36 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 34.
37 The Zend-Avesta is practically the equivalent of the Bible and prayer-book of the Zoroastrians. The Zoroastrian faith flourished as early as the sixth century B.C., and probably became the religion of the later Achaemenian kings.
38 The Pehlevi language and literature belongs to the middle Persian period, i.e. from the third to the ninth century or so A.D. The language is related to old Persian on the one hand, and to modern Persian on the other. The Zend as it were bridged over the gulf between modern and ancient Persian, and was of the greatest assistance in the decipherment of the old Persian language as found in the cuneiform inscriptions.
39 Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, p. 8.
40 Squeezes are made by means of a series of layers of thick paper, which has been moistened, the impression being gained by applying the substance thus formed to the inscription and beating it in with a brush.
41 A partial duplicate of this inscription on the Behistun Rock is inscribed on a dolerite block discovered by the German excavators at Babylon; it contains many interesting additions.
42 The term “Assyrian” is used, as a large part of the earlier Babylonian literature comes down to us through Assyrian hands, being copied and as it were republished by Assyrian scribes. Assyrian and Babylonian were different dialects of the same language; similarly Assyrian and Babylonian cuneiform exhibit great differences in style, Babylonian being more cursive and generally therefore more difficult to read.
43 Cf. A. J. Booth, Trilingual Inscriptions; Rogers, History, pp. 175 ff.; Sayce, Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, pp. 1-35; Harper, Biblical World, XVI, pp. 294-7, 371-3 (a short and concise summary).
44 For references to texts in which these signs occur, cf. G. A. Barton in Harper’s Old Testament and Semitic Studies, Vol. II, pp. 241 ff.
45 Cf. Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania IV, Series D, for this Babylonian boundary-stone and for a full discussion of the subject generally.
46 An eponym was an official of high rank—sometimes the king himself—who held office for a year, and whose name was used to date all documents drawn up in that year. He corresponded to the Roman consul and the Athenian archon.
47 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 517.
48 A “plano-convex” brick is a brick which is flat on one side and convex or oval on the other, its general appearance resembling an oblong cake, or a small pillow.
49 Cf. De Sarzec et Heuzey, Une Villa Royale Chaldéenne, p. 47.
50 Cf. Loftus, Travels, p. 189.
51 Loftus, Travels, p. 187.
52 Cf. Heuzey, Une Villa Royale, p. 48.
53 Heuzey, Une Villa Royale, pp. 47, 48.
54 In the northern fortification wall, and according to Koldewey, there only on the Kasr, great building blocks of limestone were also discovered.
55 J. R. A. S., 1855, p. 266.
56 Ibidem, p. 407.
57 Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 57.
58 Ibid., p. 87.
59 Cf. King, Sumer and Akkad, p. 88.
60 Cf. Taylor in J. R. A. S., 1855, pp. 261 ff.
61 Cf. J. R. A. S., 1855, pp. 405 ff.
62 Cf. however Andrae, Der Anu-Adad Tempel, p. 80.
63 Cf. Pinches, Hastings Dict., Religion and Morals, “Architecture,” Perrot and Chipiez, II, p. 393; Layard, Discoveries, pp. 348 ff.
64 Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, pp. 25, 26.
65 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 30.
66 Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 22 bis, Figs. 2b, 3b.
67 Cf. Andrae, Der Anu-Adad Tempel, p. 80.
68 Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 286.
69 Loftus, Chaldæa and Susiana, p. 133; J. R. A. S., XV, pp. 265, 266.
70 Loftus, pp. 187 ff.
71 Cf. p. 80.
72 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 372.
73 Ibidem, p. 402.
74 Cf. Taylor, Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1853, p. 269.
75 Loftus, Travels, pp. 174 ff.
76 Cf. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, 1855, p. 406.
77 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 43, p. 7.
78 Cf. Layard, Discoveries, p. 590; Dieulafoy, L’Art Antique, V, pp. 57 ff.; Perrot and Chipiez, p. 214.
79 Place discovered an eight-sided column at Karambs, but it apparently belonged to the Parthian period (Place, Nineveh, II, pp. 169 ff.).
80 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 25.
81 Cf. Ibid., No. 40, p. 24.
82 Cf. Ibid., No. 42, p. 40.
83 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, pp. 397 ff.
84 Cf. J.R.A.S., 1855, p. 266.
85 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 8, p. 4.
86 Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, p. 231.
88 Cf. Andrae, Mitteilungen, No. 27, pp. 29-32.
89 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 29.
90 Cf. Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. XVI.
91 Hilprecht, Explorations, pp. 474, 475.
93 Cf. above, p. 33.
94 For a rough sketch, cf. Rawlinson, The Five Great Monarchies, II, 79.
95 Cf. p. 45.
96 Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, pp. 151-62.
97 Cf. E. J. Banks, Scientific American, Aug. 19, 1905, p. 137; American Journal of Semitic Languages, XXI, p. 59.
98 Comptes rendus, 1907, p. 399.
99 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 29.
100 Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 24, Fig. 2.
101 Revue Archéologique, 1894, I, 108.
102 Cf. Heuzey, in Mon. Mem. Acad. Insc. Fondation Piot, XII, pp. 19-28, and C. R. Acad. Inser., 1905, p. 75.
103 Cf. Mon. Piot., t. VII, Pl. 1, Fig. 1, and Louvre Cat., p. 324.
104 Cf. Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society, XV, p. 410.
105 Cf. Sayce, Archæology of the Cuneiform Inscriptions, p. 58.
106 Cf. Découvertes, Pl. 28, Figs. 1 and 2.
107 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 539.
108 Cf. Louvre Cat., No. 173; and Mon. Piot., t. VII, Pl. I, Fig. 1.
109 Cf. Harper, American Journal of Semitic Languages, XX, pp. 266, 267.
110 Cf. King, Sumer and Akkad, p. 26; and Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 156.
111 Layard, Discoveries, p. 357.
112 Cf. Boscawen, Transactions of the Society of Biblical Archæology, 1876, p. 347.
113 Layard, Discoveries, p. 177.
114 Cf. the Taylor Cylinder of Sennacherib.
115 For an admirable reproduction of the best half of the Balâwât Gates, a good introduction, and translation of text, cf. Birch and Pinches, The Bronze Ornaments of the Palace Gates of Balâwât. Cf. also Delitzsch, Beiträge zur Assyriologie.
