Vowel Sounds:--ä, as in palm; ā, as in late; ă, almost like u in fur; e, like a in fate; ē, as in he; i, as e in me; ī, as in sigh; ō, as in shore; ü, as in pull; u, as in sun; ȳ, as in dye.
A
- Ä, Āä, Äi, Sumerian names of moon, 301; Ea as, 31.
- Ää, the goddess, consort of Shamash, 57, 100.
- Aäh, Egyptian name of moon, 301.
- Abijah (a-bī´jah), King of Judah, 402, 403.
- Abraham, 12; the Isaac sacrifice, 50; period of migration from Ur, 131, 245; association of with Amorites, 246; conflict with Amraphel (Hammurabi) and his allies, 246, 247; Babylonian monotheism in age of, 160; Nimrod and in Koran, 166, 167, 349, 350.
- Achaeans (a-kē´ans), the Celts and, 377; in Crete and Egypt, 378; Pelasgians and, 393; the Cyprian and Assyria, 484.
- Achaemenian (a-ke-men´ian), Cyrus called an, 493; Darius I claims to be an, 496. See Akhamanish.
- Adad (äd´äd), deities that link with, 35, 57, 261, 395; in demon war, 76.
- Adad-nirari I (äd´äd-ni-rä´ri), of Assyria, 362, 363.
- Adad-nirari III, 396.
- Adad-nirari IV, King of Assyria, Babylonian influence in court of, 419; as "husband of his mother", 420; innovations of, 421; Kalkhi library, 422; "synchronistic history", 423; Nebo worship, 435,436; as "saviour" of Israel, 438, 439; Urartu problem, 439, 440.
- Adad-nirari V, 442.
- Adad-shum-utsur (äd´ad-shüm-ü´tsur), King of Babylonia, as overlord of Assyria, 370.
- Adam, "first wife" of a demon, 67; the shining jewel of, 185.
- Adapa (ä´dä-pä), the Babylonian Thor, 72, 73.
- Addu (äd´dü), as form of Merodach, 160.
- Adonis (ä-dō´nis), Tammuz and myth of, 83, 84; antiquity of myth of, 84; blood of in river, 85; the boat or chest of, 90, 103; "the Garden of", 171, 172; slain by boar, 294, 304.
- Afghans, skull forms of, 8.
- Ages, the mythical, Tammuz as ruler of one of the, 83, 84; Greek flood legend and, 195, 196; the Indian and Celtic, 196; in American myths, 198; Babylonian and Indian links, 199; in Persian and Germanic mythologies, 202, 203; various systems compared, 310 et seq..
- Agni (ăg´nee), Indian fire and fertility god, 49; Nusku and, 50; links with Tammuz, 94; eagle as, 168, 169; Nergal and, 304; the goat and, 333; Melkarth and, 346.
- Agriculture, mother worship and, xxix, xxx; cults of Osiris-Isis and Tammuz-Ishtar, xxxi; early Sumerians and, 2; in Turkestan and Egypt, 6; early civilizations and, 14; Herodotus on Babylonian, 21, 22; irrigation and river floods, 23, 24, 26; deities and water supply, 33; Tammuz-Adonis myth, 85; weeping ceremonies, 82 et seq.; Nimrod myth, 170; demand for harvesters in Babylonia, 256.
- Agum (ä´güm), Kassite kings named, 272 et seq.
- Agum the Great, Kassite king, recovers from Mitanni Merodach and his spouse, 272.
- Ahab, King of Israel, 405-407 , 408, 473.
- Ahaz, King of Judah, fire ceremony practised by, 50; sundial of and eclipse record, 323, 450; relations with Assyria, 452, 453, 459.
- Ahaziah (a-ha-zī´ah), King of Israel, 408-410 .
- Ahür´ă Măz´da, eagle and ring symbol of, 347; Ashur and, 355; Cambyses and, 495; identified with Merodach, 496; reform of cult of, 497.
- Air of Life, Breath and spirit as, 48, 49.
- Akhamanish (a-khä-măn´ish), the Persian Patriarch, 493; Germanic Mannus and Indian Manu and, 493; eagle and, 493.
