New Latin Grammar

PART VI.

PROSODY.

360. Prosody treats of metres and versification.

361. Latin Verse. Latin Poetry was essentially different in character from English. In our own language, poetry is based upon accent, and poetical form consists essentially in a certain succession of accented and unaccented syllables. Latin poetry, on the other hand, was based not upon accent, but upon quantity, so that with the Romans poetical form consisted in a certain succession of long and short syllables, i.e. of long and short intervals of time.

This fundamental difference in the character of English and Latin poetry is a natural result of the difference in character of the two languages. English is a strongly accented language, in which quantity is relatively subordinate. Latin, on the other hand, was a quantitative language, in which accent was relatively subordinate.

QUANTITY OF VOWELS AND SYLLABLES

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

362. The general principles for the quantity of vowels and syllables have been given above in § 5. The following peculiarities are to be noted here:—

1. A vowel is usually short when followed by another vowel (§ 5, A, 2), but the following exceptions occur:—

a) In the Genitive termination -īus (except alterĭus); as, illīus, tōtīus. Yet the i may be short in poetry; as, illĭus, tōtĭus.

b) In the Genitive and Dative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, diēī, aciēī. But fidĕī, rĕī, spĕī (§ 52, 1).

c) In fīō, excepting fit and forms where i is followed by er. Thus: fīēbam, fīat, fīunt; but fĭerī, fĭerem.

d) In a few other words, especially words derived from the Greek; as, dīus, Aenēās, Dārīus, hērōes, etc.

2. A diphthong is usually long (§ 5, B, 2), but the preposition prae in composition is often shortened before a vowel; as, prăĕacūtus.

3. A syllable containing a short vowel followed by two consonants (§ 5, B, 2) is long, even when one of the consonants is in the following word; as, terret populum. Occasionally the syllable is long when both consonants are in the following word; as, prō segete spīcās.

4. Compounds of jaciō, though written inicit, adicit, etc., have the first syllable long, as though written inj-, adj-.

5. Before j, ă and ĕ made a long syllable, e.g. in major, pejor, ejus, ejusdem, Pompejus, rejēcit, etc. These were pronounced, mai-jor, pei-jor, ei-jus, Pompei-jus, rei-jēcit, etc. So also sometimes before i, e.g. Pompe-ī, pronounced Pompei-ī; re-iciō, pronounced rei-iciō.

Quantity of Final Syllables.

A. Final Syllables ending in a Vowel.

363. 1. Final a is mostly short, but is long:—

a) In the Ablative Singular of the First Declension; as, portā.

b) In the Imperative; as, laudā.

c) In indeclinable words (except ită, quiă); as, trīgintā, contrā, posteā, intereā, etc.

2. Final e is usually short, but is long:—

a) In the Ablative Singular of the Fifth Declension; as, diē, rē; hence hodiē, quārē. Here belongs also famē (§ 59, 2, b).

b) In the Imperative of the Second Conjugation; as, monē, habē, etc.; yet occasionally cavĕ, valĕ.

c) In Adverbs derived from Adjectives of the Second Declension, along with ferē and fermē. Benĕ, malĕ, temerĕ, saepĕ have ĕ.

d) In ē, dē, mē, tē, sē, nē (not, lest), nē (verily).

3. Final i is usually long, but is short in nisĭ and quasĭ. Mihi, tibi, sibi, ibi, ubi, have regularly ĭ, but sometimes ī; yet always ibīdem, ibīque, ubīque.

4. Final o is regularly long, but is short:—

a) In egŏ, duŏ, modŏ (only), citŏ.

b) Rarely in the First Person Singular of the Verb, and in Nominatives of the Third Declension; as, amŏ, leŏ.

c) In a few compounds beginning with the Preposition pro, especially before f; as prŏfundere, prŏficīscī, prŏfugere.