116 For translation, cf. Ungnad, Or. Lit., IX (1906), 534-8.
117 Cf. Delitzsch, Records of the Past, 1903, pp. 323 ff.
118 Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 129.
119 Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, p. 14.
120 Cf. Harper, Assyrian and Babylonian Literature, pp. 54, 99.
121 Cf. Perrot and Chipiez, p. 277.
122 Layard, Nineveh I, p. 64; II, pp. 306, 307.
123 Layard, Nineveh, II, p. 15.
124 Ibid., I, p. 130.
125 Cf. Delitzsch, Mitteilungen, No. 6, pp. 13-17; and Diodorus II, 8.
126 Cf. Koldewey, Mitteilungen, No. 3, pp. 5, 10, 11.
127 Layard, Monuments, Series II, Pl. 55, 6; and Layard, Discoveries, p. 167.
128 Discoveries, p. 166.
129 A considerable number of the seal-impressions here reproduced are taken from Dr. W. Hayes Ward’s monumental work on cylinder-seals in Western Asia, by the author’s generous permission.
130 Scarabs, p. 5.
131 Ward, The Seal-Cylinders of Western Asia, p. 1.
132 Cf. Ward, Seal-Cylinders, p. 69.
133 Cf. Seal-Cylinders, p. 48, Fig. 127.
134 Cf. Ward, p. 128.
135 Cf. Mitteilung., No. 9, p. 6.
136 Cf. Menant, Pierres Gravées, II, p. 132; Ward, p. 193.
137 Cf. Ward, p. 197.
138 Cf. Heuzey, Cat., pp. 387 ff.
139 For the early history of inlaid jewellery cf. Dalton, Archæologia, LVIII, pp. 237-74.
140 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 44, p. 24.
142 Jastrow, Religion of Babylonia and Assyria, p. 208.
143 Cf. Heuzey, Catalogue des Figurines de terre cuite du Musée du Louvre, Pl. I, Fig. 2.
144 For the other two, cf. Ibidem, Pl. I, Figs. 1 and 3.
145 Cf. Heuzey, Les Figurines Antiques de terre cuite, Pl. II, Fig. 3.
146 Cf. Koldewey, Mitteilungen, No. 5, pp. 19, 20.
147 Cf. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 35 ff.
148 Cf. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 37.
149 Cf. Hilprecht, Babylonian Expedition, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. XX.
150 Cf. Découvertes, Description, p. 118; Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 170.
151 Cf. p. 243.
152 Cf. Layard, Discoveries, p. 197.
153 Cf. Hilprecht, Explorations, p. 407.
154 Hilprecht, The Babylonian Expedition of the University of Pennsylvania, Series A, Vol. I, part ii, Pl. 27.
155 Cf. E. J. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 139.
156 Ibidem, p. 140.
157 Cf. E. J. Banks, American Journal of Semitic Languages, Vol. 22, p. 140.
158 Cf. Comptes Rendus, Académie des Inscriptions et des Belles Lettres 1904, p. 115.
159 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 40, p. 8.
160 Cf. Ibid., No. 26, p. 19.
161 Cf. Heuzey, Catalogue des Antiquités Chaldéennes, p. 249.
162 Prince, Journal of the American Oriental Society, XXVI, p. 93.
163 Cf. American Journal of Semitic Languages, April, 1905, p. 173.
164 Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, Fig. 139 c.
165 Cf. Heuzey, Comptes Rendus, 1908, pp. 415-22.
166 Cf. Comptes Rendus, p. 418, Fig. C.
167 Cf. Sayce, Archæology of Cuneiform Inscriptions, pp. 65, 66.
168 Cf. Botta, II, Pl. 155.
169 An interesting bead of black marble, measuring 1-1/2 × 5/8 inches was discovered at Ashur; it bears an inscription of Shalmaneser, the purport of which is that that king brought the bead from a temple in Syria.
170 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 7, p. 18.
171 Cf. Botta, Monument, II, Pls. 90, 93.
172 Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, II, p. 49.
173 Cf. Rawlinson, Five Monarchies, II, p. 43.
174 Cf. p. 17.
175 Cf. p. 10.
176 Cf. Johns, An Assyrian Doomsday Book, p. 19.
177 Cf. Erman, Life in Ancient Egypt, p. 426; and Wilkinson, I, p. 281.
178 Cf. Genouillac, p. xlix.
179 Cf. p. 346.
180 Cf. Genouillac, p. lii.
181 This work comprises an autographed text, transliteration, translation, glossary, index of subjects, list of proper names, signs and numerals, together with a map, frontispiece, and photograph of text.
182 Cf. Jastrow, Religion, pp. 116 ff.
183 Cf. Johns, Doomsday Book, p. 26.
184 Ibid., p. 20.
185 Cf. Jastrow, pp. 191 ff.
186 Jastrow, Religion, p. 226.
187 Ibid., p. 83.
188 Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, pp. 391, 392.
189 Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, pp. 391 ff.
