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Myths of Babylonia and Assyria

Chapter 36: K
By Donald A. Mackenzie
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History - AncientMythology, Legends & Folklore

About This Book

This work presents a compact survey of Babylonian and Assyrian civilization and mythology, tracing racial origins and early city-states and then detailing major deities, rival pantheons, demons, and popular cults such as Tammuz and Ishtar. It retells foundational narratives including creation as Merodach’s dragon-slaying, famed hero-quests of Etana and Gilgamesh, and the flood and underworld traditions, and examines material culture, laws, temple and urban life, astronomical lore, and imperial history from regional ascendancies to Assyrian splendour and decline, highlighting how myth, religion, and shifting peoples shaped political and social institutions.

K

Kadashman-Kharbe (kad-äsh´man-khär´be), King of Babylon, grandson of Ashur-uballit, 284, 285; opens Arabian desert trade route, 360; murder of, 361.
Kadesh (kä´desh), goddesses that link with, 268.
Kali (kä´lee), the Indian goddess, goat sacrificed to, 48.
Kalkhi (käl´khi), excavations at, xix, xx; capital of Shalmaneser I, 367; headquarters of Ashur-natsir-pal III, 398; description of, 399, 400; library at, 422, 470; religious revolt at, 422; Sargon II and, 463; temple to Nebo at, 487.
Karduniash (kar-doon´i-ash), Babylonia called, 273.
Karna (kăr´nă), Indian hero: like Sargon of Akkad, 126.
Kässites, Nippur as capital of, 218; in Hammurabi Age, 255; as agriculturists, 256; Aryans associated with, 270; Mitannians, Hyksos and, 270, 271, 272, 273; Babylonia consolidated by, 274, 393; early Assyrian kings and, 279; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281; and Mesopotamian question, 358; Arabian desert trade route, 360; dynasty of ends, 370, 371; Sennacherib and the mountain, 464.
Keats, John, 112; "La Belle Dame Sans Merci" and Ishtar, 174.
Kengi (ken´gi), early name of Sumer, 2.
Khammurabi (kham-mü-rä´bi), 247. See Hammurabi.
Khani (khä´ni). See Mitanni.
Kharri (khär´ri), Mitannians called; perhaps "Arya", 269.
Khatti. See Hatti and Hittites.
Kheta. See Hittites.
Khnumu (knoo´moo), the Egyptian god, Ea compared to, 30.
Khonsu (kon´soo), Tammuz a healer like, 90, 94.
Kid, sacrificed to Tammuz, 85, 333; star called by Arabs, 333.
King, L.W., Creation tablets, xxiv, 29; 211; on "Cuthean Legend of Creation", 215, 216; on seven gods as one, 298; on Sennacherib's sack of Babylon, 469.
Kings, worship of, in Hammurabi Age, 242, 257, 258; burning of, 350, 351; Ashur's association with, 352.
Kingu (kin´goo), in Creation Legend, as son and lover of Tiamat, 106; stirs Tiamat to avenge Apsu, 140; exalted by Tiamat, 140; overcome by Merodach, 145, 146.
Kish, early dynasty of, 114; legendary queen of, 114, 115; Entemena's sack of, 120; Sargon and, 125, 126; goddess of, 126, 127; kings and gods of, 241.
Kishar (ke´shär), the god, in group of elder deities, 37, 138.
Kneph, the Egyptian air god, 49. Koran (kō´rän), Etana eagle myth in, 166, 167; Nimrod agricultural myth in, 170; water of life legend in, 186; Abraham and Nimrod's pyre, 349.
Kudur Mabug (kü´dür mab´üg), Elamite King of Sumer, 242, 243; the Biblical Chedor-laomer, 247, 248.
Kuiri (kü´i-ri), early name of Akkad, 2.
Kurds (koords), the, use of cradle board by, 4, 5; of Mediterranean race, 8; Mitannians as ancestors of, 270, 283.
Kurigalzu II (kü´ri-gäl´zü), King of Babylonia, 285.
Kurigalzu III, Kassite king, wars with Elam and Assyria, 362.
Küta and Küthä. See Cuthah.
Kutu (kü´tü), the men of, 128, 264. See Gutium.

