An interval of peace, 166—The new emperor, 166—A
legacy of the Spaniards, 167—Cortés in extremis, 167—The
Aztec army, 168—Battle at Otumba, 170—The Spaniards
victorious, 170—Preparations for defence, 171—The Spaniards
in Tlaxcalla, 171—Ixtlilxochitl, 171—Cortés at
Texcuco, 172—A new army and a new fleet, 172—The
campaign against Mexico, 173—Suffering in the city, 174—Surrender,
174—The city destroyed, 175—Cortés at
Coyoacán, 175—Search for treasures, 175—The kings
tortured, 175—Military rule, 176—Subjugation of Michoacan,
176—Later conquests, 177—Death of the Aztec kings,
178—Later life of Cortés, 178; return to Spain, 178; death,
178; burial in Mexico, 179.
XVIII.
Doña Marina 180-183
Her position in the camp, 180—After the victory, 180—Life
at Coyoacán, 180—Arrival of Doña Catalina, 181;
her death, 182—Insurrection in Honduras, 182—Marriage
of Marina, 183; her later life and her death, 183—Cortés
visits Spain, 183—A second marriage, 183.
XIX.
Indians 184-190
The conquest complete, 184—The name Indian, 184—Origin
of the Nahuatl tribes, 185—Distinguished from the
North American Indian, 186—Military government, 188—The
Ayuntamiento, 188—The Audiencia, 188—Nuño de
Guzman, 189; his cruelty to the natives, 189—Guadalajara
founded, 189—A second Audiencia, 189—A viceroy appointed,
190—Extent of New Spain, 190.
XX.
The First of the Viceroys 191-202
Antonio de Mendoza, 191; his family and character, 191—Reforms
instituted, 191—Industries encouraged, 192—The
Franciscans, 192—Fray Pedro, 192—Foundation of schools
and colleges, 193—Guadalajara and Valladolid, 193—Michoacan
and its people, 194—The founding of a city,
195—Spanish families in Mexico, 196—Jews and Moors
banished, 196—Vasco de Quiroga, 197; his life in Tarasco,
197; his church at Tzintzuntzan, 198—A wonderful picture,
198—The cathedral at Morelia, 199—Cortés goes to Spain,
200—Popularity of the viceroy, 200—First Mexican book,
202—Departure of Mendoza, 202.
XXI.
Fray Martin de Valencia 203-213
Don Luis de Velasco, second viceroy, 203—New institutions
and industries, 203—Puebla de los Angeles, 204; the
tradition of its founding, 204; the situation, 206—The early
ecclesiastics, 207—The worship of the Virgin, 207—The
"twelve apostles of Mexico," 208—Fray Martin of
Valencia, 208; his life in Amecameca, 209; his death, 210—Relics
of Fray Martin, 211—An object of reverence, 212—Death
of Velasco, 212—A well-regulated government, 213.
XXII.
Other Viceroys 214-223
Events in Spain, 214—Philip II., 214—The character of the
viceroys, 215—The Inquisition, 216—The Quemadero, 216—Death
of Philip, 217—Inundations, 217—Martinez and his
canal, 218—Successors of Philip, 219—Wars of succession,
220—Revillagigedo, 220; anecdotes of his administration,
221.
XXIII.
Humboldt 224-232
A distinguished visitor, 224; he arrives in Mexico, 225—Remarks
on the carving, 225—Academy of fine arts, 226; its
later history, 227—The cathedral, 227—Humboldt at
Chapultepec, 228; The market, 228—Teotihuacan, 229—Mexican
mines, 229—Valenciana, 229—At Patzcuaro, 230—The
birth of a volcano, 231.
XXIV.
Revolutions 233-237
Charles III. of Spain, 233; his successor, 233—Branciforte
and the statue of Charles IV., 234—Napoleon invades
Spain, 235—A change of government, 235—Juntas, 235—The
Bourbons restored, 235—Iturrigaray and his administration,
236—Revolt in the air, 237—The policy of Spain,
237—Venegas, 237.
XXV.
Hidalgo 238-249
Birth and education, 238—Colegio de San Nicholas, 238—He
takes orders, 238; life at Dolores, 240; bold schemes,
240—Ignacio Allende, 241; An important step, 241—The
Grito de Dolores, 242—A new army, 242—Attack on
Guanajuato, 243—A brave boy, 243—The new viceroy,
243—Hidalgo excommunicated, 244—Valladolid taken,
245—Monte de la Cruces, 245—The insurgents defeated at
Aculco, 246—Hidalgo declared Generalissimo, 246—Battle
of Calderon, 247—Capture and death of the chiefs, 248—End
of the struggle for independence, 248.
XXVI.
Morelos 250-257
Birth and family, 250—Morelia, 251—Muleteer and student,
251—Morelos joins Hidalgo, 251—Siege of Cuautla, 252—Acapulco,
252—First Mexican Congress, 252—Declaration
of independence, 253—Attack on Valladolid, 253—Mishaps,
254—Morelos a prisoner, 254—Death of Morelos,
255; his character and aims, 255; his object achieved, 256.
XXVII.