- Akhenaton (a-khen-ä´ton), foreign correspondence of, 280 et seq.; Assyrian King's relations with, 285; Aton cult of, 338, 422; attitude of to mother worship, 418, 419.
- Akkad (ak´kad). Its racial and geographical significance, 1; early name of Uri or Kiuri, 2; early history of, 109 et seq.
- Akkad, City of, Sargon of, 125 et seq.; Naram-Sin and, 128, 129; in Hammurabi Age, 256; observatory at, 321. Also rendered Agadé.
- Akkadians, characteristics of, 2; culture of Sumerian, 2, 3, 13; the conquerors of Sumerians, 12.
- Äku, moon as the "measurer", 301.
- Akurgal (ä-kür´gal), King of Lagash, son of Ur-Nina, 118.
- Alban, the British ancestral giant, 42.
- Aleppo (a-lep´po), Hadad worshipped at, 411.
- Alexander the Great, Southern Babylonia in age of, 22, 23; his vision of Tiamat, 151; myths of, 164; the eagle and, 167; Gilgamesh and, 172; water of life, 185, 186; Brahmans and, 207, 208; welcomed in Babylon, 497; Pantheon of, 497; death of, 498.
- Algebra, Brahmans formulated, 289.
- Allatu (al´lä-tü). See Eresh-ki-gal.
- Alu (ä´lü), the, tempest and nightmare demon, 65, 68, 69.
- Alyät´tes, King of Lydia, war against Medes, 494; Median marriage alliance, 494.
- Ä´mä, the mother goddess, 57, 100.
- Amaziah, King of Judah, 448, 449.
- Amel-marduk (ä´mel-mär´duk), "Evil Merodach", King of Babylon, 492.
- Amenhotep III (ä-men-hō´tep) of Egypt, 280; Tushratta's appeals to, 282.
- Amon, wife of, 221; the "world soul" belief and, 329.
- Amorites, Land of. See Amurru.
- Amorites, Sargon of Akkad and, 125-127 ; in pre-Hammurabi Age, 217; Sun cult favoured by in Babylon, 240; Moon cult of in Kish, 241; blend of in Jerusalem, 246; raids of, 256; as allies of Hittites, 284, 363, 364; Philistines and, 380; "mother right" amongst, 418.
- Amphitrite, the sea goddess, 33.
- Amraphel (äm´ra-phel), the Biblical, identified with Hammurabi, 131, 246, 247.
- Amurru (am´ür-rü), land of Amorites, 127; Sargon and Naram Sin in, 127-129 ; Gudea of Lagash trades with, 130; Elamite overlordship of, 248.
- Amurru, the god called, Merodach and Adad-Ramman and, 316.
- Anahita (ana-hi´ta), Persian goddess, identified with Nina-Ishtar, 496.
- An´akim, "sons of Anak", the Hittites and, 11, 12.
- Anatu (an-ä´tü), consort of Anu, 138.
- Anau, Turkestan, civilization of and the Sumerian, 5; votive statuettes found at, 5.
- Ancestral totems, annual sacrifice of, 294; in Babylonia and China, 295.
- Andromeda (an-drom´e-da), legend of, 152.
- Angus, the Irish love god, 90, 238.
- Animal forms of gods, 134, 135.
- Animism, xxxiii; spirit groups and gods, 35, 294 et seq.; fairies and elves relics of, 79, 80; stars and planets as ghosts, 295, 304; star worship, 317; Pelasgian gods as Fates, 317.
- "Annie, Gentle", the Scottish wind hag, 73.
- Annis, Black, Leicester wind hag, 73, 101.
- An´shan, Province of, Sargon of Akkad conquers, 127; Cyrus, King of, 493.
- An´shar, the god, in group of elder deities, 37; Anu becomes like, 124; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Ashur a form of, 326, 354; as "Assoros", 328; as night sky god, 328; identified with Polar star, 330, 331; as astral Satyr (goat-man), 333; Tammuz and, 333; his six divinities of council, 334.
- Anthat (änth´at), goddesses that link with, 268.
- Anthropomorphic gods, the Sumerian, 134-136 .
