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Myths of Babylonia and Assyria

Chapter 46: U
By Donald A. Mackenzie
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History - AncientMythology, Legends & Folklore

About This Book

This work presents a compact survey of Babylonian and Assyrian civilization and mythology, tracing racial origins and early city-states and then detailing major deities, rival pantheons, demons, and popular cults such as Tammuz and Ishtar. It retells foundational narratives including creation as Merodach’s dragon-slaying, famed hero-quests of Etana and Gilgamesh, and the flood and underworld traditions, and examines material culture, laws, temple and urban life, astronomical lore, and imperial history from regional ascendancies to Assyrian splendour and decline, highlighting how myth, religion, and shifting peoples shaped political and social institutions.

T

Tabal (ta-bäl´), Hittite Cilician kingdom of, 395; Shalmaneser III subdues king of, 414; Sargon II conquers, 460, 461; Biblical reference to, 464; tribute from to Ashur-bani-pal, 483.
Tablets of Destiny, the, Zu bird steals, 74; Tiamat gives to Kingu in Creation legend, 141, 145; Merodach takes from Kingu, 146; Ninip receives, 158.
Taharka (tä-har´ka), King of Egypt, in anti-Assyrian revolt, 465; intrigues against Esarhaddon, 471; Esarhaddon's invasion of Egypt, 475; flight of, 475, 476; death of, 482.
Tammuz, Osiris and, xxxi, 81; variations of myths of, xxxii; blood of in river, 47, 48; as the shepherd and spring sun, 53; spends winter in Hades, 53; links with Mithra, 55, 94; son of Ea, 82; Belit-sheri, sister of, 98; Ishtar, mother and lover of, 101; worship of among Hebrews, 82, 106, 107; as "the man of sorrows", 88; "the true and faithful son", 93; as the patriarch, 82; Sargon of Akkad myth and, 91; links with Adonis, Attis, Diarmid, and pre-Hellenic deities, 83, 84; blood of in river, 85; kid and sucking pig of, 85; as "steer of heaven", 85; Nin-shach, boar god, as slayer of, 86; Ishtar laments for, 86; month of wailings for, 87-89 ; why Ishtar deserted, 99, 103; as the love god, 87; dies with vegetation, &c., 87, 88; sacred cedar of, 88; in gloomy Hades, 89; return of like Frode (Frey), 95; as the slumbering corn child, 89, 90, 91; Teutonic Scyld or Sceaf and, 92, 93; Frey, Hermod, and Heimdal like, 93; as world guardian and demon-slayer like Heimdal and Agni, 94; as the healer like Khonsu, 94; Ishtar visits Hades for, 96, 97, 98; refusal to leave Hades, 98; like Kingu in Tiamat myth, 106; Nin-Girsu, or En-Mersi, of Lagash a form of, 116, 120; Nina and Belitsheri and, 117; Sargon myth like Indian Karnastory, 126, 437; Zamama, Merodach, Ninip and, 53, 126, 158, 241, 302, 305; as elder god, 159; Etana and Gilgamesh and, 164; as patriarch and sleeper, 164; eagle of, 120, 168; Nimrod myth, 170; John Barleycorn and, 170; Gilgamesh and, 171, 172, 210; in Gilgamesh epic, 176; Nebo and, 303, 435; Adonis slain by boar god of war, 304; planetary deities and, 301, 304; forms of like Horus, 305; astral links with Merodach and Attis, 305; Ashur and, 337, 340, 348; identified with Nusku, &c., 354; as Anshar, En Mersi, and Nin-Girsu, 333; doves and, 428 n[480].
Tanutamon (tä-nut´ämon), Ethiopian king, Assyrians expelled from Memphis by, 482, 483; defeat of, 483.
Tarku (tär´kü), Asia Minor thunder god, 35, 57, 261, 395.
Tarsus, Hittite city of, 395.
Tashmit (täsh´mit), spouse of Nebo, 436; creatrix and, 437.
Taylor, J.E., xx.
Tears, agricultural weeping ceremonies, 82 et seq.
Tears of deities, the fertilizing, 29; the creative, 45, 46.
Tefnut (tef´nut), the Egyptian goddess, created from saliva, 46.
Tell-el-Amarna letters, historical evidence from, 280 et seq.; Assyrian king's letter, 284, 285.
Tello (tello´), Lagash site, 120; archaic forms of gods, 135; mound of, Lagash site, 243.
Temples, the houses of gods, 60.
Teshub or Teshup (tesh´ub), thunder god of Armenia, 261; as a Mitannian god, 269; in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 282, 395.
Teutonic sea-fire belief, 51.
Thebes, sack of by Assyrians, 483.
Theodoric (toyd´rik or thē-od´o-rik), the Goth, myths of, 164.
Thomas the Rhymer, as a "sleeper", 164.
Thompson, R. Campbell, 34, 39, 72, 76, 234, 235, 238, 239.
Thor, Ramman and Dadu or Hadad as, 57; Dietrich as, 74, 164; the hammer of, 238; deities that link with, 261; the goat and, 333, 334; Ashur, Tammuz, and Indra and, 340.