190 Cf. Ward, Cylinder-Seals, p. 398.
191 Ibid., p. 407.
192 Cf. Mitteilungen, No. 21, p. 49.
INDEX
- Abêshu’, k. of Babylon, 33
- Abû Adham, 163
-
Abû Habba, 3, 60, 68;
- cf. also Sippar
- Abû Hatab, 77
- Abû Shahrein, 121, 134, 156, 157, 163, 242, 263
- Acacia, 12
- Accounts, lists of, 109
- Achaemenian inscriptions, 86
- Adab. Cf. Bismâya
- Adad. 263, 388, 391, 397
- Adad-nirari I, 78, 81, 254
- Adad-nirari II, 81
- Adad-nirari III, 43, 81, 233, 268
- Adar, 232, 323
- Agade, 7, 29
- Agate, 76, 287, 340
- Agents, 381
- Agglutinative languages, 105
- Agriculture, 13, 14, 367, 368, 377, 389
- Ahab, 36, 316
- Ahaz, k. of Judah, 36, 111
- Akkad. Cf. Agade
- Alabaster, 14, 75, 76, 83, 146, 225, 226, 326
- Alashiya, 109
- Alcohol, 370
- Alexander the Great, 3, 39
- Altaku, battle of, 37
- Altars, 135, 141, 184, 206, 301
- Amen, 365
- Amenḥetep III, 21, 108
- Amenḥetep IV, 108; cf. Khuenaten
- Amethyst, 287, 340
- Amphora, 298
- Amran, 71, 72
- Amulets, 116, 321
- Amurru, land of, 130
- Andrae, excavations and discoveries by, 69, 77, 140, 142, 149-51, 176, 254, 355 et passim
- Animals, 14-24, 244, 270, 271
- “Ankh” sign, 314
- Antelope, 16, 19, 184, 291
- Antiochus Soter, 59
-
Anu, the god, 102, 388, 391;
- Temple of, 397
- Anu-Adad Temple, 141-4, 323
- Apil-Sin, 110
- Appeal, Court of, 384
- Arabia, 114
- Arad-Sin, 32
- Arakhtu canal, 74
- Aralu, 400
- Aramaic brick-inscriptions, 70
- Archers, 195, 261, 350-6
- Arches and arched structures, 156, 168-80, 210
- Architecture, 119-80
- Armenia, 10
-
Arrow, copper heads, 242;
- emblem, 398
- Artaxerxes I, 66
- Ashdod, 53, 112, 113
- Ashur, 141-4, 178, 180, 200, 229, 232, 254, 261, 263, 335
- Ashur, the god, 25, 79, 146, 306, 307, 391, 392, 397
- Ashur-bani-pal, 2, 38, 39, 56, 64, 71, 73, 114, 150, 218-22, 268
- Ashur-bêl-kala, 35, 48, 229
- Ashur-etil-ilâni, 43
- Ashur-naṣir-pal, 20, 24, 35, 48, 78, 80, 81, 140, 141, 145, 199, 201, 202, 205, 230, 239, 240
- Ashur-rêsh-ishi, 81, 142
- Askelon, 37
- Ass, 14, 18, 220, 366
- Assyrian army, 350;
- Astrolabæ, 116
- Astrology, 104, 109
- Aten, disc of, 306
- Axe, 254, 340
- Babil, 59
-
Babylon, 29, 59, 69, 114, 116, 241, 268 et passim;
- cf. also Ḳàsr
- Babylonia, 3, 4, 10, 156, 181, 222, 375, 386
- Balâwât, 15, 55, 258
- Bandlets, 216
- Bank, artificial, 208
- Banks, E. J., excavations and discoveries by, 6, 82, 172, 223, 326, 333, 334
- Barbaro, Josafat, 85
- Barbel, 27
- Barley, 11
- Barton, G. A., 96, 98
- Basalt, 14, 81, 167, 198, 232, 240, 326
- Baskets, 190
- Basket-carriers, 247
- Bas-reliefs, 181-200, 201-22, 271, 272, 273, 274
- Battering-rams, 203, 208, 261, 359 f.
- Battle-axes, 188, 193
- Bau, the goddess, 326, 365, 367, 373, 397
- Baumgarten, 74
- Bavian relief of Sennacherib, 81, 397
- Bazu, land of, 23
- Beans, 370
- Bearded and beardless Assyrians, 239
- Beef, 366
- Beer, 383
- Behistun inscription, 90
- Bêl, 17, 71, 391, 397
- Bêlit, 71, 393
- Bells, bronze, 255
- Bel-Merodach, 305
- Belshazzar, 39, 51
- Belus, temple of, 138
- Berosus, 150
- Bey, Bedri, excavations by, 68
- Bilingual tablets, 104
- Bingani-shar-ali, 294
- Bint-el-Amir, 64
- Birch, 261
- Birds, in Mesopotamian art, etc., 24, 115, 184, 367
-
Birs-Nimrûd, 18, 29, 51;
- cf. also Borsippa
- Bismâya, 6, 82, 83, 121, 123, 159, 223, 251, 326, 327, 333
- Bisons, 2, 3, 23, 292
- Bitumen, 124 f., 226, 243, etc.
- Black Obelisk, 15, 267; 93
- Blow-pipe, 331
- Boars, 19, 24
- Boats, 14, 259, 334, 361 f.
- Bone, implements of, 74, 178
- Boomerang, weapons shaped like, 183, 188, 298, 340, 341 ff.
- Booth, A. J., 94
- Borsippa, 29, 59; cf. Birs-Nimrûd
- Boscawen, 254
- Botta, discoveries and excavations by, 41, 279, 321, 335, 345 etc.
- Boundary-stones, 16, 101, 111, 395
- Bows and arrows, 193, 203, 204, 205, 208, 216, 219, 341
- Bracelets, 202, 212, 230, 233, 261, 268, 347, 348
- Branding, 385
- Bread, 11, 370
- Breccia, 70, 71
- Bricks, 120-3
- Bridge of boats, 259
- Bronze, 13, 54, 55, 103, 150, 242, 251, 252, 253, 254, 255, 256, 261, 262, 267
- Budge, E. A. Wallis, excavations by, 68
- Buffalo, 2, 3, 23, 45, 293
- Bull, 15, 17, 24, 213, 214, 236, 237-9, 257, 272, 275, 276, 280, 289, 298, 305, 310, 398
- Burials, 62, 69, 74, 75, 77, 80, 176-8, 190, 365
- Burnouf, Emile, 90
- Bur-Sin, 77, 104, 253, 301, 324
- Business-contracts, 371
- Bustard, 26
- Cabbage, 390
-
Calah, 35;
- cf. also Nimrûd
- Calf, 192, 398
- Camels, 15, 390
- Camp-stools, 291, 297
- Capital offences, 384
- Capsules, 158, 323
- Carchemish, 39
- Carnelian, 287
- Carpenters, 227, 366
- Carts, 214
- Case-tablets, 106
- Cavalry, Assyrian, 281, 353 f.
