Myths of Babylonia and Assyria

S

Saliva, Isis serpent formed from, 45; magical qualities of, 46.

Samaria, building of, 405; murder of Jezebel in, 410; Assyrians capture, 455; "ten tribes" deported, 455; Babylonians settled in, 456.

Sammu-rammat (sam´mu-ram-mat), Queen of Assyria, as Semiramis, 417, 437, 438; a Babylonian, 418; high status of, 419; relation to Adadnirari IV, 419, 420; innovations of, 421; mother worship and, 423, 436; Queen Nakia like, 470, 471.

Samsu-iluna (säm-sü-il-ü´na), King, son of Hammurabi, slays Rim-Sin, 249; Kassites appear in reign of, 255; Erech and Ur restored by, 256.

Sandan (sän´dän), the god, 261; Agni and Melkarth and, 346; winged disk of, 348. Also rendered Sandes.

Sandstorms, the Babylonian, 24.

Sap of plants, vitalized by water of life, 45.

Sarah, Abraham's wife, 16.

Saraswati (să-răs´wă-tee), wife of Brahma, 101.

Sardanapalus (sar-dan-a-pā´lus), palace burning of, 350; Ashur-bani-pal and, 486, 487, 488.

Sargon of Akkad, as Patriarch, xxxiii; the Patriarch-Tammuz myth of, 91, 437; humble origin of, 125; legend of like Indian Karna story, 126; empire of, 127; Enlil-bani of Isin like, 133; Gilgamesh legend and, 171, 172; Sargon II an incarnation of, 462.

Sargon II, King of Assyria, excavations at city of, xx; "Lost Ten Tribes" deported by, 455; Merodach Baladan revolt, 457; Syrian revolts against, 458, 459; tribute from Piru of Mutsri, 458; Piru and Pharaoh, 458 n.; Isaiah warns Ahaz regarding, 459; Hittites and, 460; Urartu crippled by, 460, 461; Merodach Baladan ejected by, 462; Messianic pretensions of, 462; Dur-Sharrukin built by, 463; deities worshipped by, 463; assassination of, 463, 464.

Saturn, the planet, Horus as, 300, 302; in sun and moon group, 301; Ninip (Nirig) as, 301; as ghost of elder god, 302; month of, 305; the "black", 314, 315; in astrology, 318.

Satyrs, the dance of at Babylon, 114, 333.

Saul, the ephod ceremony, 213, 214; cremation of, 350.

Saushatar (sa-ü-sha´tär), King of Mitanni, Assyria subdued by, 279, 280.

Sayce, Professor, on Dagon-Dagan problem, 32; on Daonus and Tammuz, 83; on Hittite chronology, 264; on star worship, 317; on the goat god, 332, 333; Hittite winged disk, 347, 348, 428.

Sceaf or Scef, "the sheaf", Tammuz and the Germanic myth of, 91, 92, 93, 210.

Schliemann, pottery finds by, 263.

Schools, in Hammurabi Age, 251.

Scorpion man and wife, in Gilgamesh epic, 177, 178.

Scotland, the sea god of, 33; spitting customs in, 47; the "Great Mother" in, a demon, 64; return of dead dreaded in, 70; "calling back" belief in, 70 n.; south-west wind a hag like Babylonian, 73; fairies and elves of, 80, 186; Tammuz-Diarmid myth of, 85; Diarmid a love god of, 87; the eternal goddess of, 101; "the Yellow Muilearteach" of, 151; slain by Finn as Merodach slays Tiamat, 151; great eel story of, 152; mother-monster Sumerian lore in, 153; giant lore of, 164, 317; Etana-like eagle myth of, 167, 168; John Barleycorn, the Icelandic god Barleycorn and Nimrod, 170, 170 n., 171; water of life myths of, 186, 187; dark tunnel stories of, 189; Pictish customs in, 212; the Gunna, 213; seers and bull skin ceremony, 213; folk cures in, 232, 233; pig as the devil in, 293; May day solar belief in, 348; the "seven sleepers" in, 394; "death thraw" belief, 427 n.; doves and ravens, 429; pigeon lore in, 431.

Scott, Sir Walter, the Taghairm ceremony, 213.

Scyld. See Sceaf.

Scythians, raids of in Western Asia, 461; Esarhaddon and, 472; fall of Nineveh, 488.

Sea demon, Ea as a, 62.

Sea fire, 50, 51.