5. Final u is always long.

B. Final Syllables ending in a Consonant.

364. 1. Final syllables ending in any other consonant than s are short. The following words, however, have a long vowel: sāl, sōl, Lār, pār, vēr, fūr, dīc, dūc, ēn, nōn, quīn, sīn, sīc, cūr. Also the adverbs hīc, illīc, istīc.^[60]

2. Final syllables in -as are long; as, terrās, amās.

3. Final syllables in -es are regularly long, but are short:—

a) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of dental stems (§ 33) of the Third Declension which have a short penult in the Genitive; as, segĕs (segetis), obsĕs (obsidis), mīlĕs, dīvĕs. But a few have -ēs; viz. pēs, ariēs, abiēs, pariēs.

b) In ēs (thou art), penēs.

4. Final -os is usually long, but short in ŏs (ossis), compŏs, impŏs.

5. Final -is is usually short, but is long:—

a) In Plurals; as, portīs, hortīs, nōbīs, vōbīs, nūbīs (Acc.).

b) In the Second Person Singular Perfect Subjunctive Active; as, amāverīs, monuerīs, audīverīs, etc. Yet occasional exceptions occur.

c) In the Second Person Singular Present Indicative Active of the Fourth Conjugation; as, audīs.

d) In vīs, force; īs, thou goest; fīs; sīs; velīs; nōlīs; vīs, thou wilt (māvīs, quamvīs, quīvīs, etc.).

6. Final -us is usually short, but is long:—

a) In the Genitive Singular and in the Nominative, Accusative, and Vocative Plural of the Fourth Declension; as, frūctūs.

b) In the Nominative and Vocative Singular of those nouns of the Third Declension in which the u belongs to the stem; as, palūs (-ūdis), servitūs (-ūtis), tellūs (-ūris).

365. Greek Nouns retain in Latin their original quantity; as, Aenēā, epitomē, Dēlos, Pallas, Simoīs, Salamīs, Dīdūs, Paridī, āēr, aethēr, crātēr, hērōăs. Yet Greek nouns in -ωρ (-ōr) regularly shorten the vowel of the final syllable; as, rhētŏr, Hectŏr.

VERSE-STRUCTURE.

GENERAL PRINCIPLES.

366. 1. The metrical unit in versification is a short syllable, technically called a mora ( ). A long syllable ( ) is regarded as equivalent to two morae.

2. A Foot is a group of syllables. The following are the most important kinds of fundamental feet:—

3. A Verse is a succession of feet.

4. The different kinds of verses are named Trochaic, Iambic, Dactylic, Anapaestic, according to the foot which forms the basis of their structure.

5. Ictus. In every fundamental foot the long syllable naturally receives the greater prominence. This prominence is called ictus.^[61] It is denoted thus:

6. Thesis and Arsis. The syllable which receives the ictus is called the thesis; the rest of the foot is called the arsis.

7. Elision. Final syllables ending in a vowel, a diphthong, or -m are regularly elided before a word beginning with a vowel or h. In reading, we omit the elided syllable entirely. This may be indicated as follows: corpor^e in ūnō; mult^um ill^e et; mōnstr^um horrendum; caus^ae īrārum.

a. Omission of elision is called Hiátus. It occurs especially before and after monosyllabic interjections; as, Ō et praesidium.

8. The ending of a word within a foot is called a Caesúra (cutting) Every verse usually has one prominent caesura. The ending of a word and foot together within the verse is called a diaeresis.

9. Verses are distinguished as Catalectic or Acatalectic. A Catalectic verse is one in which the last foot is not complete, but lacks one or more syllables; an Acatalectic verse has its last foot complete.

10. At the end of a verse a slight pause occurred. Hence the final syllable may be either long or short (syllaba anceps), and may terminate in a vowel or m, even though the next verse begins with a vowel.

11. Iambic, Trochaic, and Anapaestic verses are further designated as dimeter, trimeter, tetrameter, according to the number of dipodies (pairs of feet) which they contain. Dactylic verses are measured by single feet, and are designated as tetrameter, pentameter, hexameter, accordingly.

