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Modern French Philosophy: a Study of the Development Since Comte

Chapter 46: IIII COMPARATIVE TABLE
By John Alexander Gunn
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About This Book

This study traces the development of French philosophical thought from the era of Auguste Comte through later nineteenth- and early-twentieth-century movements, surveying antecedents and principal currents. It organizes material around central problems—science, freedom, progress, ethics, and religion—examining how thinkers sought to reconcile scientific method with moral and spiritual concerns. Chapters chronicle major trends and debates, analyze key doctrines, and assess their interrelations, concluding with a comparative reflection on distinctive qualities of French philosophy, notably its clarity, concreteness, and emphasis on practical problems.

IIII
COMPARATIVE TABLE

THE CHIEF PHILOSOPHICAL WORKS IN FRANCE, GERMANY, ENGLAND AND AMERICA FROM 1851 TO 1921.


 FRANCE.
GERMANY.
ENGLAND AND AMERICA.
l851 COURNOT: “Essai sur les Fondements de nos Connaissances.” 1851 FECHNER: “Zend Avesta.” 1851 MANSEL: “Prolegomena to Logic.”
RENOUVIER: “Gouvernement direct et Organisation communale.”



PROUDHON: “La Philosophie du Progrès.”


1852 MOLESCHOTT: “Der Kreislauf des Lebens.”
LOTZE: “Medizinische Psychologie oder Physiologie der Seele.”
1854 RENOUVIER: “Essai de Critique générale”(Ier Essai).

1854 FERRIER: “Institutes of Metaphysic.”
COMTE completes “Systeme de Politique positive.”



1855 BÜCHNER: “Kraft und Stoff.” 1855 BAIN: “The Senses and the Intellect.”
FECHNER: “Uber die physikalische und die philosophische Atomlehre.” SPENCER: “Principles of Psychology.”
CZOLBE: “Neue Darstellung des Sensualismus.”

1856 COMTE: “Synthèse subjective,” vol. i. 1856 LOTZE: “Mikrokosmos” (1856-1864).


CZOLBE: “Die Enstehung des Selbstbewusstseins.”
1857 TAINE: “Philosophes rançais du XIXe Siecle.”

1857 BUCKLE: “History of Civilization in England” (vol. i.).
RENAN: “Etudes d’Histoire religieuse.” MANSEL: “The Limits of Religious Thought.”
1858 VACHEROT: “La Métaphysique et la Science.” 1858 HAMILTON: “Lectures” (1858-1860).
1859 RENOUVIER: “Deuxième Essai de Critique generale.” I859 DARWIN: “Origin of Species.”


1860 FECHNER: “Elemente der Psychophysik.”

1861 COURNOT: “Traité de l’Enchaînement des Idees.” 1861 FECHNER: “Uber die Seelenfrage.”


1862 HÄCKEL: “Generalle Morphologie” (1862-1866). 1862 SPENCER: “First Principles.”
1863 RENAN: “Vie de Jésus.” 1863 VOGT: “Vorlesungen iiber den Menschen.” 1863 MILL (J. S.): “Utilitarianism.”


FECHNER: “Die Drei Motive des Glaubens.”

1864 RENOUVIER: “Troisième Essai de Critique générale”; “Quatrième Essai de Critique générale.”

1865 BERNARD: “Introduction à l’Etude de la Médecine expérimentale.” 1865 DÜHRING: “Der Wert des Lebens.” 1865 HODGSON: “Time and Space.”


CZOLBE: “Die Grenzen und der Ursprung der Menschlichen Erkenntnis.” MILL (J. S): “Examination of Sir William Hamilton’s Philosophy.”


HAMILTON: “Lectures on Metaphysics.”
STIRLING: “Secret of Hegel.”
1866 LANGE: “Geschichte des Materialismus.”

1867 RAVAISSON: “Rapport sur la Philosophie en France au XIXe Siecle.” 1867 MARX: “Das Kapital.” 1867 BUCKLE: “History of Civilization in England” ( vol. ii.).
1868 RENAN: “Questions contemporaines.” 1868 LOTZE: “Geschichte der Asthetik in Deutschland.”



HÄCKEL: “Natürliche Schöpftungsgeschichte
1869 RENOUVIER: “Science deU Morale.” 1869 HARTMANN: “Philosophic des Unbewussten.”
1870 TAINE: “De l’Intelligence.” 1870 RITSCHL: “Lehre von der Rechfertigung”(1870-1874).
1871 LACHELIER: “Du Fondement de l’Induction.”

1872 FOUILLÉE: “La LibertcS et la Determinisme,” 1872 STRAUSS: “Der Alte und der neue Glaube.” 1872 MAURICE: “Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy.”
JANET: “Problemes du XIXe Siecle.” NIETZSCHE: “Die Geburt der Tragödie” WALLACE: “Logic of Hegel.”
COURNOT: “Considerations sur la Marche des Idees.”