- Caylus, Count, 86
- Cedar-wood, 2, 73, 130, 131, 150, 161, 258
- Chalcedony, cylinder-seals of, 287
- Champollion, 89
- Chardin, 85
- Chariots, 15, 188, 203, 204, 219, 220, 259, 281, 295, 304, 354 f.
- Chickens, as offerings, 367
- Chinese art and language, 10
- Chosroes, 41
- Cilicia, 38
- Clark, C. H., 63
- Clay, 75, 77, 95, 103-18, 252, 273, 274 ff., 324
- Clay, A. T., discoveries by, 65, 303, 331
- Clay, E. W., 63
- Cloth, coverings of clay urns, 334
- Club, emblem, 398
- Cock, 26
- Coffins, 49
- Colour boxes, 77
- Colours, 270, 283
- Columns, 160-8, 396, 397
- Combs, 349
- Commagene, 34
- Commercial tablets, 110
- Cones, 111, 112, 123, 148, 202, 249
- Copper, 75, 77, 180, 242-7, 249, 252, 286
- Coral, 340
- Coriander, 390
- Corundum, 287
- Cosmologies, Babylonian, Egyptian, Hebrew, 4
- Cotton, 347
- Couch, royal, 221
- “Country of the Sea,” 33, 34
- Cow, 366
- Crane, 26
- Creation legends, 53
- Cremation, 62
- Crenelated walls, 152, 203, 211, 227, 261
- Crescent, 296, 302, 305, 306, 308, 395
- Crews for transport-barges, 107
- Cros, Gaston, excavations and discoveries by, 84, 235, 334, 344
- Crown-lands, 391
- “Crux ansata,” 314
- Crystal, 287
- Ctesias, 141
- Cucumbers, 370
- Cuneiform inscriptions and literature, 85-116, 203
- Cups, 184, 205, 221, 326, 327
- Cutha, 29
- Cyaxares, 39
- Cylinder-seals, 284-308
- Cypress, 2, 73
- Cyprus, 294
- Cyrus, 39, 74
- Dabigu, 260
- Daggers, 202, 219, 281, 298, 311
- Dagan, 307, 319, 320
- Damascus, 114
- Darius II, 66
- Date, 12, 13, 370
- Dating, Babylonian method of, 110
- Dead, future state and offerings for, 374, 399 f.
- De Bruin, 85
- Deer, 3, 24, 220, 265
- Deification of kings, 375
- Deities on seals, 291 f.
-
Deity seated, 198;
- cf. also Gods
- De la Becke, Sir H., 283
- Delitzsch, Friedrich, 61, 71, 74, 261, 264, 273
- Deluge story, 53
- Demons, 140, 262, 321
- De Morgan, J., 226
- Dêr, 68
- De Sacy, 86
- De Sarzec, excavations and discoveries by, 13, 56-8, 161, 171, 187, 195, 227, 234, 243, 244, 248, 253, 329
- De Saulcy, 93
- Diarbekr, 195, 200
- Diodorus, 59, 90, 127, 273
- Diorite, 14, 81, 146, 227, 228, 229
- Disc, of sun, 206
- Disc, winged, 395
- Distraint, 382
- Divorce, 365
- Dogs, 14, 18, 19, 220, 235, 297, 398
- Dolerite, 14, 57, 69, 91, 241
- Domes, 155
- Dove, 26, 323, 398
- Dowries, 376
- Dragons, 275, 295, 305, 336
- Drains, 158-60
- Dress, 181, 198, 216, 221, 223, 226, 230, 232, 233, 281, 337-56
- Ducks, 367
- Duck weights, 26
- Dudu, 192, 266, 289
- Dungi, 6, 32, 50, 82, 101, 110, 247, 298, 301
-
Dûr Sharrukîn, 41, 279;
- cf. also Khorsabad
- “Dûru,” the, 81
- Ea, the god, 27, 73, 299, 388, 391, 392, 396, 397
- Ea-bani, 2, 292, 293, 330, 403
- Eagle, 24, 25, 280, 291, 306, 310, 398
- Eagle, Etana and, 297
- Eannatum, 27, 57, 187, 188, 326
- Earrings, 252, 264, 347, 348
- East India House Inscription, 140, 150
- Ebony, 349
- Eggs, stone, 340
- Egypt, 3, 4, 38, 256, 258, 268, 269, 286, 312, 313
- Egyptian hieroglyphics, 5, 331
- “Ekimmu,” 403
- Ekron, 37
- Ekua, 73
- E-kur, 399
- Elamites, 2, 31, 32, 37, 38, 114, 199, 247
- El-Hibba, 61, 148
- En-lil, the god, 17, 62, 133-6, 325, 326, 373
- Enlitarzi, 373
- Entemena, 12, 30, 137, 191, 265, 326
- Enubi-Marduk, 108
- Envelopes, 105, 106
- E-pa, 133, 136
- Eponyms, 114
-
Erech, 9, 29, 30;
- cf. also Warka
-
Eridu, 27, 29;
- cf. also Abû Shahrein
- Erman, 369
- E-sagila, temple of Marduk, 71-3, 115, 199
- Esar, k. of Adab, 223
- Esarhaddon, 13, 23, 38, 43, 73, 78, 114
- Eschatology, 399-405
- Esneh, 4
- Etana, 297
- E-temen-an-ki, 73, 138
- Eulmash-shakin-shûm, 205
- Euphrates, 10, 11
- Euting, Prof., 122
- Exchange, mediums of, 367
- Eyes, 181, 191, 202, 308
- E-zida, 51, 59, 115
- Face-masks, 264
- Fâra, 74, 121, 157, 172, 242, 250
- Feathers, 181, 403
- Feudalism, 390, 391
- Field, Mr., 63
- Figs, 13, 217, 370
- Fish, 26, 27, 115, 281, 334, 370
- Fisher, C. S., 10, 63, 136
-
Fish-god, 307, 319;
- cf. also Dagon
- Fishing-hooks, 76
- Flandin, 272
- Flint, 75, 242, 287
- Flowers, 13, 277, 278, 301
- Fly-flaps, 205, 216, 221
- Foot-wear, 202, 271, 280, 349
- Fortress, assault of, 210
- Foundation-cylinders, 50, 51
- Fox, 20
- Frazier, W. W., 63
- Freestone, blue, 326
- Fresnel, expedition of, 47, 273, 328
- Frog, 20
- Fruits, 370
- Funerals, 374
- Furniture-makers, 366
- “Future Life,” 76, 399 f.