Sea giants, the Babylonian, 34.

Sea goddess, Ea's spouse as, and earth lady, 34.

Sea gods, Ea, Dagon, Poseidon, Neptune, Shony, and Njord as, 33.

"Sea Lady", the, Sabitu, in Gilgamesh epic, 178, 179; Germanic hag and, 184, 185; the Indian Maya like, 188.

Sea of Death, in Gilgamesh epic, 178 et seq.

Sealand, Dynasty of in Hammurabi Age, 257; in Kassite Age, 274, 275.

Seasonal changes, evil spirits cause, 65.

Seasons, the, of Babylonia, 23, 24.

Sebek (seb´ek), Egyptian crocodile god, as a weeping deity, 29.

Sekhet (se´khet), the Egyptian goddess, Ishtar and, 57.

Seleucid Period, Lagash occupied in, 243.

Seleucus I, 498.

Seleukeia, rival city to Babylon, 498.

"Self power", xxxiii; conception of in stage of Naturalism, 291; the "world soul" conception, 304; Anu a form of, 328; the "world soul", 328; gods as phases of, 329; stars as phases of, 331.

Semiramis (sem-ir´a-mis), Queen, as founder of Nineveh, 277; Queen Sammu-rammat as, 417; mother worship and, 423, 434; birth legend like Shakuntala's, 423, 424; as representative of mother goddess, 425; buildings and mounds of, 425, 426; Persian connection, 427, 433; dove symbol of, 431, 432; origin of legend of, 437, 438; Urartu and, 441; Queen Nakia and, 471; wife of Cambyses like, 496. See Sammu-rammat.

Semites, Akkadians were, 2; the racial blend of, 9 et seq.; influence of on Sumerian gods, 135, 136, 137.

Sennacherib (sen-näk´er-ib), King of Assyria, 463; wars of in Elam and Asia Minor, 464; Ionians deported to Nineveh by, 464; Merodach Baladan's second reign, 465; army of destroyed by "angel of the Lord", 466, 467; death of Merodach Baladan, 468; destruction of Babylon by, 468, 469; murder of, 470; Nakia, Babylonian wife of, 471.

Sergi, Professor, on Syrian and Asia Minor races, 11, 267.

Serpent, Isis makes from saliva of Ra, 45; in group of seven spirits, 63; the world, 150; dragon as, 157, 158; totemic theory, 293, 296; in Crete, 430.

Serpent charms, as fertility and birth charms, 150, 165.

Serpent worship, 77.

Serpents, the mother of, in Zu bird myth, 74, 75; the Babylonian and Egyptian, 74-76 , 150.

Sesostris (se-sōs´tris), Hittite god identified with, 441; Semiramis and, 426.

Set, as boar demon, 46, 85, 293; as the dragon, 156; as thunder god, 261.

Seti I (set´ee), of Egypt, struggle of with Hittites, 364.

Seven, the demons in groups of, 34.

"Sevenfold One", 298; constellations as, 300 et seq.; Tammuz as, 304, 317.

"Seven sleepers", the, 394.

Seven spirits, the, dragon, &c., in, 63; the daughters of Anu, 68; the sexless, 71.

Shabaka (shä´bä-kä), King of Egypt, the Biblical So and, 454 n.

Shakespeare, "Jack" the fairy, 66; Tiamat-like imagery in, 151; "sea devils", 152; grave inscription of, 214, 215; astrology references, 324, 325.

Shakuntala (shă-koon´tă-läh), birth legend of like Semiramis's, 423, 424; Persian eagle legend and, 493.

Shallum (shäl´lüm), revolt of at Samaria, 449.

Shalmaneser I (shäl-män-e´-ser), of Assyria, a great conqueror, 363; western and northern expansion, 366; Kalkhi capital of, 367.

Shalmaneser III, referred to in Bible, 401; attacks on Aramaeans and Hittites, 407; Ahab of Israel fights against, 407; authority of in Babylonia, 408, 409; defeat of Hazael of Damascus, 411; tribute from Jehu of Israel, 411, 412; conquests of, 414; revolt of son against, 414; death of, 415; Babylonian culture, 422; library of at Kalkhi, 422.

Shalmaneser IV, of Assyria, reign of, 439; Urartu wars of, 442.

Shalmaneser V, imprisons Hoshea of Israel, 454, 455.