L

Labartu (la-bär´tü), the, a mountain hag, 68; as a luck spirit, 77.
Labashi-Marduk (la´ba-shi-mar´dük), King of Babylonia, 492.
"La Belle Dame Sans Merci", Ishtar as, 174, 175. Lachamu (lach-ä´mü), goddess, in Creation legend, 37, 138, 143.
Lachmu (lach´mü), god, in Creation legend, 37, 138, 143.
Lagash (lä´gash), city of, early rulers of, 115 et seq.; deities of, 116-118 ; relations with Umma, 118-120 ; site of at Tello, 120; revolution in, 120; Urukagina, the reformer of, 121-124 ; sack of, 124; Gudea, King of, 129; sculptures, buildings, and trade of, 130; bearded god of, 135, 136; burning of in Hammurabi Age, 243. Also Shir-pür´lä.
Lakshmi (lăksh´mee), the Indian eternal mother, 101.
Lamassu (la´mas-sü), the winged bull, 65.
Lamb, the sacrificed, inspiration from blood of, 48.
Land laws, in early Sumeria, 26; of Babylonia, 229, 230.
Lang, Andrew, on Cronos, 64; on father and son myth, 158; on Greek star lore, 319.
Langdon, Dr., Sumerian psalms, 96 et seq.; on Ninip and Enlil, 158; on doves and goddesses, 428.
Language, race and, 3; Sumerians, Chinese, Turks, Magyars, Finns, and Basques compared, 3.
Larsa (lär´sä), sun god chief deity of, 40; revolt against Isin, 132; Rim-Sin, king of, 133; rise of sun cult of, 240; Elamite kings of, 242; the Biblical Ellasar, 247; Nabonidus and, 492.
Laurin (law´reen), the Germanic elfin lover, 68.
Law courts, in Hammurabi Age, 223.
Layard, Sir A.H., discoveries of, xix et seq.; Ashur symbols, 343; description of Kalkhi, 399-401 .
"Lay of the Harper", the Sumerian "Song of the Sea Lady" and, 178, 179.
Lead, in northern Mesopotamia, 25.
Lebanon, Gudea of Lagash gets timber from, 130.
Leicestershire wind hag, 73.
Library, Shalmaneser III founded at Kalkhi, 422.
Libyans, the, shaving customs of, 9.
Life, the water of, 44, 45; the plant of, 44; blood and sap and, 45; liver as seat of, 48; habits of and modes of thought, 51.
Light on head, Merodach's, 145.
Li´la or Li´lu, the demon, 67.
Li´lith, "Adam's first wife", 67; Indian Surpanaka like, 67.
Linen, manufactured in prehistoric Egypt, 14.
Lion god, Nergal as the, 54.
Lions, associated with mother goddess, 120.
Liver, the, as seat of life, 48; dragon's vulnerable part, 153.
Loftus, W.K., xx.
Loki, the Germanic god, taunts goddesses regarding lovers, 102, 103; god Barleycorn and, 170.
"Long Meg", the English giantess, 155, 156; "Long Tom" and, 156.
"Long Tom", the giant, guns called, 156.
Love charms and love lyrics, 238.
Love goddess, Ishtar as, 99, 175, 176; the inconstancy of, 99 et seq., 102, 103, 104.
Lovers, the demon, 67, 68.
Lucian (loosh´yan), Semiramis legend, 425.
Lucifer, Babylonian king as, 331.
Luck, spitting to secure, 46 et seq.; spirits of, 77.
Lugal-zaggisi (lü´gal-zag´gi-si), King of Umma, sack of Lagash by, 123, 124; gods of, 124; Kish captured by, 124; Erech capital of empire of, 124, 125; supposed invasion of Syria by, 125.
Lulubu (lül´ü-bü), mountaineers, 128.
Lunar chronology, solar chronology preceded by, 312; "Four Quarters", 323, 324.
Lunar zodiac, the original, 309.
Lycia, god had wife in, 221.
Lydia, emissaries from to Ashur-banipal, 483; helps Egypt against Assyria, 486; alliance with Egypt against Cyrus, 494.