Yturbide 258-271
The close of Calleja's administration, 258—The insurgents
dispersed, 258—Apodaca and Guerrero, 259—Affairs in
Spain, 259—Agustin de Yturbide, 260; early services,
260; meets Guerrero, 261—"Plan of Iguala," 261—The
"three guaranties," 261—Advance of the insurgents, 262—The
viceroy deposed, 262—A successful campaign, 263—O'Donojú,
263—Treaty of Cordova, 264—Yturbide enters
the capital, 264—The Regency, 264—The Mexican Empire
founded, 265—Work of the new government, 265—Second
Mexican Congress, 265—Yturbide proclaimed Emperor,
266—Signs of dissatisfaction, 267—Santa Anna, 267—The
Casa-Mata, 268—Yturbide banished, 268; his return to
Mexico, 270; his execution, 270; character of Yturbide, 271.
XXVIII.
Santa Anna 272-280
A confused story, 272—Santa Anna, 273; his connection
with Yturbide, 273—The Constitution, 273—"Guadalupe"
Victoria, 273—Expulsion of the Spanish, 274—A
presidential election, 274—Mutiny in the capital, 275—Colonization
of Texas, 276—Pedraza, 276—A Spanish invasion,
277—Santa Anna made Commander-in-Chief, 277—Bustamente,
278—Guerrero betrayed and shot, 278—Santa
Anna becomes President, 278—Farías, 279—Insurrection
in Texas, 279.
XXIX.
Still Santa Anna 281-289
Louis Philippe, 281—Reclamacion de los pasteles, 281—The
French repelled, 281—Santa Anna's home, 282—Bustamente
recalled, 282—Trouble again, 283—Mejia, 283—A
revolution described, 284—Bustamente resigns, 288—Santa
Anna triumphant, 288.
XXX.
Society 290-300
Madame Calderon's journal, 290—An ambassador from
Spain, 290—State of society, 291—The Paséo, 291—The
Viga, 292—Women in Mexico, 292—Good-Friday in
Mexico, 294—Robbers, 297—Guardias Rurales, 298—A
monarchy proposed, 299.
XXXI.
Rumors of War 301-310
Results of the Spanish rule, 301—Playing at independence,
301—The appeal to arms, 302—The country exhausted, 302—Misfortunes,
304—The United States, 304—Spread of its
territory, 304—Colonization of Texas, 305—Moses Austin,
304—Revolt against Mexico, 305—Houston and Santa
Anna, 305—Texas independent, 305—Annexed to the
United States, 306—Herrera, Farías, and Paredes, 307—The
Mexican army, 308.
XXXII.
War Begun 311-322
The beginning of hostilities, 311—Palo Alto and Resaca de
la Palma, 311—The war carried into Mexico, 312—Difficulty
of negotiation, 312—"Indemnity for the past," 313—California,
313—Policy of the United States, 313—Monterey
taken, 314—Fremont enters the capital, 316—Taylor's
campaign, 316—Siege of Monterey, 318—Ampudia's proclamation,
319,—Paredes and his "Plan," 319—Santa Anna
again, 320—Fall of Paredes, 321—Santa Anna at the capital,
321—A new army, 321.
XXXIII.
Puebla Lost 323-332
Scott before Vera Cruz, 323—Buena Vista, 323—Raising
money, 323—The religious orders and their influence, 324—Wealth
of the Church, 326—Ecclesiastical property seized,
327—Bombardment of Vera Cruz, 328—The city surrenders,
328—Cerro Gordo, 330—Santa Anna at Puebla, 330—Puebla
occupied by the Americans, 331—Guadalupe and its
surroundings, 331—Santa Anna as Dictator, 332—Patriotism
aroused, 332.
XXXIV.
Chapultepec Taken 333-341
The approach to the capital, 333—Churubusco, 333—Docile
Indians, 333—Another victory for the Americans, 334—Molino
de Rey, 334—Chapultepec taken, 336—Occupation
of the capital, 336—Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo, 338—Discovery
of gold, 338—Effects of the war, 339—Attempts
to capture Santa Anna, 340—Santa Anna retires to Jamaica,
341—Grant in the Mexican war, 341.
XXXV.
Benito Juarez 342-347
Peace restored, 342—Herrera and his administration, 342—Santa
Anna again Dictator, 344—An epoch of reform, 344—Clerigos
and liberales, 344—Benito Juarez, 344; his early
life, 345; governor and exile, 345; restored to office, 346—A
new Constitution, 346—Juarez becomes President, 346—Foreign
intervention, 347.
XXXVI.
French Intervention 348-356
A foreign squadron, 348—The pretext and the cause, 348—Spain
and England withdraw, 349—The policy of Napoleon
III., 349—A proposed empire, 349—Maximilian, 350;
dreams of "the right divine," 352—The French troops
advance on the capital, 353—Divisions in Mexico 353—The
Cinco de Mayo, 354—A bold attack, 355—Defence of
Puebla, 356.
XXXVII.
The Empire under Protection 357-364
The sovereigns arrive, 357—The imperialist party, 357—Reception
of Maximilian, 358—Relics of royalty, 359—Military
affairs, 360—The new government, 362—Chapultepec
restored, 363—Society at the capital, 363—Apparent
prosperity, 364.
XXXVIII.
The Unprotected Empire 365-372