Thorkill (thōr´kill), the Germanic, Gilgamesh and, 185.
Thoth (thōth or tā-hoo´tee), the Egyptian god, as chief of Ennead, 36; curative saliva of, 46; Sumerian moon god like, 301.
Thothmes III (thōth´mes), of Egypt, wars against Mitanni, 275; correspondence of with Assyrian king, 276, 279.
Thunder god, Ramman, Hadad or Dadu, and Enlil as, 35, 57; Indra as, 35; Dietrich as Thor, 74; in Babylonian Zu and Indian Garuda myths, 74, 75, 169; in demon war, 76; Merodach as, 144; Hercules as, 171; horn and hammer of, 238; the Hittite, 260; the Amorite, Mitannian, Kassite, and Aryan, 261; Ptah of Egypt a, 263, 264.
Thunder goddess, the Egyptian Neith a, 337 n.
Thunderstone, weapon of Merodach and Ramman, 144, 159, 160.
Tiamat (ti´a-mat), like Egyptian Nut, 37; in group of early deities, 64; the "brood" of, 64, 65; as Great Mother, 106; in Creation legend, 138; plots with Apsu and Mummu, 139; as Avenger of Apsu, 140; exalts Kingu, 141; Anu and Ea fears, 142; Merodach goes against, 144; slaying of, 146; Merodach divides "Ku-pu" of, 147; the dragon's heart, 147 n.; body of forms sky and earth, 147; followers of "fallen gods", 150; as origin of good and evil, 150; beneficent forms of, 150; as the dragon of the deep, 151; Gaelic sea monster and, 151; Alexander the Great sees, 151; the Scottish "eel" and, 151; "brood of" in Beowulf, 151; vulnerable part of, 153; Ishtar and, 157; the Gorgons and, 159; in Germanic legend, 202; grave demons and, 215; reference to by Damascius, 328. (Also rendered "Tiawath".)
Tiana (ti-an´i), Hittite city of, 395.
Tibni, revolt of in Israel, 405.
Tidal (ti´dal), Saga on Hittite connections of, 264, 265; Tudhula of the Hittites as, 247, 248.
Tiglath-pileser I (tig´lath pi-le´ser), of Assyria, 382; conquests of, 383, 384.
Tiglath-pileser IV, the Biblical "Pul", 444; Babylonian campaign of, 445, 446; Sharduris of Urartu defeated by, 446, 447; Israel, Damascus, and Tyre pay tribute to, 449; destruction of Urarti capital, 450; appeal of Ahaz to, 451, 452; Israel punished by, 453; Babylon welcomes, 453; triumphs of, 454.
Tigris, the river, 22; as "the bestower of blessings", 23; rise and fall and length of, 24.
Tiy, Queen, in Tell-el-Amarna letters, 283; Semiramis like, 418; Aton and Mut worship, 419; mother worship and, 423.
Toothache, Babylonian cure of, 234, 235.
Totems, the bear, 164; mountains, trees, and animals as, 292, 293; surnames and, 293; the fish of Ea and, 294; eating the in Egypt, 295; doves, snakes, crocodiles, &c., as, 432, 433; Persian eagle, 493.
Trade routes, Babylonia and Assyria struggle for, 286; the ancient, 356; Baghdad and other railways following, 357; ancient Powers struggled to control, 358; Babylon's route to Egypt, 359; Arabian desert route opened, 360; route abandoned, 361; Elam's caravan roads, 361; struggle for Mesopotamia, 361 et seq.; Babylon's trade with China, Egypt, &c., 371, 372. Transmigration of souls, 315.
"Tree of Life", Professor Sayce on the Babylonian, 39.
Tree worship, Tammuz, Adonis and Osiris and, 88; Ashur and, 339; Ezekiel on Assyria's tree, 340, 341.
Trees, in Babylonia, 24, 25; sap as the "blood" of, 47; as totems, 291, 293.
Trident, the lightning, weapon of Merodach, 144.
Tritons, the, 33.
Tudhula (tüd´hü-lä), a Hittite king, identified with Biblical Tidal, 247, 248; forms of name of, 264, 265.
Tukulti-Ninip I (tu-kul´ti-nin´ip), of Assyria, 368, 369.
Tukulti-Ninip III, 396.
Tunnel, the dark, in Gilgamesh epic, 178; Germanic land of darkness, 185; in Alexander the Great myth, 185, 186; in Indian legends, 187, 188; in Scottish folk tales, 189.
Turkestan, early civilization of and the Sumerian, 5; did agriculture originate in? 6; prehistoric painted pottery in, 263.
Turkey, great Powers and, 357; language of and Sumerian, 3.
Turks, of Ural-Altaic stock, 4.
Tushratta (tüsh´rat-ta), King of Mitanni, 280; correspondence of with Egyptian kings, 282 et seq.; murder of, 283.
Twin goddesses, Ishtar and Belitsheri, 98, 99; Isis and Nepthys, 99.
Tyr, the Germanic god, mother of a demon, 64.
Tyre, relations with Sidon and Hebrews, 388, 389, 392; tribute of to Adad-nirari IV, 439; gifts from to Tiglath-pileser IV, 449; King Luli and Assyria, 465; Esarhaddon and, 474, 475; tribute from to Ashur-bani-pal, 483; conspiracy against Nebuchadrezzar II, 491, 492.
Tyrol, the demon lover of, 68; wind hags of, 74.