1873 RIBOT: “IWredite.” 1873 1973 SIGWART: “Logik” (1873-1878). 1873 1973 STEPHEN (J. F.): “Liberty, Equality,Fraternity.”
1874 BOUTROUX: “La Contingence des Lois de la Nature.” 1874 LOTZE: “Drei Bucher der Logik.” 1874 SIDGWICK: “Method of Ethics.”


WUNDT: “Physiologische Psychologie.”

BRENTANO: “Psychologie vom empirischen Standpunkt.”
1875 COURNOT: “Materialisme, Vitalisme,Rationalisme.”

RENOUVIER: Revises first and second “Essais.”
1876 RENAN: “Dialogues et Fragments philosophiques.” 1876 FECHNER: “Vorschule der Asthetik.” 1876 BRADLEY: “Ethical Studies.”
JANET: “Les Causes finales.”

GROTE: “Moral Ideals.”




1877 FLINT: “Theism.”
1878 FOUILLEE: “L’Idee du Droit.” 1878 NIETZSCHE: “Menschliches Allzumenschhches “(1878-1880). 1878 HODGSON: “Philosophy of Reflection.”
1879 BROCHARD: “De l’Erreur.” 1879 LOTZE: “Drei Bucher der Metaphysik.” 1879 SPENCER: “Data of Ethics.”


HARTMANN: “Phanomenologie des sittlichen Bewusstseins.” BALFOUR: “Defence of Philosophic Doubt.”
1880 AVENARIUS: “Kritik der reinen Erfahrung”(1880-1890) 1880 CAIRD: “Philosophy ol Religion.”
1881 GUYAU: “Vers d’un Philosophe.” 1881 NIETZSCHE: “Morgenrote.”



1882 NIETZSCHE: “Die frohliche Wissenschaft.” 1882 STEPHEN (L.): “Science of Ethics.”
1883 NIETZSCHE: “Also sprach Zarathustra”(1883-1891) 1883 GREEN: “Prolegomena to Ethics.”
DUHRING: “Der Ersatz der Religion.” BRADLEY: “Principles of Logic.”
WUNDT: “Logik.”

MACH: “Die Mechanik in ihrer Entwicklung.”
1885 GUYAU: “Esquisse d’une Morale sans Obligation ni Sanction.”

1885 MARTINEAU: “Types o. Ethical Theory.”
LACHELIER: “Psychologic et Métaphysique.” BOSANQUET: “Knowledge and Reality.”
1886 GUYAU: “L’Irreligion de l’Avenir.” 1886 MACH: “Analyse der Empfindungen.” 1886 WARD: “Psychology” (article).


WUNDT: “Ethik.”

NIETZSCHE: “Jenseits von Gut und Böse.”
1887 NIETZSCHE: “Zur Genealogie der Moral.” 1887 SETH (Pringle-Pattison): “Hegelianism and Personality.”
1888 EUCKEN: “Die Einheit des Geisteslebens.” 1888 BOSANQUKT: “Logic.”
1889 BERGSON: “Les Donnees immediates de la Conscience.” 1889 WUNDT: “System der Philosophie.” 1889 MARTINEAU: “Study of Religion.”
FOUILLEE: “L’Avenir de la Metaphysique.” LIPPS: “Grundthatsachen des Seelenlebens.” ALEXANDER: “Moral Order and Progress.”
JANET (Pierre): “L’Automatisme psychologique.”



PAULHAN: “L’Activité mentale.”
1890 RENAN: “L’Avenir de la Science.” 1890 JAMES: “Principles of Psychology.”
FOUILLÉE: “L’Evolutionnisme des Idées-forces.”

RAUH: “Le Fondement métaphysique de la Morale”


1891 SIMMEL: “Moralwissenschaft.”
AVENARIUS: “Der menschliche Weltbegriff.”
1892 RENOUVIER Revises third “Essai.”

1892 PEARSON: “Grammar Of Science.”
RENAN “Feuilles détachées.”

1893 DURKHEIM: “De la Division du Travail social.” 1893 HUXLEY: “Evolution and Ethics.”
BLONDEL: “L’Action.” CAIRD: “Evolution of Religion”
FOUILLÉE: “Psychologie des Idées-forces.” BRADLEY: “Appearance and Reality.”


1894 MEINONG: “Werththeorie” (Psychologisch-ethische Untersuchungen). 1894 FRASER: “Philosophy of Theism”
HERTZ: “Prinzipien der Mechanik.”