- Gardeners, 366
- Garlic, 390
- Garnet, 267
- Gates, double-leaved, 210
-
Gates, on seals, 297;
- cf. also Balâwât
- Gate-sockets, 57, 65, 83, 102, 259, 267
- Gatumdug, the goddess, 228, 235, 373
- Gaza, 37
- Gazelle, 16, 19, 184, 256, 257
- Geere, H. V., 63
- Genouillac, 364, 370
- Gezer, 254
- Gilgamesh, 3, 53, 191, 289, 292, 293, 311, 330, 338, 372, 393, 403
- Gimil-Sin, 302
- Gishgibilgemesh, 372
- Glass, 42, 76, 180, 286, 331
- Goats, 14, 17, 18, 184, 250, 265, 290, 297, 366
- Goddess, nude, 295, 321 f.
- Gods, 102, 104, 111, 197, 318, 321, 324, 372-5, 386-9, 391-5
- Gold, 6, 72, 73, 74, 79, 83, 139, 150, 263, 264, 286, 323
- Goose, 367, 398
- Grammatical tablets, 104
- Granite, 59, 83
- Griffins, 256, 257
- Grotefend, G. Friedrich, 87
- Gudea, 6, 13, 22, 31, 57, 61, 62, 84, 133, 136, 149, 227, 228, 235, 243, 298, 299, 318, 329
- Guilds, trade, 376
- Gula, the goddess, 397, 398
- Gum, 370
- Gungunu, 32
- Hadadnadinakhe, 149
- Hades, 400
- Hair, arrangement of, 183, 188, 190, 216, 224, 225, 226, 230, 233, 244, 338
- Halévy, Joseph, 105
- Halicarnassus, 331
- Handles, lateral, 243
- Hanging gardens, 127
- Hannon, 37
- Hare, 20
- Harper, R. F., excavations and discoveries by, 63, 82, 94, 97, 123, 131, 142, 264, 267, 377
- Harrison, Provost, 63
- Hatchets, 75, 76, 242, 296
- Hawaiians, war-gods of, 263
- Haynes, excavations and discoveries by, 125, 133, 135, 157, 171, 334
- Head-dresses, 198, 202, 203, 206, 216, 228, 233, 249, 271, 321, 338, 339, 345, 356, 396
- Hebrews, 404 f.
- Heifers, 266
- Helmets, 187, 188, 193, 195, 212, 281, 350 f.
- Henna, 327
- Hereditary principle, 390
- Herodotus, 10, 13, 127, 131, 138, 157, 284
- Heroes, 289, 290
- Heuzey, Léon, discoveries, etc., by, 25, 169, 184, 186, 187, 191, 192, 251, 246, 310, 321
- Hezekiah, k. of Judah, 37, 38, 208
- Hillah, 285, 322
- Hilprecht, H. V., excavations and discoveries by, 16, 57, 59, 60, 63, 66, 117, 136, 148, 169, 184, 252, 328, etc.
- Hincks, 91, 92
- Hindiyah Canal, 11, 12
- Historical documents, 104, 110, 111
- Hit, 124
- Hittites, 33, 35, 69
- Holtzman, 91
- Hommel, F., 98, 139
- Honey, 11
- Honeysuckle, paintings of, 282
- Horns, symbolic (?), 211
- Horse, 14, 15, 16, 28, 281, 397
- Hoshea, k. of Israel, 36
- House-building, 383
- Houses, 156-8
- Hunting-scenes, 204-5, 218-21
- Huts, 169
- Hyenas, 24
- Hyksos kings, 16
- Hymns, 104
- Hyssop, 390
- Ibex, 3, 19, 257, 290, 308
- Ibi-Sin, 302
- Igigi, 397
- Ili-Ippalzam, 108
- Ilu-Ittia, 114
- Iluma-ilu, 33
- Imgur-Bêl, 139
- Imgur-Marduk, 67
- Impalement, 208
- Implements, 252
- Inlay work, 236, 249, 250, 251, 254
- Inundation, 4
- Irak, 344
- Irishum, 3, 79
- Iron, 255, 268, 269, 286
- Irrigation, 368, 390
- Ishme-Dagan, 143
- Ishme-Dagan, k. of Isin, 321
- Ishtar, the goddess, 70, 306, 388, 391, 393, 395, 396, 397
- Ishtar’s Gate, 271, 274, 275
- Isin, dynasty of, 32
- Israel, 36
- Ivory, 13, 83, 223, 254, 312
- Ivy, 14
- Jackals, 24
- Jackson, Sir John (Ltd.), 11
- Jade, 287
- Jasper, 287
- Jastrow, Morris, 65, 321, 388, 392, 393
- Jehoiakim, 39
- Jehu, 15
- Jerusalem, 37, 39
- Jewellery, 76, 252, 261, 267, 323, 340, 346, 348
- Job, 404
- Johns, C., 369, 377, 389
- Jonah, 14
- Josephus, 151
- Judah, 36, 38, 39, 112
-
Ḳalat Sherḳat, 48, 59, 69, 77, 78, 94, 158, etc.;
- cf. Ashur
- Kallima-Sin, 16
- Kampfer, 85
- “Kanephores,” 246
- “Karduniash,” 34
- Karûn, river, 22
- Ḳasr, 149-51; cf. Babylon
- Kassites, 33, 303, 335
- “Kaunakes” garments, 310
- Khabour, 129
- Khammurabi, 32, 50, 107, 108, 110, 141, 198, 376
- Khipa, 116
- Khorsabad, 41, 131, 160, 174, 239, 272
- Khuenaten, 306
- Khukhnuri, land of, 110
- “Ki-gallu,” 402
- King, L. W., excavations and discoveries by, 84, 252, 311, 408
- Kinneir, 90
- Kish, 5, 29, 30, 310
- Knife, 75, 242, 311, 398
- Kohl, 327
- Koldewey, R., excavations and discoveries by, 61, 68 f, 125, 127, 130, 144, 146, 149-51, 164, 276, 322, 335, 349
- Kouyunjik collection, 104
- Kudur-Mabuk, 32, 112, 247, 248
- “Kudurrus,” 396; cf. Boundary-stones
- Kurdistan, 16
- Kurigalzu, 303
- Labour, 377
- Lachish, 38, 215-17
- Lacouperie, 10
-
Lagash, 6, 9, 29, 191, 192, 265, 289, 290;
- cf. also Tellô
- Lamassi, 238
- Lamps, 177, 334, 398
- Lance, 243
- Landlord and tenant, 108, 377 f.