- Anu (ä´nü), god of the sky, demons as messengers of, 34, 77; in early triad, 35, 36; among early gods, 37; Brahma and, 38; links with Mithra, 55; other gods and, 53,57; as father of demons, 63; solar and lunar attributes of, 53, 55; wind spirits and, 72, 73, 74; in demon war, 76; as father of Isis, 100; Ur-Nina and, 116; as father of Enlil, 124; as form of Anshar, 125, 328; high priest of and moon god, 130; during Isin Dynasty, 132; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; Merodach directs decrees of, 149; Etana and eagle in heaven of, 166; in Gilgamesh legend, 173 et seq.; in Deluge legend, 190 et seq.; planetary gods and, 304; zodiacal "field of", 307; the star spirits and, 318; as Anos, 328; as the "high bead", 334; Sargon II and, 463.
- An´zan. See Anshan.
- Apep (ä´pep), the Egyptian serpent demon, 46, 156.
- Aphrodite (af-rō-dī´tē), boar lover of slays Adonis, 87; lovers of, 103; the "bearded" form of, 267, 301; birds and plants sacred to, 427; as a fate, 427, 433; legends attached to, 437.
- Apil-Sin (ä´pil-sin), King, grandfather of Hammurabi, 242.
- Apis bull (ä-pis), inspiration from breath of, 49; Cambyses sacrifices to Mithra, 495.
- Apsu-Rishtu (ap´sü-rish´tü), god of the deep, like Egyptian Nu, 37, 64; as enemy of the gods, 38; Tiamat and, 106; in Creation legend, 138 et seq.; reference to by Damascius, 328.
- Apuatu (ä-pü´ä-tü) (Osiris) as the Patriarch, xxxii.
- Arabia, moon worship in, 52; owl a mother ghost in, 70; in Zu bird myth, 74, 75; invaded by Naram Sin, 129; Etana myth in, 166, 167; water of life myth, 186; Sargon II and kings of, 458; Sennacherib in, 466.
- Arabians, the, of Mediterranean race, 7; Semites of Jewish type and, 7, 10; prehistoric migrations of, 11, 12.
- Arad Ea (är-ad-e´ä), "ferryman" of Hades water, 34; Gilgamesh crosses sea of death with, 180 et seq.
- Aramaeans, migrations of, 359; called "Suti", "Achlame", "Arimi", "Khabiri", and "Syrians", 360; Assyria and the, 367; as allies of Hittites, 377, 378; state of Damascus founded by, 390; Ashur-natsir-pal III and, 398, 399; "mother worship" and, 434; as opponents of sun worship, 445; settled in Asia Minor, 461.
- Archer, the Astral, Ashur, Gilgamesh, and Hercules as, 336, 337; robed with feathers, 344; Ashur and Sandan as, 352.
- Ardat Lili (ar´dat li-li), a demon lover, 68.
- Ardys, King of Lydia, Assyria helps, 486.
- Ares, Greek war god, as boar slayer of Adonis, 87, 304.
- Argistis I (ar´gist-is), King of Urartu, campaigns of, 441, 442, or, Argistes.
- Argistis II of Urartu, raids of Cimmerians and Scythians, 461.
- Arioch (ä´ri-ok), the Biblical, Warad-Sin as, 247, 248.
- Arithmetic, finger counting in Babylonia and India, 310; development of, 312.
- Ark, in flood legend, 191 et seq.
- Arles money, Babylonian farm labourers received, 256.
- Armenia, Thunder god of, 261, 395; goddess Anaitis in, 267, See Urartu.
- Armenians, the use of cradle board by, 4, 5; ancestors of, 283.
- Armenoid Race, the, in Semitic blend, 10; in Asia Minor, Syria, and Europe, 11, 262; traces of in prehistoric Egypt, 11, 263, 264; in Palestine, 12; culture of, 315.
- Arnold, Edwin, xxii.
- Arpad (är´pad) in reign of Tiglathpileser IV, 446, 447.
- Arrow, a symbol of lightning and fertility, 337; Ashur's and the goddess Neith's, 337n. See Archer, the Astral.
- Art, magical origin of, 288.