SPECIAL PECULIARITIES.

367. 1. Synizésis (synaéresis). Two successive vowels in the interior of a word are often united into a long syllable; as,—

aur{eī}s, d{ei}nde, ant{eī}re, d{ee}sse.

2. Diástole. A syllable usually short is sometimes long; as,—

vidēt, audīt.

3. Sýstole. A syllable usually long is sometimes short; as,—

stetĕrunt.

a. Diastole and Systole are not mere arbitrary processes. They usually represent an earlier pronunciation which had passed out of vogue in the ordinary speech.

4. After a consonant, i and u sometimes become j and v. The preceding syllable then becomes long; as,—

abjete for abiete; genva for genua.

5. Sometimes v becomes u; as,—

silua for silva; dissoluō for dissolvō.

6. Sometimes a verse has an extra syllable. Such a verse is called an Hypérmeter. The extra syllable ends in a vowel or -m, and is united with the initial vowel or h of the next verse by Synaphéia. Thus:—

7. Tmesis (cutting). Compound words are occasionally separated into their elements; as,—

quō mē cumque rapit tempestās, for quōcumque, etc.

8. Sýncope. A short vowel is sometimes dropped between two consonants; as,—

repostus for repositus

THE DACTYLIC HEXAMETER.

368. 1. The Dactylic Hexameter, or Heroic Verse, consists theoretically of six dactyls. But in all the feet except the fifth, a spondee ( ) may take the place of the dactyl. The sixth foot may be either a spondee or a trochee, since the final syllable of a verse may be either long or short (syllaba anceps). The following represents the scheme of the verse:—

2. Sometimes we find a spondee in the fifth foot. Such verses are called Spondaic. A dactyl usually stands in the fourth place, and the fifth and sixth feet are generally made up of a quadrisyllable; as,—

armātum^que aurō circumspicit Ōrīōna.

cāra deum subolēs, magnum Jovis incrēmentum.

3. Caesura.

a) The favorite position of the caesura in the Dactylic Hexameter is after the thesis of the third foot; as,—

arma virumque canō || Trōjae quī prīmus ab ōrĭs.

b) Less frequently the caesura occurs after the thesis of the fourth foot, usually accompanied by another in the second foot; as,—

inde torō || pater Aenēās || sīc ōrsus ab alt^ō est.

c) Sometimes the caesura occurs between the two short syllables of the third foot; as,—

Ō passī graviōra || dabit deus hīs quoque fīnem.

This caesura is called Feminine, as opposed to the caesura after a long syllable, which is called Masculine (as under a and b)

d) A pause sometimes occurs at the end of the fourth foot. This is called the Bucolic Diaeresis, as it was borrowed by the Romans from the Bucolic poetry of the Greeks. Thus:—

sōlstitium pecorī dēfendite; || jam venit aestās.

DACTYLIC PENTAMETER.

369. 1. The Dactylic Pentameter consists of two parts, each of which contains two dactyls, followed by a long syllable. Spondees may take the place of the dactyls in the first part, but not in the second. The long syllable at the close of the first half of the verse always ends a word. The scheme is the following:—

2. The Pentameter is never used alone, but only in connection with the Hexameter. The two arranged alternately form the so-called Elegiac Distich. Thus:—

IAMBIC MEASURES.

370. 1. The most important Iambic verse is the Iambic Trimeter (§ 366, 11), called also Senarius. This is an acatalectic verse. It consists of six Iambi. Its pure form is:—

Beātus ille quī procul negōtiīs.

The Caesura usually occurs in the third foot; less frequently in the fourth.

2. In place of the Iambus, a Tribrach ( ) may stand in any foot but the last. In the odd feet (first, third, and fifth) may stand a Spondee, Dactyl, or Anapaest, though the last two are less frequent. Sometimes a Proceleusmatic ( ) occurs.