- Lapis lazuli, 76, 102, 225, 250, 288, 315, 340
- Larsa, 17, 29, 30; temples, 139
- Lassen, 90
- Layard, Sir Henry, excavations and discoveries by, 18, 22, 23, 42-7, 54, 129, 140, 166, 167, 175, 253, 255, 262, 271, 280, 335
- Laws, 198, 384, 398
- Lead, 253, 255, 267, 268
- Leases, 398
- Lebanon, 130
- Leek, 390
- Legal contracts, 105, 106 ff.
- Leopard, 24, 257, 292
- Letters, 107, 108
- Lettuce, 390
- Lever, 214
- Lexicography, 104
- Libations, 205
- Libyan languages, 5
- Limestone, 14, 70, 145, 153, 182, 183, 224, 230, 287, 326, 327
- Linen, 346
- Lions, 20, 21, 22, 24, 185, 218, 219, 234-43, 251, 255, 257, 265, 270, 275-6, 280-9, 290-1, 293, 309, 324, 330
- Liver, omens derived from, 116
- Locusts, 26
- Loftus, W. K., excavations and discoveries by, 49, 51, 123, 156, 158, 163, 331
- Longperier, 94
- Lotus-plants, 13, 312
- Löwenstern, 94
- Lu-enna, 267
- Lugal-anda, 288
- Lugal-banda, 111
- Lugal-Kigub-nidudu, 30, 102
- Lugal-Kisali, 30
- Lugal-shar-engur, 29
- Lugal-Tarsi, 102
- Lugal-zaggisi, 30, 326
- Lydia, 39
- Lynxes, 24
- Maat, 314
- Macalister, 254
- Maces, 191, 200, 230, 287
- Magan, 328, 335
- Magic, 104, 109, 374
- Mail, coats of, 350 f.
- Manasseh, 38
- Man-fish, 398
- Manishtusu, 31, 226, 371
- Marble, 42, 55, 83, 223, 287, 326, 328, 347
- Marduk, 33, 48, 71, 73, 199, 273, 306, 386, 391, 392, 397
- Marriage, 364, 376, 389
- Maspero, 269, 408
- Mathematics, 104
- Measures, 372
- Mechanics, 214, 215
- Medes, 39
- Medicine, 104, 109
- Meissner, 69, 390
- Memphis, 38
- Mesilim, k. of Kish, 29, 30, 185, 310
- Mesniu, the, 4
- Messerschmidt, 62
- Metals, Babylonian work, 242-53;
- Meyer, M. L., excavations by, 61, 69
- Military arrangements, 188, 195
- Milk, 366, 370, 390
- Millet, 11, 13
- Mitani, 109
- Mohammerah, 3, 22
- Mohl, 41
- Money-lenders, 379, 388
- Monkey, 20, 282
- Monotheism, 372, 386
- Moritz, B., 61
- Mortar, 124-6
- Mortgage, 108
- Moschians, 34
- Mother of emerald, 287
- Mother-of-pearl, 83, 249, 250, 309, 311, 340
- Moulds, 252
- Mounds, 6
- Mountain-sheep, 20
- Muḳeyyer, 50, 120, 156, 159, 242
- Mule, 17
- Münter, 86, 87
- Murashû Tablets, 66
- “Mushlala,” 78
- Musical instruments, 197, 204, 205, 221, 222
- Mutilation, 385
- Mutton, 366
- Mythology, 104
- Nabonassar, 110
- Nabonidus, 5, 6, 50, 60
- Nabopolassar, 34, 39, 73, 112, 150, 207
- Nabû. Cf. Nebo
- Nabû-aplu-iddina, 118, 205, 207
- Nails, 243-4, 245, 253, 258
- Nairi, 35
- Names, divinely-compounded, 374
- Nanâ, 391
- Napir-asu, 262
- Narâm-Sin, 5, 7, 8, 30, 31, 57, 64, 67, 83, 84, 117, 135, 193-4-5, 293, 328
- Nash, W. L., 331
- Nebi Yûnus, 14, 56
- Nebo, 48, 51, 77, 78, 84, 139, 232
- Nebuchadnezzar I, 16, 397
- Nebuchadnezzar II, 39, 50, 51, 73, 115, 138, 140, 149, 150, 243, 331
- Necho, 39
- Necklaces, 197, 264
- Neo-Babylonian Empire, 304
- Nergal, 73, 391
- Neriglissar, 74
- Nets, 310
- Newberry, 284
- Newton, 331
- Niebuhr, Carsten, 86
- Nile, 4
- Nîmit-Marduk, 67
- Nimitti-Bêl, 139
- Nimrûd, 13, 42, 55, 56, 140, 175, 232, 235, 239, 268, 280, 281, 307, 312, 313, 319
- Ninâ, 13
- Nineveh, 14, 34, 84, 239, 335
- Ningal, 197
- Nin-girsu, 29, 133, 183, 186, 191, 266, 299, 372
- Nin-gish-zi-da, 22, 299, 329, 372
- Ninkharsag, 227, 398
- Ninib (Adar), 42, 388, 397
- Nin-lil, 325
- Nin-makh, 71, 136, 137, 278, 322
- Ninsun, 111
- Ninus, 273
- Nippur, 6, 29, 99, 30, 62-8, 116, 121, 132-6, 161-3, 184, 304, 322, 333
- Norris, Edwin, 91
- Nusku, 398
- Oaks, 13
-
Oannes, 27;
- cf. Ea.
