Military Architecture in England During the Middle Ages

A

• Adulterine castles, 56, 57, 89
• Adulterinus, 56
• Agger, 11, 60
• Alatorium, 89
• Allure, 89
• Angle, dead, in fortification, 162
• Angles, reduction of, in fortification, 165
• Arbalast, 73;
• see Cross-bow
• Arx, 22, 32, 53, 65;
• arcem condere, etc., 38
• Attack, science and methods of, 66-79
• Aula, hall or manor-house, 197, 198
• Aula principalis, 56;
• see Hall

B

• Bailey, 40, 43, 44, 45, 46, 50, 51, 55, 56;
• see Castles, plan of
• Ballista, 16, 63, 67, 73, 74
• Ballium, 40
• Barbican, 215, 229, 230, 233-6, 239-41
• Barmkin, 189, 229, 312, 347
• Bartizan, 187, 235, 236
• Base-court, 40, 96
• Basse-cour, 40
• Bastille, 236
• Bastion, 289, 290
• Battering ram, see Ram
• Bayeux tapestry, 36, 38, 45, 46, A. Thompson; 36, 38, 44, 45, 46, 52, 66, 190, 192
• Belfry, 72, Viollet-le-Duc; 67, 70, 71, 78
• Berfredum, 67
• Berm, 5, 11, 60
• Bishop’s palaces, fortified, 301, 338, 341, 342
• Bore, 70, Viollet-le-Duc; 61, 64, 68
• Borough, 30
• Bourg, 26
• Bower, 192, 193
• Brattice, 79, 187
• Bretèche, 79, 187
• Brick-work in eastern counties, 355, 358
• —— tower of, at siege of Marseilles, 62
• Bridges, fortified, 297, 298;
• London bridge, 64;
• bridges at Paris, 63
• Burg, 25, 26
• Burgus or burgum, 30, 41
• Burh, 25;
• burhs in Saxon England, map of, 31, A. Thompson; 25-27, 28-33, 35, 38, 41, 42
• Byzantine military science, 59, 61, 67, 73

C

• Cabulus, 76
• Carfax, 22
• Castel, 35, 37, 42
• Castellum, 35, 55, 60, 66;
• castellum construere, etc., 38;
• castellis, vastata in, 42
• Castles, dwelling-houses in, 188-211
• —— in England, Norman, earthworks, 26, 30, 32, 33, 35-57;
• mount-and-bailey plan, 42-47, 48-52, 55-56, 110, 113, 160, 161;
• relative date of, 56, 57;
• importance in warfare, 65, 66, 83-7;
• stone fortifications, 47, 89-107
• —— in relation to plan of walled towns, 87-89
• —— plan of, with successive baileys, 162, 163, 164;
• concentric, 7, 164, 264, 264-82, 304;
• mount-and-bailey, see Castles in England, Norman
• —— strategic position in North of England, map illustrating, 84, A. Thompson; 83-87
• —— Syrian, see Crusaders
• Castrum, 35, 53
• Cat, 68
• Catapult, 73, Viollet-le-Duc;
• 16, 17, 51, 67, 70, 71, 73-6;
• see Ballista, Mangana, etc.
• Centering of vault at Lancaster castle, 327
• Cervi, 60
• Chamber, great, 54, 205, 206, 207
• Chapels in castles, 107-9, 209-11;
• see also Keep
• Châtelet, 236
• Chats-châteaux, 68
• Chemise, 90, 177
• Churches, fortified, 315, 316
• Cippi, 60, 61
• Closes of cathedrals, fortified, 298, 301
• “Contour” forts, 1, 2
• Cortina, 89
• Countervallation, wall of, 62
• Coursière, 80, 82, 178
• Courtine, 89
• Crenellate, licences to, 298, 301, 303, 304, 307, 308, 309
• Crenellations, 79
• Cross-bow, 67, 73, 74, 78
• Crusade, first, 66, 74;
• fourth, 70
• Crusaders, castles of, in Syria, 175, 176, 240, 241, 262, 263
• Crusades, influence of, on military science, 59, 66, 67, 160, 163, 164, 175, 176, 262, 263

D

• Danegeld, 33
• Danes, invasions of England and France by, 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 33, 34, 39, 63, 64, 65
• Defence, science and progress of, 79-82, 161-5
• Demi-lune, 215
• Domesday Book, evidence with regard to early castles, 30, 37, 41, 42, 83
• Domgio, 46
• Donjon or dungeon, 43, 46, 47, 361, 365
• Drainage of roofs, 156, 179
• Drawbridge, 55
• Dungeon, see Donjon
• Dunio, 46

E

• Earthworks in Britain, early, 1-10, 19;
• defence of entrances, 3, 5-7;
• dry-built walls, 8;
• in Saxon England, 24, 25
• Embrasure, 169

F

• Fire-arms, introduction of, 58, 59, 287-90
• Firmamentum, 38
• Firmitas, 55
• Flanking, 102, 161, 162, 164, 216-20
• Fore-building, see Keep
• Forum, 14, 18, 19, 22, 23
• France, Gallo-Roman cities in, 22, 23
• —— early castles in, 36
• —— mount-and-bailey castles in, 46, 52, 53, 55
• —— progress of military art in, 65
• —— walled towns in, 64, 65, 250, 290, 292
• Free chapels, 109