M

Ma, the goddess, serpent form of, 76; Tiamat and, 150; goddess of Comana, 267.
Magic and poetry, 236 et seq.
Magician, the great, Ea as, 38.
Magyars, language of and the Sumerian, 3. Mahabharata, the (măhä´bha´´rătă), 67, 68; the various Indras in, 101; Karna myth in, 126; eagle myth, 166; Bhima like Gilgamesh in, 187; Naturalism and Totemism in, 291, 292, 293; the "wheel of life" in, 346-347 ; the Shakuntala legend in, 423, 424.
Mama (mä´mä), the mother goddess, 57, 267; as Creatrix, 100.
Man, creation of, 38; Ea desired, 148; Merodach sheds blood for, 148; Berosus legend, 148, 149, 150.
Man bull, the winged, 65.
Manasseh, King of Judah, idolatries of, 473; legend of Isaiah's end, 474; captivity of, 474; Ashur-bani-pal and, 486.
Manishtusu (män-ish-tü´sü), successor of Sargon I, empire of, 127.
Mannai (män´nai), state of, 473, 486.
Manu (măn´oo), the Indian patriarch, like Babylonian Noah, 27; the fish and flood myth, 27, 28, 196.
Mara (mä´ra), the European demon of nightmare, 69.
Marduk (mär´duk). See Merodach.
Marduk-balatsu-ikbi (mar´duk-bal´atsü-ik-bi), King of Babylonia, defeat of by Shamshi-Adad VII, 415, 416.
Marduk-bel-usate (mar´duk-bel-ü-sä´te), revolt of in Babylonia, 408, 409.
Marduk-zakir-shum (mar´duk-zä-kir´shüm), King of Babylonia, 408; a vassal of Assyria, 409.
Mari (mä´ri), king of Damascus, as the Biblical Ben Hadad III, 438, 439.
Marriage contracts, in Hammurabi code, 225 et seq.
Marriage market of Babylon, the, 224, 225.
Marriage of deities, the Hittite, 268.
Mars, Horus as, 300, 304; month of, 305; as "bronze fish stone", 314; the Gaulish mule god as, 316; in astrology, 318.
Mars, Nergal, wolf planet of pestilence, as, 301, 303, 316.
Mars, the planet, boar slayer of Adonis as, 87; in sun and moon group, 301.
Maruts (măr´oots), the Indian, like Anu's demons, 34, 64.
Mashi (mä´shi), the mountain of, in Gilgamesh epic, 177, 178.
Maspero, Professor, on antiquity of Hittites, 264; on Assyrian colonists, 456.
"Masters, the", Buriat earth and air spirits, 105.
Mati-ilu (ma´ti-i´lü), of Agusi, relations of with Assyria and Urartu, 443, 446, 447; overthrow of by Tiglath-pileser IV.
Mattiuza (mat-ti-ü´za), King of Mitanni, flight of, 283; as Hittite vassal, 284.
May Day, fire ceremonies of, 50.
Mead, of the gods, 45; blood as, 48; eagle steals, 74.
Measurer, the, moon as, 52.
Medes, III; in Hammurabi Age, 244; Sargon II and, 460; Ashur-bani-pal and, 486; and fall of Nineveh, 488; Scythians and, 472, 488; alliance of with Lydia, 494; Cyrus as King of, 493.
Mediterranean Race, the, Basques a variation of, 3; Sumerians and proto-Egyptians of, 7, 8; Cretans of, 8; Ripley traces in Asia, 8, 9, 11; in Africa and Europe, 9; "cradle" of, 39; Tammuz-Adonis myth and, 85; mother worship and status of women in, 104, 105, 108, 420 et seq.; in Hittite confederacy, 266; the Biblical Cushites and Hamites and, 276.
Medusa, Tiamat and, 159.
Meg, Long. See Long Meg.
Melkarth (mel´kärth), children sacrificed to, 171; Hercules and, 348; burning of, 349.
Memphis (mem´phis), Assyrians fight Ethiopians at, 475, 483.
Men, in worship of mother goddess, 107, 108.
Menahem (men´ä-hem), King of Israel, pays tribute to Assyria, 449.
Meneptah (men-ē´tä or men´e-tä), King of Egypt, relations of with Hittites, 378; sea raiders defeated by, 378, 379.
Menuas (men´ü-äs), King of Urartu, 440; conquests of, 441.