- Oars, 363
- Obsidian, 75, 287
- Olive, 11, 13
- Oliver, 90
-
Omens, 104;
- Cf. Pigs, Dogs, etc.
- Onions, 370, 390
- Onyx, 83, 287, 326
- Opis, 29
- Oppert, 47, 94, 273, 328
- Oryx, 3, 20
- Ostrich, 25, 307
- Ovid, 141
- Oxen, 14, 16, 253, 273, 366
- Ox-hoof, 115, 254
- Oyster shells, 309
- Padî, k. of Ekron, 113
- Painting, 270-83
-
Palaces, Assyrian, 151-6;
- Babylonian, 148-51
- Palm-trees, 129, 158, 221
- Panther, 273
- Partnerships, 382
- Pehlevi, language and inscriptions, 16, 86, 87
- Pepper, Wm., 63
- Percy, Dr., 283
- Perfumery, 366
- Perrot and Chipiez, 140, 238, 271, 408, etc.
- Persepolis, 86, 87, ff.
- Persian cuneiform, 86, 87, ff.
- Persians, 39
- Peters, J. P., excavations and discoveries by, 63, 161, 162, 334, etc.
- Petrie, W. Flinders, 269, 332
- Phœnician characters, 21, 255, 312
- Picture-writing, 96-100
- Pigs, 14, 20
- Pinches, T., 139, 140, 261
- Pir-Hussein, 339
- Place, Victor, excavations and discoveries by, 41, 42, 153, 160, 173, 279
- Planetary colours, 138
- “Plano-convex” bricks, 120
- Plans, 116
- Plants, 115
- Pliny, 59
- Plough, 16, 184, 280, 303, 304
- Polyandry, 364
- Polygamy, 364, 365
- Polytheism, 372
- Pomegranates, 12, 370
- Poplar, 12, 129
- Porcupines, 20, 24
- Pork, 19
- Porphyry, 326
- Porter, 90
- Potter’s wheel, 334
- Pottery, 84, 282, 333-6
- Prayers, 104
- Prestwich, 10
- Priests, 373, 388
- Prisms, 112, 113
- Pul. Cf. Tiglath-Pileser III
- Pyramids, 141
- Quartz, 287
- Quivers, 188, 195, 358
- Rabbit, 20
- Radau, 187, 408
- Radishes, 370, 390
- Rafts, 363
- Ram, 178, 396, 397
- Raphia, battle of, 37
- Rassam, H. H., excavations and discoveries by, 46-9, 54-6, 59, 61, 258
- Raven, 26
- Rawlinson, G., 200, 222, 352, 353
- Rawlinson, Sir H., discoveries by, 18, 51, 90 f., 324
- Reeds, 13, 14
- Religion (early), 372-5;
- Rent, 378
- Repoussé-work, 258, 259 ff.
- Rezin, k. of Damascus, 36
- Rich, C. J., discoveries by, 40, 59
- Rim-Sin, 32, 101, 247, 248
- Ring and staff, 103, 198, 206
- Riparian obligations, 379
- Rivets, 252
- Rogers, R. W., 94, 408
- Roofs, Assyrian, 153, 154
- Ropes, 206, 214, 281
- Rosettes, 14, 78, 202, 233, 260, 274, 279, 315, 357
- Sacrifices, 244, 373
- Saddles, 353
- Sagittarius, 398
- Sammuramat, 233
- Samsu-iluna, 50, 68, 108, 110
- Sandals. Cf. Foot-wear
- Sandstone, 69, 70, 163, 325, 327
- Sanskrit, 90
- Sarcophagi, 74, 75, 180
- Sargon, 37, 53, 79, 112, 144, 151-4, 209, 212, 330
- Saws, 75, 242
- Sayce, A. H., 89, 94, 407, 408 et passim
- Sceptre, 197, 230
- Scheil, Père, 68, 364
- Scimitar, 254
- Schist, 287
- Schrader, 61
- Scorpion, 26
- Scorpion-man, 398
- Scourging, 385
- Scroll-design, 192, 315
-
Sculpture, bas-reliefs (Assyrian), 201-22
- (Babylonian), 181-200
- Sculpture, in the round, 222-41
- Seals, 285, 286, 324
- Semiramis, 233, 273
- Semites, 5, 30
- Senkereh, 49; cf. also Larsa
- Sennacherib, 37, 38, 46, 47, 56, 78, 113, 213-17, 330, 397
- Serpents, 22, 23, 273, 296, 299, 329, 398
- Sesame, 11
- “Shadûf,” 369
- Shagshag, 373
- Shalmaneser I, 35, 78
- Shalmaneser II, 15, 36, 55, 81, 143, 207, 232, 259, 268
- Shalmaneser IV, 36, 37
- Shamash, 1, 60, 139, 205, 296, 396-7
- Shamash-Killâni, 116
- Shamash-shum-ukîn, 38, 73, 110
- Shamshi-Adad, 79, 143, 167
- Share-profit system, 378
- Shar-Gâni-Sharri, 5, 7, 8, 23, 67, 102, 117, 293
- Sharru-Gi, 30, 31
- Shatt el-Hai Canal, 224
- Shatt en-Nîl Canal, 133
- Sheaf, 398
- Shêdi, 238
- Sheep, 14, 17, 18, 115, 297, 366
- Shell, 72, 75, 76, 236, 250, 287, 341
- Sheol, 401
- Shields, 208, 211, 281, 360
- Shipping, 381
- Shualu, 401 f.
- Shutruk-Nakhunte, 194
- Sidon, 114
- Silver, 72, 73, 76, 150, 251, 264, 265, 267, 286
- Simmash-shipak, 205
- Simon, L., 61
- Sin, the Moon-god, 50, 306, 388, 391, 395, 396, 397
- Sin-eribam, 106
- Sin-Gamil, 101
- Sin-gashid, k. of Erech, 111
- Sin-idinnam, k. of Larsa, 107, 111
- Sin-ikisham, 106
- Sin-muballit, 101
- Sin-shar-ishkun, 81, 144, 145 ff.
