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Millbank Penitentiary: An Experiment in Reformation

Chapter 26: FOOTNOTES:
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About This Book

A detailed historical study of a prominent urban penitentiary examines its conception, construction, and administration, tracing debates between transportation and home confinement and the influence of reformers who advocated convict labor, distinctive architectural plans, and surveillance-based discipline. It describes planning and building processes, committee oversight by leading public figures, experiments in on-site prisoner labor, competing proposals such as a circular inspection-house, and operational crises including epidemic outbreaks and changes in management. The account assesses the institution's reformatory aims, implemented practices, and the practical difficulties encountered while translating penal theory into daily governance.

FOOTNOTES:

[1] Every cell at Millbank has two doors: one of wood, next the prisoner, the other a heavy iron trellis gate. The former was closed by a running bolt; the gate had a double lock.

[2] Known as the “thieves’ whistle.”

[3] The dress of women in the second or superior class consisted of dark green jacket and stuff petticoat; the first or lower class wore a yellow jacket.

[4] A piece of long yarn issued to be worked up in the looms.

[5] I can vouch for the accuracy of this measurement which I verified myself when Millbank was still standing.

[6] The account of this experience I have ventured to extract from my work “Fifty Years of Public Service.” (Cassell & Co.)

[7] “Stiffs” are letters written clandestinely by prisoners to one another on any scrap of paper they can find.

[8] The “hopper” is a contrivance for preventing the inmate of a cell from looking out of the window. It is a board resting on the window ledge at a slant, rising to a height above the window, the sides filled in with other boards.

[9] This model prison was that built at Pentonville, under the active supervision of Colonel Jebb, R. E., and a board of commissioners specially appointed by the Secretary of State. The first stone was laid in April, 1840, and it was occupied by prisoners in December, 1842.

[10] The Eighth Report of the Inspector of Prisons.