3. In the Latin comic writers, Plautus and Terence, great freedom is permitted, and the various equivalents of the Iambus, viz. the Dactyl, Anapaest, Spondee, Tribrach, Proceleusmatic, are freely admitted in any foot except the last.

SUPPLEMENTS TO THE GRAMMAR.

I. JULIAN CALENDAR.

371. 1. The names of the Roman months are: Jānuārius, Februārius, Mārtius, Aprīlis, Majus, Jūnius, Jūlius (Quīntīlis^[62] prior to 46 B.C.), Augustus (Sextīlis^[62] before the Empire), September, Octōber, November, December. These words are properly Adjectives in agreement with mēnsis understood.

2. Dates were reckoned from three points in the month:—

a) The Calends, the first of the month.

b) The Nones, usually the fifth of the month, but the seventh in March, May, July, and October.

c) The Ides, usually the thirteenth of the month, but the fifteenth in March, May, July, and October.

3. From these points dates were reckoned backward; consequently all days after the Ides of any month were reckoned as so many days before the Calends of the month next following.

4. The day before the Calends, Nones, or Ides of any month is designated as prīdiē Kalendās, Nōnās, Īdūs. The second day before was designated as diē tertiō ante Kalendās, Nōnās, etc. Similarly the third day before was designated as diē quārtō, and so on. These designations are arithmetically inaccurate, but the Romans reckoned both ends of the series. The Roman numeral indicating the date is therefore always larger by one than the actual number of days before Nones, Ides, or Calends.

5. In indicating dates, the name of the month is added in the form of an Adjective agreeing with Kalendās, Nōnās, Īdūs. Various forms of expression occur, of which that given under d) is most common:—

a) diē quīntō ante Īdūs Mārtiās;

b) quīntō ante Īdūs Mārtiās;

c) quīntō (V) Īdūs Mārtiās;

d) ante diem quīntum Īdūs Mārtiās.

6. These designations may be treated as nouns and combined with the prepositions in, ad, ex; as,—

ad ante diem IV Kalendās Octōbrēs, up to the 28th of September.

ex ante diem quīntum Īdūs Octōbrēs, from the 11th of October.

7. In leap-year the 25th was reckoned as the extra day in February. The 24th was designated as ante diem VI Kalendās Mārtiās, and the 25th as ante diem bis VI Kal Mārt.

372. CALENDAR.

II. PROPER NAMES.

373. 1. The name of a Roman citizen regularly consisted of three parts: the praenōmen (or given name), the nōmen (name of the gens or clan), and the cognōmen (family name). Such a typical name is exemplied by Mārcus Tullius Cicerō, in which Mārcus is the praenōmen, Tullius the nōmen, and Cicerō the cognōmen. Sometimes a second cognōmen (in later Latin called an agnōmen) is added—expecially in honor of military achievements; as,—

Gāius Cornēlius Scīpiō Āfricānus.

2. ABBREVIATIONS OF PROPER NAMES.

III. FIGURES OF SYNTAX AND RHETORIC.

A. Figures of Syntax.

374. 1. Ellípsis is the omission of one or more words; as,—

quid multa, why (should I say) much?

2. Brachýlogy is a brief or condensed form of expression; as,—

ut ager sine cultūrā frūctuōsus esse nōn potest, sīc sine doctrīnā animus, as a field cannot be productive without cultivation, so the mind (cannot be productive) without learning.

Special varieties of Brachylogy are—

a) Zeugma, in which one verb is made to stand for two; as,—

minīs aut blandīmentīs corrupta = (terrifed) by threats or corrupted by flattery.

b) Compendiary Comparison, by which a modifier of an object is mentioned instead of the object itself; as,—

dissimilis erat Charēs eōrum et factīs et mōribus, lit. Chares was different from their conduct and character i.e. Chares's conduct and character were different, etc.

3. Pléonasm is an unnecessary fullness of expression; as,—

prius praedīcam, lit. I will first say in advance.