- Artaxerxes, 497.
- Artemis (är´te-mis), the goddess, lovers slain by, 104; as wind hag, 104; the "Great Bear" myth and, 296.
- Artisan gods, Ea, Ptah, Khnumu, and Indra as, 30.
- Aruru (ar´ü-rü), the mother goddess, 100, 160, 420; assists Merodach to create mankind, 148; in Gilgamesh legend, 172 et seq.
- Aryans (ā´ri-ans), Mitannians as, 269, 270; Kassites and, 270.
- Asa, King of Judah, burning at grave of, 350; images destroyed by, 403; appeal for aid to Damascus, 404; death of, 407.
- Asari (ä-sä´ri), Merodach as, and Osiris, 159.
- Ash´dod, Cyprian King of, 458, 459.
- Ashtoreth (äsh-tō´reth), Ishtar and, 100; lovers of, 103; goddesses that link with, 267; worship of at Samaria, 439; also rendered Ash´ta-roth.
- Ashur (ä´shur), Asura theory, 278; as Aushar, "water field", the "Holy One", and Anshar, 326; the Biblical patriarch, 327; "Ashir" and Cappadocia, 327; Brahma and, 328; as Creator, 329; bull, eagle, and lion identified with, 330; connected with sun, Regulus, Arcturus, and Orion, 331; King and, 331; Isaiah's parable, 331; as bull of heaven, 334; winged disk or "wheel" of, 334, 335; standard of as "world spine", 335; the archer in "wheel", 335; despiritualization theory, 335, 336; the solar archer as Merodach, Hercules, and Gilgamesh, 336; the arrow of, 337; Babylonian deities and, 337; Babylonian and Persian influences, 338; as god of fertility, &c., 339; Assyrian civilization reflected by, 340; as corn god and war god, 340; the Biblical Nisroch, 341; the eagle and, 343; Ezekiel's references to life wheel, 344 et seq.; fire cult and, 346; Indian wheel symbol, 346, 347; Persian wheel or disk, 347; wheels of Shamash and Ishtar, 347; the Egyptian Ankh, 347; Hittite winged disk, 347, 348; Sandan and, 347, 348; Attis and, 348; son of Ea like Merodach, 348; aided by fires and sacrifices, 351; disk a symbol of life, fertility, &c., 351; the lightning arrow, 352; temples of and worship of, 352; close association of with kings, 352, 353; association of with moon god, 353; astral phase of, 354; Jastrow's view, 354; Pinches on Merodach and Osiris links, 354; as patriarch, corn god, &c, 354, 355; spouse of, 355; a Baal, 355; earthquake destroys temple of, 363; Shalmaneser I obtains treasure for, 366; Esarhaddon builds temple to, 476; Sennacherib murdered in temple of, 470; Ahura Mazda and, 496. See Ässhur, the Biblical Patriarch.
- Ashur-bani-pal (ä´shur-bän´i-pal), discovery of library of, xxii, xxiii; doctors and, 231, 232; worship of Ashur and Sin, 353; Merodach restored to Babylon by, 481, 482; Egyptian campaign, 482; sack of Thebes, 483; emissaries from Gyges of Lydia visit, 483; Shamash-shum-ukin's revolt against, 484; suicide of Shamash-shum-ukin, 485; Lydia aided by, 486; Sardanapalus legend, 486; the Biblical "Asnapper", 487; palace of, 487.
- A´shur-dan´ I, of Assyria, 370.
- Ashur-dan III, reign of, 442.
- Ashur-danin-apli(a´shur-dan-in´apli), revolt of in Assyria, 414, 415.
- Ashur-elit-ilani (a´shur-e´lit-il-a´ni), King of Assyria, 487, 488.
- Ashur-natsir-pal I (a´shur-na´tsir-pal) of Assyria, 369.
- Ashur-natsii-pal III, his "reign of terror", 396; conquests and atrocities of, 397, 398; Babylonians overawed by, 399; death of, 401.
- Ashur-nirari IV (a´shur-ni-rä´ri), last king of Assyria's "Middle Empire", 442, 443.