1895 FOUILLÉE: “Le Mouvement idéaliste.”

1895 BALFOUR: “Foundations of Belief.”
1896 BERGSON: “Matière et Mémoire” 1896 EUCKEN: “Der Kampf um einen geistigen Lebensinhalt.” 1896 STOUT: “Analytic Psychology.”
RENOUVIER: Revises fourth “Essai.”

HOBHOUSE: “Theory of Knowledge.”
RENOUVIER: Publishes fifth “Essai” (La Philosophie analytique de l’Histoire), vols. 1 and 2. MERZ: “History of Thought in the Nineteenth Century” (1896-1914).


MACTAGGART: “Hegelian Dialectic.”
1897 RENOUVIER: Ditto, vols. 3 and 4. 1897 HARTMANN: “Kategorienlehre.” 1897 JAMES: “The Will to Believe
SABATIER: “Esquisse d’une Philosophie de Religion.” DREWS: “Das Ich als Grundproblem der Metaphysik.”



EHRENFELS: “System der Werttheorie” (1897-1898).


1898 WALLACE: “Natural Theology and Ethics.”
1899 RENOUVIER (and Prat): “La Nouvelle Monadologie.” 1899 MEINONG: “Uber gegenstände höheren Ordnung.” 1899 WARD: “Naturalism and Agnosticism.”




BOSANQUET: “Philosophical Theory of the State.”
HODGSON: “Metaphysic of Experience.”
1900 TARDE: “Les Lois de l’Imitation.” 1900 PETZOLDT: “Die Philosophie der reinen Erfahrung.” 1900 ROYCE: “The World and the Individual.”
BRUNSCHWICG: “La Vie de l’Esprit.”





1901 EUCKEN: “Das Wesen der Religion.”
EUCKEN: “Das Wahrheitsgehalt der Religion.”
1902 POINCARÉ 1902 COHEN: “System der Philosophie: Logik.” 1902 JAMES: “Varieties of Religious Experience.”




CLIFFORD: “Essays and Lectures.”
1903 WEBER: “Vers le Positivisme absolu par l’Idéalisme.” 1903 BERGMANN: “System des objectiven Idealismus.” 1903 RUSSELL: “Principles of Mathematics.”
RAUH: “L’Expérience morale.”

SCHILLER: “Humanism.”
RENOUVIER: “Le Personnalisme.”



1904 COHEN: “System der Philosophie: Ethik.” 1904 MACTAGGART: “Hegelian Cosmology.”
1905 POINCARÉ: “Valeur de la Science.” 1905 MACH: Erkenntnis und Irrtum.”

1906 OLLÉ-LAPRUNE: “La Raison et le Rationalisme.” 1906 MEINONG: “Die Stellung der Gegenstandtheorie ein System der Wissenschaften.” 1906 BAILLIE: “Idealistic Construction of Experience.”
DUHEM: “La Théorie physique.”

BALDWIN: “Thought and Things.”
1907 HAMELIN: “Les Eléments principaux de la Répresentation.” 1907 EUCKEN: “Grundlinien einer neuen Lebensauschauung.” 1907 SCHILLER: “Studies in Humanism.”
BERGSON: “L’Evolution créatrice.” EUCKEN: “Hauptprobleme der Religionsphilosophie.”

EVELLIN: “La Raison pure et les Antinomies.”

LALANDEL “Précis de Morale.”
FOUILLÉE: “Morale des Idées-forces.”
1908 BOUTROUX: “Science et Religion.” 1908 EUCKEN: “Sinn und Wertdes Lebens.”


EUCKEN: “Philosophie des Geisteslebens.”
MÜNSTERBERG: “Philosophie der Werte.”
1909 POINCARÉ: “Science et Méthode.”

1909 DEWEY: “Logical Theory.”


1910 REMKHE: “Philosophie als Grundwissenschaft”

1911 DUNAN: “Les Deux Idéalismes.” 1911 EUCKEN: “Konnen wir noch Christen sein?” 1911 WARD: “Realm of Ends.”
1912 FOUILLÉE: “La Pensée.” 1912 COHEN: “System der Philosophie: Æsthetik.” 1912 BOSANQUET: “Value and Destiny of the Individual”
DURKHEIM: “Formes élémentaires de la Vie religieuse.” EUCKEN: “Erkennen und Leben.”





1913 BOSANQUET: “Value and Destiny of the Individual.”
1914 FOUILLÉE: “Humanitaires et Libertaires.”



1915 SORLEY: “Moral Values and the Idea of God.”
1917 LOISY: “La Religion.”

1918 GOBLOT: “Traité de Logique.”
1919 BERGSON: “L’Energie spirituelle.”


1920 ALEXANDER: “Space, Time and Deity.”
1921 RUSSELL: “Analysis of Mind.”
MACTAGGART: “Nature of Existence.”