Shamash (shäm´ash), Semitic name of sun god, 40; Babbar Sumerian name of, 54, 240; Mitra and Varuna and, 54; as god of destiny, 55; Mithra and, 55, 56; sun as "boat of the sky", 56, 57; consort and attendants of, 57, 100; local importance of, 58; in eagle and serpent myths, 75, 76; in demon war, 76; development of, 132; in Gilgamesh legend, 172 et seq.; as an abstract deity, 240, 241; oracle of pleads for Merodach, 272; month of, 305; as the "high head", 334; "water sun" of, 334; the wheel symbol of, 347; Aramaeans destroy temple of, 445; worshipped by Esarhaddon, 471; oracle of and Ashur-bani-pal, 481; Nabonidus and, 492.

Shamash-shum-ukin (sham´ash-shum-ü´kin), King of Babylon, 471, 476, 480; restoration of Merodach, 480, 481; revolt of against Ashur-bani-pal, 484; burns himself in palace, 485.

Shamshi-Adad VII (sham´shi-ad´ad), King of Assyria, 414; civil war, 415; conquests of, 415, 416; culture in reign of, 423; rise of Urartu, 440.

Shär, the god. See Anshar.

Shär Apsi, "King of the Deep", Ea as, 28, 29.

"Shar Kishsháte", "King of the World", Assyrian title, 363, 370.

Sharduris III (shar´dü-ris), of Urartu, routed by Tiglath-pileser IV, 446, 447.

Shaving customs, significance of, 4; of Arabians and Libyans, &c., 9; why Sumerian gods were bearded, 135-137 .

Shedu (shā´du), the destroying bull, 65; as household fairy, 77.

Sheep, skin of in graves, 213.

Shepherd, the divine, Tammuz as, 53.

Sheshonk (shish´ak), Pharaoh of Egypt, alliance with Solomon, 388; Hebrews spoiled by, 391, 402.

Shinar, the Biblical, 111, 247; Amraphel (Hammurabi) of, 131.

Shishak. See Sheshonk.

Shivă, the Indian god, Bel Enlil like, 38; the Sumerian Ninip like, 53; Osiris and Ra like, 63; in "dying Indra" myth, 101.

Shony (shon´ee), sea god of Scottish Hebrides, 33.

Shü, the Egyptian god, created from saliva, 46,

Shubari (shu-bä´ri) tribes, 284.

Shurippak´ or Shurruppak´, city of, in flood legend, 190, 191, 243.

Shushan. See Susa.

Siberia, elves of, 105; "calling back" of ghosts in, 69, 70.

Sidon, conspiracy against Nebuchadrezzar II, 491; tribute of to Adadnirari IV, 439; Tyre and, 388, 392; Israel an ally of, 406; in league against Esarhaddon, 472; destruction of, 473.

Siegfried (seeg´freed), "birds of Fate" sang to, 65; the "Regin" dragon, 156, 164.

Signs of the Zodiac. See Zodiac.

Sigurd (see´goord), link with Merodach as dragon slayer, 147 n.; the "Fafner" dragon, 156, 164.

Sin, desert of, called after moon god, 52.

Sin, the moon god, 51, 52; consort and children of, 53; Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna chastise, 54, 55; in demon war, 76, 77; as father of Isis, 100; as form of Merodach, 160; month of, 305; Ashur worshipped with, 353; Nabonidus as worshipper of, 494. See Moon and Nannar.

Sinai, mountains of, called after moon god, 52.

Sin-iksha (sin-ik´sha). King of Isin, 133.

Sin-magir (sin-mä´gir), King of Isin, 133.

Sin-muballit (sin-mü-bäl´lit), King, father of Hammurabi, 132, 242; struggle of with Elamites, 243.

Sin-shar-ish´kun, last King of Assyria, 487.

Sippar (sip´par), sun god chief deity of, 40; a famous priestly teacher of, 42; goddess of assists Merodach to create mankind, 148; rise of sun cult of, 240; first Amoritic king of, 241; Esarhaddon plunders, 472.

Sirius, the star, Teutonic giant as, 295; goddess Isis as, 296.

Skull forms, language and, 3; of Mongolian, Ural-Altaic, and Mediterranean peoples, 3, 4; Kurdish and Armenian treatment, 4, 5; of early Egyptians and Sumerians, 7 et seq.; Palaeolithic still survive, 8; persistence of, 8; broad heads in Western Asia, Egypt, and India, 8, 9; the Semitic, 10.