4. Hendíadys (‛εν δια δυοιν, one through two) is the use of two nouns joined by a conjunction, in the sense of a noun modified by a Genitive or an Adjective; as,—

febris et aestus, the heat of fever;

celeritāte cursūque, by swift running.

5. Prolépsis, or Anticipation, is the introduction of an epithet in advance of the action which makes it appropriate; as,—

submersās obrue puppēs, lit. overwhelm their submerged ships, i.e. overwhelm and sink their ships.

a. The name Prolepsis is also applied to the introduction of a noun or pronoun as object of the main clause where we should expect it to stand as subject of a subordinate clause. Thus:—

nōstī Mārcellum quam tardus sit, you know how slow Marcellus is (lit. you know Marcellus, how slow he is).

Both varieties of Prolepsis are chiefly confined to poetry.

6. Anacolúthon is a lack of grammatical consistency in the construction of the sentence; as,—

tum Ancī fīliī ... impēnsius eīs indignitās crēscere, then the sons of Ancus ... their indignation increased all the more.

7. Hýsteron Próteron consists in the inversion of the natural order of two words or phrases; as,—

moriāmur et in media arma ruāmus = let us rush into the midst of arms and die.

B. Figures of Rhetoric.

375. 1. Lítotes (literally softening) is the expression of an idea by the denial of its opposite; as,—

haud parum labōris, no little toil (i.e. much toil);

nōn ignōrō, I am not ignorant (i.e. I am well aware).

2. Oxymóron is the combination of contradictory conceptions; as,—

sapiēns īnsānia, wise folly.

3. Alliteration is the employment of a succession of words presenting frequent repetition of the same letter (mostly initial); as,—

sēnsim sine sēnsū aetās senēscit.

4. Onomatopœia is the suiting of sound to sense; as,—

quadrupedante putrem sonitū quatit ungula campum, 'And shake with horny hoofs the solid ground.'

INDEX OF THE SOURCES OF THE ILLUSTRATIVE EXAMPLES CITED IN THE SYNTAX.^[63]

§ 162. nonne videtis, Sest. 47. num exspectas, Phil. ii, 86. videsne, Vatin. 30. sensistine, Cat. 1, 8. a rebus, de Sen. 15. visne locum, Leg. ii, 1. estisne, Liv. i, 38, 2. jam ea, Ter. Phor. 525. estne frater, Ter. Ad. 569.

§ 166. decorum est, Hor. Od. iii, 2, 13. opportune accidit Att. i, 17, 2.

§ 168. Numa, Eut. i, 3. philosophia, Tusc. Disp. ii, 16.

§ 169. assentatio, Lael. 89. Corinthi, Tac. H. ii, 1.

§ 171. audi tu, Livy, i, 24. nate, mea, Aen. i, 664.

§ 174. rumor est, Ter. And. 185.

§ 175. galeam, Aen. ii, 392. cinctus, Ov. Am. iii, 9, 61 nodo sinus, Aen. i, 320.

§ 176. idem gloriari, de Sen. 32. eadem peccat, N.D. i, 31. multa egeo, Gell. xiii, 24. multum valet, Hor. Epp. i, 6, 52. nihil peccat, Stat. 161. minitantem vana, Sil. i, 306 acerba tuens, Lucr. v, 33. dulce loquentem, Hor. Od. i, 22, 24. multum sunt, B.G. iv, 1, 8. servitutem, Pl. Pers. 34 a. vitam, Ter. Ad. 859. stadium Off. iii, 10, 42. Olympia, de Sen. 14. piscis, Sen. N.Q. iii, 18, 2. orationes, Brut. 82.

§ 177. homines, Rosc. Am. 101.

§ 178. otium, Hor. Od. ii, 16, 1. me duas, Att. ii, 7, 1. te litteras, Pis. 73. hoc te, Ter. Hec. 766. me id, Pl. Tr. 96. non te, Fam. ii, 16, 3. omnes artes, Liv. 25, 37. rogatus, de Dom. 16. multa, N.D. ii, 166.