Mercury, the planet; in sun and moon group, 301; Nebo as, 301, 302; month of, 305; the "face voice of light", 314; "lapis lazuli" star, 314; the Gaulish boar god as, 316, 317; in astrology, 318.
Mermaids, the Babylonian, 34.
Mermer (mer´mer), a name of Nebo and Ramman, 303.
Merodach (mer´ō-dach), the god: creation of mankind, xxix, 148; Damkina and, 34; Enlil as older Bel than, 35; Ea and, 38; water of life belief, 44; Nusku as messenger of, 50; in demon war, 77; brothers and sister of, 82; Zamama of Kish and, 126; rise of, 134; Anshar's appeal to in Creation legend, 142; the avenger, 143; proclaimed king of the gods, 144; weapons and steeds of, 145; Tiamat slain, and brood of captured by, 146; eats "Ku-pu" of Tiamat, 147, 147 n., 153; forms earth and sky, 147, 328; creates stars of Zodiac, 147; lunar and solar decrees of, 148; other deities and, 34, 35, 38, 149, 158, 159, 298, 299, 303, 316, 336, 337, 348, 354, 420; hymn to, 149, 150, 161; as Tammuz, 158; Osiris and, 159, 298, 354; Perseus and, 159; Nimrod and, 167, 277, 343; temple of, 221; Hammurabi Age kings and, 241-242 , 252; Hittites carry off image of, 261, 262, 269, 272; Kassites and, 272, 274, 372; complex character of, 298, 299; stars of, 296, 299, 300, 305; Jupiter form of as sun ghost, 305; Nebo and, 303, 435; month of, 305; goddesses and, 221, 299, 316, 420; world hill and, 332; as "high head", 334; Ashur and, 336, 337, 348, 354; image at Asshur, 468, 469; restoration of, 481, 482; ceremony of "taking hands" of, 480, 481; Cyrus and, 493, 495; Ahura Mazda and, 496; Darius I and, 497; Xerxes pillages temple of, 497; Alexander the Great and, 497; late worship of, 498.
Merodach Baladan (mer´o-dach bal´adan), King of Babylon, 457; second reign of, 465; death of, 468; sons of and Esarhaddon, 471.
Mesopotamia, present-day racial types in, 8; Assyria and Babylonia struggle to control, 286, 381, 382, 384; under Kassites, 358, 360, 361; atrocities of Ashur-natsir-pal III in, 397.
Messenger of gods, Sumerian Nusku and India Agni as, 50; Papsukel as, 97; Gaga as, 143.
Metals, the northern Mesopotamia, 25.
Mexico, the terrible mother ghost of, 69.
Meyer, Professor Kuno, 101, 102.
Micah, the prophet, 405, 406.
Mice, the golden, Dagon offering of, 32, 33; gods as, 41; as destroyers of Sennacherib's army, 466.
Midas (mī´das), King of Phrygia, Sargon II and, 460, 462.
Migrations, earliest from Arabia and Asia Minor, 10, 11, 12; the Canaanitic or Amorite, 217; Median and Iranian, 244; the Phoenician, 244, 245; of Abraham and Lot, 245, 246; of Hittites to Palestine, 246; prehistoric pottery evidence of, 263; cults and, 338; Aramaean, 359, 360, 376-378 ; Achaean, 376-378 ; the Moslem, 377; the "Bedouin peril", 392; effects of on old empires, 393.
Milky Way, the, 309.
Millet, husks of in Egyptian pre-Dynastic bodies, 6.
Minerva, Neith and, 337.
Mitanni (mitän´ni), Mitra, Indra, &c, gods of, 55, 269; rise of kingdom of, 268; Kurds descendants of people of, 270; Egypt and, 270, 271, 279, 282, 358, 359; Kassites and Hyksos and, 270, 271, 273; Assyria subject to, 270, 279; Merodach's image in, 272; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 281; conquered by Hittites, 283, 284; cultural influence of, 316; Assyria occupies, 367.
Mithra (mith´rä), the Persian god; attributes of, 54, 55; Sumerian gods and, 55, 56; eagle as, 168, 169; Ashur and, 338; Cambyses sacrifices Apis bull to, 495.