- Ashur-uballit (a´shur-u-bäl-lit), King of Assyria, Egypt and, 281, 282, 285; conquests of, 284; grandson of as King of Babylon, 284; Arabian desert trade route, 360.
- Asia Minor, hill god of, 136; prehistoric alien pottery in, 263.
- Ass, the sun god as, 329; in Lagash chariot, 330.
- "Ass of the East", horse called in Babylonia, 270.
- Äs´shur, City of, Ashur the god of, 277; Mitanni king plunders, 280; imported beliefs in, 327; Biblical reference to, 339; development of god of, 355; Merodach's statue deported to, 469.
- Äs´shur, the Biblical Patriarch of Assyria, 276, 277, 327. See Ashur.
- Assyria, excavations in, xix et seq.; Amorite migration to, 217; Hammurabi kings as overlords of, 241, 419; Thothmes III corresponds with king of, 276; Biblical reference to rise of, 276, 277; Aryan names of early kings of, 278; Mitanni kings as overlords of, 279, 280; Semitized by Amorites, 279; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281, 282; rise of after fall of Mitanni, 284; struggles with Babylonia for Mesopotamia, 284-286 ; 361 et seq.; the national god, Ashur, 326 et seq.; Isaiah's reference to, 340; Egyptians and Hittites allied against, 366, 368; Old Empire Kings, 366 et seq.; Babylonia controls, 370; character of, 372-375 ; periods of history of, 375; at close of Kassite period, 380; end of Old Empire, 386; Second Empire of, 391 et seq.; sculpture of and Sumerian, 401; mother worship in, 420 et seq.; Urartu's struggle with, 440-442 ; end of Second Empire, 443; Third Empire, 444 et seq.; Egypt becomes a province of, 475 et seq.; last king of, 487; fall of Nineveh, 488; Cyaxares rules over, 493.
- Astarte (as-tär´te), lovers of, 103; animals of on Lagash vase, 120; goddesses that link with, 267; Semiramis and, 425.
- Astrology, basal idea in Babylonian, 317; Babylonian and Grecian, 318 et seq.; literary references to, 325.
- Astrology and astronomy, 287 et seq. See Stars, Planets, and Constellations.
- Astronomers, eclipses foretold by in late Assyrian period, 321, 322.
- Astronomy, Merodach fixes stars, &c., in Creation legend, 147, 148; discovery that moon is lit by sun, 148 n.; Mythical Ages and, 310 et seq.; theory of Greek origin of, 319 et seq.; precession of the equinoxes, 320, 320 n.; Assyro-Babylonian observatories, 320-322 ; Hittites pass Babylonian discoveries to Europe, 316; in late Assyrian and neo-Babylonian period, 479, 480.
- Astyages (as-ty´a-jēz), King of the Medes, Cyrus displaces, 493; wife of a Lydian princess, 494.
- Asura fire (ă-shoo´ra), in the sea, 50, 51.
- Atargatis (ät-är-gä´tis), the goddess, legend of origin of, 28; as a bi-sexual deity, 267; Derecto and, 277, 426, 427; Nina and, 277, 278.
- Ate (ä´te), mother goddess of Cilicia, 267.
- Athaliah (ath-a-lī´ah), Queen, of Judah, 409; reign of, 413; Joash crowned, 413; soldiers slay, 413, 414.
- Athena (äthe´na), indigenous goddess of Athens, 105; goat and, 337.
- Athens, imported gods in, 105.
- Atmospheric deities, Enlil, Indra, Ramman, &c, as, 35; "air of life" from, 48, 49.
- Aton, Akhenaton's god, the goddess Mut and, 419, 422.
- Attis (ät´tis), the Phrygian god, Tammuz and, 84; death of, 87; as lover of Cybele, 103, 104; deities that link with, 267; as Jupiter, 305; Ashur and, 354-355 ; symbols of, 348.
- Äü-Aä, Jah as Ea, 31.
- Australia, star myths in, 296, 300.
- Axe, the double, symbol of god, 348.
- Azag-Bau (ä´zag bä´ü), legendary queen of Kish, 114; humble origin of, 115.
- Azariah (az-a-rī´ah), King of Judah, 449.