G

• Galleries in walls of castles, 284, 285
• Garde-robes, 247;
• see also Keep, Mural chambers
• Gatehouses of castle, early, 95-9;
• later, 220-9
• Gateways of Roman stations, 14, 15, 19
• Geweorc, 30, 33, 63
• Great chamber, see Chamber

H

• Haia, 55
• Hall of castle, 54, 55, 56, 104, 107, 190-3, 195, 197, 198, 200, 202, 205, 206
• “Herring-bone” masonry, 93, 99-102
• Herse, 70
• Hides, raw, used to protect palisades, 62, 64, 68
• Hoarding, 79, Viollet-le-Duc;
• 79, 80, 81, 82, 187
• Hooks, grappling, 61, 71
• Horn-work, 215
• Hourd; see Hoarding
• Hurdles, use of, in attack, 61

I

• Italy, fortified towns in, 290, 292

K

• Keep, gradual disappearance of, 164, 212, 215
• —— cylindrical tower, 165-85;
• internal arrangements, 168-72, 178, 179, 182, 183, 184
• —— octagonal tower, 185
• —— quatrefoil tower, 172, 185-7
• —— rectangular tower, map of towers, 130, A. Thompson;
• in France and Normandy, 116-8;
• in England, 118-59;
• evidence for date, 118-20;
• early Norman towers, 120-5;
• comparative measurements of towers, 125, 127-8, 131-3;
• position in plan, 128-31;
• external treatment, 133, 134, 137;
• entrance
• and forebuilding, 137-8, 141-2;
• internal arrangement and cross-wall, 142, 145-6;
• basement, 146, 149-50;
• stairs, 146, 149;
• chapels, 150, 153-4;
• kitchens, 154;
• wells, 154;
• mural chambers and galleries, 155-6;
• roof and rampart, 157, 159;
• drawbacks of shape, 161-2
• —— , residential use of, 53-5, 179, 188
• —— shell, 113-6;
• combination with rectangular tower, 129
• —— wooden tower on mount, 43, 44, 45, 46, 47, 51, 52-5, 56, 113, 160
• Kitchen in castles, 54, 193, 194, 209;
• see also Keep

L

• Lilium, 60, 61
• Lists, 264
• Limestone, Yorkshire, 355
• Logium, 54

M

• Machicolations, 82, 175, 223, 246
• Malvoisin, 66
• Mangana, mangon, mangonel, 64, 73
• Mantlets, 61, 64, 68, 70, 79;
• of rope, 62
• Merlon, 169, 242, 245, 246
• Mile-castles on Roman wall, 11, 17, 60
• Mines, use of, in siege, 58, 62, 63, 68, 70, 71
• Monasteries, fortified, 298, 301, 303, 304, 315
• Motte, 41, 46, 54
• Mount, 41, 43, 44-47, 48-53, 54
• Mouse, 62, 68
• Municipium, 35, 53
• Munitio, 35, 53;
• munitionem firmare, etc., 38
• Musculus, 62

N

• Norman conquest, castle-building after, 38, 39
• Normans at court of Edward the Confessor, 37

O

• Oppidum, 21

P

• Palicium, 55
• Palisade and stockade, use of, 5, 25, 26, 29, 32, 36, 40, 45, 46, 52, 53, 55, 58, 59, 61, 65, 66, 67, 68, 73, 89
• Pantry, 54
• Parapets, 79, 80, 82, 102, 242, 245, 246
• Parvise, 192
• Pele, 229, 312
• Pele-towers, 185, 219, 220, 312, 315, 316
• Pele-yard, 315
• Pent-houses, 62, 64, 79
• Petraria, 73
• Pierrière, 73
• Pomerium, 292, 295
• Porta decumana, 19;
• praetoria, 19;
• principalis, 19
• Portcullis, 70, 96, 227, 229
• Porte-coulis, 70
• Postern, 247, 251
• Praetorium, 14, 18
• Promontories, early camps on, 1, 2
• Propugnaculum, 89

Q

• Quincunx, 60

R

• Ram, 69, Viollet-le-Duc; 63, 64, 68, 78, 79;
• devices against, 79
• Rampart-walk, 241, Viollet-le-Duc; 79, 80, 89, 102;
• see also Keep
• Ravelin, 215
• Revetment, walls of, 186
• Roman military science, 59-62, 73
• —— occupation of Britain, 10-20
• —— roads in Britain, 11, 12, 25
• —— stations, 10, 12-20
• —— wall in Northumberland and Cumberland, 11, A. Thompson (after Bruce); 10, 11, 14, 15, 16, 17, 19, 21, 25

S

• Saxon invasions of Britain, 21, 22
• —— shore, fortresses of, 12, 22
• —— towns and villages, 23, 24
• Scaling, 58;
• scaling-ladders, 61, 70, 71
• Scorpio, 73
• Shutter in embrasure, 245, Viollet-le-Duc; 242
• Siegecraft, engines used in, 68-77;
• see Catapult
• Sieges—
• of Alesia, 59-61
• of Antioch, 164, 241
• of Château-Gaillard, 70, 71, 73, 76, 77, 163, 215, 216
• of Constantinople, 164
• of London by Danes, 64, 65
• of Marseilles, 61, 62
• of Paris, 63, 64
• of Le Puiset, 67, 68
• Slingers, 58
• Solar, solarium, 192, 193
• Sow, 68
• Spur at base of towers, 175, 185
• Stakes used as missiles, 61
• Stimuli, 61
• Stockade, see Palisade