” | Consequent disgust of Julius | 344 | |
| ” | Apr. 11. | The field of Ravenna | 344 |
| ” | Francesco Maria is reconciled to the Pope | 345 | |
| ” | June 22. | He retakes Bologna | 345 |
| ” | Aug. | And reduces Reggio | 345 |
| ” | The French abandoned by their Italian allies | 346 | |
| ” | The Duke's fruitless attempt on Ferrara | 347 | |
| ” | Restoration of the Medici at Florence | 347 | |
| ” | The Duke's feeling towards them examined | 347 | |
| ” | New projects of the Pope | 348 | |
| ” | Lapse of Pesaro to the Holy See | 349 | |
| ” | Oct. 23. | The town reduced by Francesco Maria | 349 |
| 1513. | Feb. 16. | He is invested with that state | 350 |
| ” | ” 21. | Death of Julius II. | 350 |
| ” | Mar. 16. | The Duke's reception at Pesaro |
CHAPTER XXXIV
| 1513. | Influence of Francesco Maria in the conclave favourable to the Medici | 351 | |
| ” | Mar. 11. | Election of Leo. X. | 351 |
| ” | ” | His singular good fortune | 352 |
| ” | ” | His character contrasted with that of Julius by Sismondi | 352 |
| ” | ” 19. | Francesco Maria attends his coronation | 353 |
| ” | ” | And is confirmed in all his dignities | 354 |
| ” | Sep. | His favour for Baldassare Castiglione | 355 |
| ” | Notice of the fief of Novilara | 357 | |
| 1514. | Ambitious projects and intrigues of Leo X., involving Urbino | 358 | |
| ” | Apr. 2. | Birth of Prince Guidobaldo of Urbino | 359 |
| 1515. | Jan. 1. | Bembo's visit to that court | 359 |
| ” | June | The Duke superseded by Leo X. in his command | 360 |
| ” | Friendship of Giuliano de' Medici for him | 361 | |
| ” | Jan. 1. | Death of Louis XII., succeeded by Francis I. | 362 |
| ” | The Pontiff's undecided policy | 362 | |
| ” | Sep. 13. | Battle of Marignano | 364 |
| 1516. | Jan. | Death of Ferdinand of Spain | 364 |
| ” | Mar. 17. | And of Giuliano de' Medici | 365 |
| ” | ” | Character of Lorenzo de' Medici | 365 |
| ” | ” | Francesco Maria exposed to the fury of Leo | 366 |
| ” | Apr. 27. | Sentence of deprivation against him | 367 |
| ” | Aug. 18. | And his dignities conferred upon Lorenzo | 367 |
| ” | April | Ingratitude of Bembo | 367 |
| Lashed by Porrino | 368 | ||
| ” | May. | The duchy of Urbino invaded | 368 |
| ” | ” 31. | Francesco Maria withdraws to Lombardy with his family | 369 |
| ” | ” | The duchy surrenders to Lorenzo | 369 |
| ” | Sep. | S. Leo surprised | 370 |
CHAPTER XXXV
| 1516. | Aug. 13. | The peace of Noyon | 372 |
| ” | Attempt on his state by the Duke | 372 | |
| 1517. | Jan. 17. | His manifesto | 373 |
| ” | ” | His address to the soldiery | 376 |
| ” | ” | Alarm of the Pontiff | 377 |
| ” | ” | Gradara is sacked | 377 |
| ” | Feb. | Partial rising in his favour | 377 |
| ” | ” 5. | Remarkable adventure of Benedetto Giraldi | 378 |
| ” | ” ” | Francesco Maria enters Urbino | 380 |
| ” | Measures adopted by Leo | 380 | |
| ” | The Duke challenges Lorenzo to a personal encounter, which is declined | 382 | |
| ” | Mar. 25. | Sack of Montebaroccio | 383 |
| ” | ” | Siege of Mondolfo, where Lorenzo is wounded | 384 |
| ” | Its sack, with many excesses | 385 | |
| ” | Cardinal Bibbiena appointed to the command as legate | 387 | |
| ” | Disorganisation of his army | 388 | |
| ” | May 6. | It is routed on Montebartolo | 388 |
| ” | ” ” | The Duke's letter to his consort detailing the battle | 389 |