Sky, conception of "Self Power" of, 292; god of, 31; goddesses of, 36, 37.

Sleeper, the divine, Angus, the Irish, and Tammuz, 90.

Sleepers, the seven, the Indras as, 101; Thomas the Rhymer, Finn, Napoleon, and Skobeleff as, 164; as spirits of fertility, 164; Tammuz and, 210.

Smith, Professor Elliot, on Sumerian origins, 7; on origin of Semites, 10; on conquest by Akkadians of Sumerians, 12; on first use of copper, 12; on early Egyptian invasion of "broad heads", 263, 264.

Smith, George, career and discoveries of, xxi-xxiii; "Descent of Ishtar", 95 et seq.

Smith, Professor Robertson, on Atargatis legend, 28; on life-blood beliefs, 47; on agricultural weeping ceremony, 83.

Snakes, doves and, Cretan goddess and, 430.

So, King of Egypt, Shabaka and other kings and, 454, 454 n.

Sokar, a composite monster god, 135.

Sokar (sok´är), Egyptian lord of fear, 63.

Solomon, King, ally of Egypt and Tyre, 388, 389; sea trade of with India, 389, 390; Babylonia during period of, 391; Judah and Israel separated after death of, 401, 402.

Soma (sō´mă), source of inspiration, 45.

Song of the Sea Lady, in Gilgamesh epic, 178, 179.

"Soul of the land", river Euphrates as the, 23.

Souls, carried to Hades by eagle, 168.

Spells on water, 44; layers of punished, 233.

Spinning, in Late Stone Age, 14.

Spirits, "air" and "breath" as, 48, 49; gods evolved from, 60; the good and evil, 58, 63, 77, 78, 236; the Gorgons, 159; periodic liberation of, 65; the "calling back" belief, 69, 70; penetrate everywhere, 71, 72; of luck and fate, 77, 236; elves, Ribhus, and Burkans as, 105.

Spitting customs, in Asia, Africa, and Europe, 46, 47.

Spring sun, the, Tammuz as god of, 53.

Sri, the Indian eternal mother, 101.

Stars, the, great beauty of in Babylonia, 24; "Will-o'-the-wisps" as, 67; Zu bird and, 74; Merodach fixes Signs of the Zodiac, 147; the "stations" of Enlil and Ea, 147; animals and myths of the, 289; in various local mythologies, 290; the "host of heaven", 294; as totems, 295; as ghosts, 295, 304; in mythologies of Teutons, Aryo-Indians, Greeks, Egyptians, &c., 295, 296, 319, 320; star of Osiris, 296; Ishtar myths, 295, 299; Merodach as Regulus and Capella, 299; bi-sexual deities and the, 299; early association of Isis with, 300; three for each month, 307, 308, 309; the "divinities of council", 309; the doctrine of mythical Ages and, 310 et seq.; popular worship of, 317; as "birth-ruling divinities", 318; spirits of associated with gods, 318; in Indian Vedas and "Forest Books", 318; Biblical references to, 324; literary references to, 325; Anshar as the Pole star, 330; Isaiah and Polar star myth, 331; Polar star as "the kid", 333; in Ashur ring symbol, 344.

Steer, moon god as the, 52, 135.

Stone Age, the Late, pottery of in Turkestan, Elam, Asia Minor, and Europe, 5; origin of agriculture in, 6; in Palestine, 10; racial blending in Egypt in, II; civilization in, 13 et seq.; refined faces of men of, 15.

Stone worship, moon worship and, 52; Ninip the bull god and, 53.

Storm demons, the Babylonian Shutu and Adapa legend, 72, 73; the European, 72, 73. See Wind hags.

Strabo, on Babylonian works of Alexander, 498; on Semiramis legend, 425.

Straw girdle, a birth charm, 165.

Subbi-luliuma (süb´bi-lu-li-ü´ma), Hittite king, conquests of, 283, 363.

Sumer, or Sumeria (shoo´mer and sum-ā´ri-a]), its racial and geographical significance, 1; early name of Kengi, 2; agriculture in at earliest period, 6; culture of indigenous, 6, 7; women's high social status in, 16, 17; Eridu a seaport of, 22; surplus products and trade of, 25; gods of like Egyptian, 26, 36, 37; modes of thought and habits of life in, 51; the Great Mother Tiamat of, 106; early history of, 109 et seq.; principal cities of, 110; the "plain of Shinar", 111; why gods of were bearded, 135, 136, 137; burial customs of like early Egyptian, 211, 214; cities of destroyed in Hammurabi Age, 243; the Biblical Shinar is, 247; stars in primitive religion of, 289; Naturalism and the Zi, 291; sculpture of compared with Assyrian, 401.