§ 179. milites, B.C. i, 54.

§ 180. tremit, Lucr. iii, 489. nuda, Aen. i, 320. manus, Aen. ii, 57.

§ 181. hic locus, B.G. i, 49.

§ 182. Thalam, Sall. Jug. 75, 1. Thurios in, Nep. Alc. 4. cum Acen, Nep. Dat. 5. Italiam venit, Aen. i, 2.

§ 187. amicis, Sall. C. 16, 4. Orgetorix, B.G. i, 2. munitioni, B.G. i, 10.

§ 188. mihi ante, Verr. v, 123. illi, Tac. Ag. 9. intercludere, Pl. M.G. 223. oppidum, B.C. iii, 80 tu mihi, Verr. 3, 213. quid mihi, Hor. Epp. i, 3, 15. erit ille, Ecl. i, 7. quae ista, Par. 41. honorem, Verr. iv, 25. Caesar, Div. ii, 79. scintillam, Aen. i, 174.

§ 189. disputatio, Tusc. Disp. ii, 2. honesta, Off. iii, 38.

§ 191. castris, B.G. vii, 16. legiones, B.C. ii, 22. receptui, B.G. vii, 47. fortunae, Fam. vi, 5, 1. quibus, Flac. 19. hos tibi, Nep. Paus. 2. me gerendo, Liv. i, 23. noxiae, Leg. iii, 11.

§ 192. it clamor, Aen. v, 451.

§ 193. dum Latio, Aen. i, 6.

§ 203. magni, Nep. Cat. 1, 2. tantae molis, Aen. i, 33.

§ 204. viri, Tusc. Disp. ii, 43. memoria, Or. 54.

§ 206. Epicuri, F. v, 3. praeteritorum, Div. i, 63. nomina, Pl. Poen. 1062. reminiscere, B.G. i, 13. reminiscens, Nep. Alc. 6. mihi patriae, Sull. 19.

§ 207. te veteris, ad Her. iv, 24, 33. me admones, ad Att. v, 1, 3.

§ 208. pecuniae, Flacc. 43.

§ 209. miseremini, Verr. 1, 72.

§ 212. desine, Hor. Od. ii, 9, 17. operum, Hor. Od. iii, 17, 16.

§ 214. p. 142, curis, Marc. 34. Caesar, B.G. 5, 51. caret, Hor. Sat. i, 3, 66. urbem, Nep. Thras. 1. abstinere, Plin. Epp. i, 12, 9. hostes, B.G. i, 1, 4. praedones, Verr. iv, 144. dissentio, Planc. 9. secernantur, Cat. i, 32.

§ 215. ab Ulixe, Liv. i, 49, 9.

§ 216. a fortuna, B.G. v, 34, 2. a multitudine, B.G. iii, 2, 1.

§ 217. melle dulcior, de Sen. 31. patria, Cat. i, 27. amplius, B.G. vii, 15, 1. opinione, B.G. ii, 3, 1.

§ 218. munere, Aen. vi, 885. carne, Sall. Jug. 89. castris, B.G. ii, 26, 4. opus est properato, Mil. 49. nititur, Aen. vi, 760 nervis, N.D. ii, 59 mortali, Lucr. v, 65. quid hoc, Sest. 29. quid mea, Fam. xiv, 4, 3. fossas, B.G. iii, 18. vinum, Juv. vii, 121. militibus, B.G. i, 8, 1.

§ 219. victoria, B.G. i, 14, 4. natura loci, B.G. iii, 9, 3.

§ 221. nulla est, Brut. 164. exstinguitur, Tac. A. ii, 72. longo, Aen. v, 320.

§ 222A. cum febri, de. Or. iii, 6. improbitas, de Or. ii, 237. aer calore, N.D. ii, 27. assuetus, de Or. iii, 58.