U

Uazit (oo´az-it), Egyptian serpent goddess, 150.
Umma (oom´ma), city of, Lagash and, 118; captured by Eannatum, 118; crushing defeat of by Entemena, 119, 120; king of destroys Lagash, 123, 124.
Ur, Nannar, moon god of, 40; the moon god Baal of, 51; antiquity of, 52; Lagash king sways, 119; empire of, 130; moon god of supreme, 130; Abraham migrates from, 131, 245; revolt of with Larsa against Isin, 132; moon god of in Kish, 241; under Elamite kings of Larsa in Hammurabi Age, 242; Abraham's migration from, 245; Chaldasans and, 391; revolt against Ashur-bani-pal, 484; Nabonidus and, 492.
Ura (oo´ra), god of disease, 77.
Ural-Altaic stock, Turks and Finns of, Sumerians and, 4.
Urartu (ür-ar´tü), combines with Phrygians and Hittites against Sargon II, 460; as vassal state of Assyria, 461; rise of kingdom of, 395; god and culture of, 440; Adadnirari and, 440; ethnics of, 440 n.; capital of,441; Sharduris of routed by Tiglath-pileser IV, 446, 447, 450; alliance with Hittites against Sargon II, 460; as vassal state of Assyria, 461; Cimmerians and Scythians raid, 461, 464; Sennacherib's murderers escape to, 470; in Esarhaddon's reign, 472; Assyrian alliance with, 473, 486; Cyaxares king of, 493.
Uri (ür´i), early name of Akkad, 2.
Ur-Nina (ür-ni´nä), King of Lagash, 116; gods worshipped by, 116, 117; famous plague of, 117, 118.
Ur-Ninip (ür-nin´ip), King of Isin, 132; mysterious death of, 133.
Uruk (ür´uk). See Erech.
Urukagina (ür-u-kag´in-a), King of Lagash, first reformer in history, 121; taxes and temple fees reduced by, 122, 210, 211; fall of, 123, 124.
Urumush (ür´ü-müsh), Akkadian emperor, 127.
Utu (ü´tü), Sumerian name of sun god, 55.