Mitra (mit´ră), Aryo-Indian god, Shamash and, 54; association of with rain, 55; Sumerians and, 55, 56; identified with Yama, 56, 201; links with Agni and Tammuz, 94; in Mitanni, 55, 269.
Moab, Judah and, 402.
Mohammed, spitting custom of, 46.
Moisture of life, gods and, 45.
Moloch, the god, fire ceremony and, 50; children sacrificed to, 171.
Money, spat on to ensure increase, 47.
Mongolians, the, Sumerians unlike, 3,4; elves of, 105; Hittites and, 265, 266.
Monotheism, in Creation legend, 149; Babylonia, 160, 161.
Mons Meg, 156.
Moon, the, water worship and worship of. 45,51; Nannar (Sin), god of, 40; origin of in sea fire, 50, 51; as source of fertility and growth, 52; consort and family of, 53; Mitra and Varuna as regulators of, 54; goblet of, 75; in demon war, 76; devoured by pig demon, 85; god of as father of Isis, 100; bi-sexual deity of, 161, 299, 301; as a planet, 301; forms of god of, 297, 298; Venus and, 314; in astrology, 318; the "four quarters of", 323, 324.-See Nannar and Sin.
Moon goddess, the, 53.
Moses, in Koran water of life story, 186.
Mother, the Great, agriculturists and, xxx; as source of food supply, xxxii; destroying goddesses as, 57; Tiamat as, 64, 106, 140, 157; the serpent as, 74-76 ; the Gaelic Hag as, 87; Ishtar as, 100, 157; Nut of Egypt as, 100, 106; the Aryo-Indian Sri-Lakshmi as, 101; lovers of die yearly, 101 et seq.) human sacrifices to, 104; worship of in Jerusalem, 106; women as offerers to, 106-108 ; Kish queen and, 114; Lagash form of, 116; lions, deer, and wild goats of, 120; at creation of mankind, 148; as star Sirius, 296; Semiramis legend and, 436, 437. See Mother Worship.
Mother demons, in Sumerian and Anglo-Scottish folk tales, 153; Neolithic origin of, 156.
Mother ghost, the terrible, in Western Asia, India, and Mexico, 69; Buriats plead with, 69, 70.
"Mother of Mendes", the, Egyptian fish and corn deity, 29; Nina and, 117.
"Mother right", Hittites and, 418; Darius I succeeds through, 496.
Mother worship, in Mediterranean racial areas, 104, 105; in Semiramis Age, 417 et seq.; Queen Tiy and, 434 > goddesses as mother, wife, and daughter of god, 436; Sargon II and, 463; Esarhaddon and, 471; Ashur-bani-pal and, 486; Artaxerxes promotes, 497.
Mothers, the twin, Isis and Nepthys as, 99.
Moulton, Professor, on Indian conception of conscience, 54; on Mithraism, 201.
Mountain gods, Enlil and the, 35.
"Mountain of the West", Olympus as, 332; temples as symbols of, 332.
Mountains, as totems, 291, 292.
Mouse, god as a, 296.
Mulla, Gaulish mule god, as Mars, 316.
Mulla (mül´la), the "Will-o'-the-wisp", 66 et seq.
Müller, Max, on lunar chronology, 312.
Mummu (müm´mü), plots with Apsu and Tiamat, 139, 140; overcome by Ea, 140, 142.
Mummu-Tiamat, or Tiawath. See Tiamat,
Mursil (mür´sil), King of Hittites, 364; conquests of Egypt, 364.
Music, magical origin of, 238.
Muski (moosh´kee), overlords of Hittites, 380; Hittites freed from yoke of, 386; Thraco-Phrygian kingdom of, 395; Assyrians fight with, 397; the Biblical Meshech, 464.
Müt, Egyptian cult of, 105, 418; Aton and, 419.
Mutallu (mü´täl´lü), Hittite king, wars of with Rameses II, 365, 366.
Mysticism, the "lord of many existences", 297, 299; Osiris as father, husband, son, &c., 297; Babylonian and Egyptian, 297, 298; forms of Horus, 300, 304; "world soul" conception, 304; father and son gods identical, 304, 305; Anshar and Anu and "self power", 328; Ashur and Brahma, 328.