-
Sippar, 3, 29, 139;
- cf. also Abû Habba
- Ṣit-napishtim, 26, 404
- Skins, 203, 211, 363
- Slaves, 376
- Slings, 341
- Smith, George, excavations and discoveries by, 52-4, 128, 138
- Solomon, 316
- South-west wind, 262
- Spain, 334
- Sparrow and plough, 398
- Spasinus Chorax, 3
- Spearmen, Assyrian, 350-6
- Spears, 76, 193, 211, 219, 242
- Sphinxes, 312
- Squeezes, 90, 117
- Stag, 20
- Stage-tower. Cf. Ziggurat
- Stalagmite, 325, 326
- Standards, 193, 204, 244
- Star, 296, 302, 305, 395
- Statues, offerings to, 373
- Steatite, 197, 235, 252, 329
- Stone, uses of, 74, 75, 100, 101, 115, 126-9, 224, 245, 246, 325-31
- Stork, 26
- Storm-god, the. Cf. Adad
- Strabo, 127, 157, 158, 168
- Stucco, 278
- Stylus, 227
- Sumerians, 1, 2, 10, 29, 290, 291, 364, 372
- Sumu-abu, 32, 110
- Sumu-ilu, k. of Ur, 235
- Sumu-la-ilu, k. of Babylon, 110
-
Sun-god, 111;
- cf. also Shamash
- “Sun-Tablet,” 164, 205
- Surgeons, 385
- Surghul, 61, 157
- Susa, 1, 2, 32, 38, 193, 199, 226, 262, 331, 334
- Swallow, 26
- Swan, 26
- Swimming, 203
- Swords, 212, 254, 350 f.
- Syenite, 287
- Syllabaries, 109
- Symbolism, 395
- “Synchronous History,” 111
- Syria (northern), 35, 36
- Table, 307
- Tablets, 103, 105, 286
- Talbot, 94
- Tamarisk, 130, 370
- Tarsus, 38
- Taylor, J. E., excavations and discoveries by, 50, 51, 120, 123, 124, 133, 134, 156, 159, 163, 176, 200, 242, 263
- Tell el-Amarna letters, 108
- Tell el-Hesy. Cf. Lachish
- Tellô (Lagash), 13, 56-8, 61, 84, 161, 187, 195, 224, 234, 248, 301, 310
- Tell Sifr, 50
-
Temples, Assyrian, 140-8;
- Babylonian, 132-40
-
Temple-towers, 1;
- cf. also Ziggurats
- Terebinth, 13
- Terra-cotta, 321, 322, 324
- Te-Umman, k. of Elam, 114, 222
- Thebes, 38, 114
- Thistle, 14
- Thompson, R. C., excavations by, 84
- Thrones, 197, 216, 217, 235, 264
- Thunderbolt, 79, 395
- Thureau-Dangin, 364
- Tiâmat, 306
- Tibet, 18
- Tiglath-Pileser 1, 34, 35, 112, 142, 200, 267, 268
- Tiglath-Pileser II, 79
- Tiglath-Pileser III, 36, 43, 81, 111, 208, 268
- Tigris, 10
- Til-Garimum, 113
- Tin, 253, 255
- Tirhakah, k. of Egypt, 38, 114
- Toilet, 327, 347
- Tortoise, 20
- Trades, 366, 380
- Trees, 12, 280, 291, 306
- Trilingual inscriptions, 86
- Tubal, 113
- Tukulti-Ninib I, 21, 34, 72, 78, 79, 81, 179
- Tukulti-Ninib II, 35
- Tulips, 282
- Turbans, 228, 300, 302
- Turks, 12, 68
- Turnips, 390
- Turtle-doves, 367
- Tychsen, 86
- Tyre and Sidon, 363
- Umbrellas, 205
- Umma, 29, 30
- Ungnad, 19
- Untash-gal, k. of Elam, 262
-
Ur, 6, 29, 30, 31, 133;
- cf. also Muḳeyyer
- Ur-Bau, 149, 227, 249
- Ur-Engur, 6, 31, 32, 50, 64, 67, 82, 133 f., 299
- Ur-Ninâ, 9, 30, 120, 130, 149, 186, 235, 244, 310
- Urukagina, 13, 27, 30, 326, 374
- Urumush, 30, 31, 328
- Urzage, 325
- Ushpia, 78
- Utug, 325
- Valle, Pietro della, 85
- Vases, 226, 229, 302, 398
- Vegetables, 373
- Vestments, 206
- Vetches, 14
- Vines, 13, 112, 217, 218, 221
- Votive figures, 244
- Vultures, 24, 25, 57, 187, 188 ff., 204, 290
- Wages, 380
- Ward, W. Hayes, 2, 15, 16, 63, 284, 285, 287, 292, 295, 298, 304, 305, 341, 396-8
- Warka, excavations and discoveries at, 9, 49, 156, 163, 312
- Water-fowl, 334
- Weapons, 188, 202, 221, 252, 259, 340-4, 350-9
- Weavers, 365
- Westergaard, 91
- Wheat, 11
- Wilkinson, 369
- Windows, 160, 211
- “Window Inscription,” 85
- Wine. Cf. also Alcohol, 11
- Winged Being, 202, 286
- Winged Disc, 306
- Winged monsters, excavation and transport of, 43-5
- Witnesses, 384
- Wolves, 24
- Woman, 224, 225, 226, 229, 244, 245, 338, 340, 365, 366, 389
- Wood, 129-31
- Wood-carving, 236
- Wool, 337, 366 f., 390
- World, map of, Babylonian conception of, 116
- Wuswas façade, 157
- Xerxes, 86, 331
- Yôkha, 121
- Zabum, 72, 110
- Zamama, 398
- Zaquriu, 268
- Zarpanit, 73
- Zedekiah, 39
- Zend-Avesta, 86
- Ziggurats, 42, 142, 143, 148
- Zoroastrian faith, 86