Sumerian goddesses, racial origin of, 105.

Sumerians, characteristics of, 2; Akkadians adopted culture of, 2, 3; unlike the Chinese, 3; Mongolian affinities of doubtful, 3; language of agglutinative like those of Chinese, Turks, Magyars, Finns, and Basques, 3; Ural-Altaic racial theory, 4; shaving customs of, 5; of Mediterranean or Brown Race, 7; congeners of prehistoric Europeans, 9; Arabs and Egyptians and, 9, 10; conquered by Akkadians, 12; survival of culture and language of, 13; in early Copper Age, 12, 13; pious records of kings of, 112; how history of is being restored, 113; the earliest dates, 114; end of political power of, 217; as early astronomers, 300.

Sumu-abum (su´mu-a´bum), early Amoritic king, 241.

Sumu-la-ilu (su-mu´la-i´lu), early King of Hammurabi Age, 241; capture of Kish by, 241, 242; Assyrian king claims descent from, 419.

Sun, origin of in sea fire, 50, 51; seasonal worship of, 53, 240; Mitra and Varuna as regulators of, 54; as "boat of the sky", 56; as a planet, 301; as bridegroom, 306, 306 n.; in astrology, 318; the "man in" the, 335, 336.

Sun, god of, Ninip, Nirig, and Nergal as, 53, 54, 303; Babbar as, 54; as Judge of living and dead, 54; as seer of secret sin, 54, 55; links between Shamash, Mitra, and Varuna, 54, 55: Ninip and Nin-Girsu, and Babbar and Shamash, 132; Tammuz as, 158; forms of, 297, 298; Horus as the, 300; as offspring and spouse of moon, 301; Orion as a manifestation of, 305; animals identified with, 329, 330; symbols of, 335, 336.

Sundial, a Babylonian invention, 323; of Ahaz, 323.

Sun god, Shamash as, 40; centres of, 40. See Shamash.

Sun goddess, the Babylonian and Hittite, 57.

Surpanakha (sür-pă´năk-hä]), the Indian demon, like Lilith, 67.

Susa, prehistoric pottery of, 5; capital of Elam, 111; Hammurabi Code discovered at, 222; burning of Persian palace at, 497.

Sutarna II (sü-tär´nä), King of Mitanni, 283; deposed by rival, 284.

Sutekh (süt´ekh), as tribal god, 156; as dragon slayer, 157; Hittite thunder and fertility god and, 261.

Suti (sü´ti), the, Aramaean robbers, 285, 359, 360; settled in Asia Minor, 461.

Svip´dag, Gilgamesh and, 184, 185.

Swan, Irish love god as, 428 n.; love messenger in India, 429.

Swan maidens, as lovers, 68.

Swine, offerings of to sea god, 33; demons enter, 71; sacrificed to Tammuz, 85; associated with Osiris, 85; Gaelic Hag's herd of, 87; sacrifice of to cure disease, 236; Ninip as boar god, 302.

Symbolism, forehead symbol of Apis bull and Sumerian goat, 334; "high heads": Anshar, Anu, Enlil, Ea, Merodach, Nergal, and Shamash, 334; symbols of "high heads", 334; the "world spine" and "world tree", 334; the "water sun" of Shamash, 334; Ashur's winged disks or "wheels", 334 et seq.; "man in the sun" in Assyria, Egypt, and India, 335, 336; Blake's "double vision", 336; the arrow symbol, 337; "shuttle" of Neith a thunderbolt, 337 n.; Assyria the cedar, 340, 341; Isaiah and Ezekiel use Babylonian and Assyrian, 341; the eagle, 343, 344; Ezekiel's wheels and four-faced cherubs, 344 et seq.; wheels or disks of Hittites, Indians, &c., 347, 348; the double axe, 348; the Ashur arrow, 351, 352; the "dot within the circle" and egg thorn, 352.

Syria, broad heads in, 8; early races in, 11; supposed invasion of by Lugal-zaggisi, 125; Sargon of Akkad's empire in, 127; hill god of, 136; sheepskin burials in, 213; culture of higher than Egypt at end of Hyksos Age, 275.