§ 224. puella, Pl. Merc. 13. vir singulari, Pl. Vid. 41. sunt specie, B.G. vi, 28, 1. scopulis, Aen. i, 166.

§ 226. Helvetii, B.G. i, 2, 2. me dignor, Aen. i, 335.

§ 227. Cn. Pompeio, B.G. iv, 1. omnes virtutes, Fin. ii, 117. perditis, Fam. vi, 1, 4. nullo adversante, Tac. A. i, 2. passis palmis, B.C. iii, 98. audito eum, Liv. xxviii, 7.

§ 228. stant litore, Aen. vi, 901.

§ 229. a Gergovia, B.G. vii, 59, 1.

§ 231. stella, N.D. ii, 52. biennio, Tac. Agr. 14.

§ 234. prima et, Tac. A. i, 37. omnium rerum, Fam. vi, 21, 1.

§ 235. eadem alacritas, B.G. iv, 24, 4. res operae, B.G. v, 11, 5. stultitia, F. iii, 39. domus, uxor, Ter. And. 891. pars, Sall. Jug. 14, 15.

§ 240. senectus, de Sen. 55. exercitus, Livy, xxxix, 1.

§ 242. virtus, Lael. 100.

§ 244. me oravit, Phil. ii, 45. me oraverunt, Div. Caec. 2. suum genium, Tac. Dial. 9. Hannibalem, Sest. 142. suus quemque, Rosc. Am. 67.

§ 245. Belgae, B.G. ii, 1, 1. Galli, B.G. vi, 8, 1.

§ 246. Themistocles, Nep. Them. 9. illud intellego, Sall. Jug. 85, 5. hic est, Pl. Tr. 697.

§ 247. Maximum, de Sen. 10. non is sum, B.G. v, 30, 2. non suspicabatur, Verr. i, 36. vincula, Cat. iv, 7.

§ 248. quod idem, Ac. ii, 52. bonus vir, Lael. 65.

§ 249. ipso terrore, B.G. iv, 33, 1. valvae se, Div. i, 74. Persae, Nep. Alc. 5. ea molestissime, Q. Fr. i, 1, 2.

§ 250. carcer quae, Verr. v, 143. Belgae, B.G. ii, 1, 1. nostra qui, Cat. i, 7. servili, B.G. i, 40. erant, B.G. i, 6. quam quisque, Tusc. Disp. i, 41. non longe, B.G. i, 10, 1. Themistocles, Nep. Them. 4. 3. numquam digne, de Sen. 2.

§ 252. cognatio, Arch. 2. mors est, Tusc. Disp. i, 27. justitia, F. i, 50. si quisquam, Lael. 9. potestne, Tusc. Disp. iv, 54. si ullo, Att. xii, 23, 1. taetrior, Verr. iv, 123. quod cuique, Off. i, 21. quinto quoque, Verr. ii, 139. nemo Romanus, Liv. viii, 30, 3.

§ 253. alter exercitum, Planc. 86. alteri se, B.G. i, 26, 1. causidicus, de Or. i, 202.

§ 254. Tarquinii, Liv. i, 34, 7. non omnis, Div. ii, 90. Corioli, Liv. ii, 33, 8. duo milia, Curt. iii, 2, 5.

§ 255. temeritas, F. iii, 72. si tu, Fam. xiv, 5, 1.

§ 256. velatus, Ov. Met. v, 110. tunica, Aen. viii, 457.

§ 259. virtus, Lael. 100. dum vitant, Hor. Sat. i, 2, 24. Caesar, B.G. vii, 90, 2. jam pridem, Att. ii, 5, 1.

§ 260. Duilium, de Sen. 44. hostes, B.G. v. 9, 6. domicilium, Arch. 7.

§ 262. Regulus, Off. iii, 100.

§ 263. Caesar, B.G. iv, 17, 1.

§ 265. nihil habebam, Att. ix, 10, 1.

§ 268. videor, N.D. ii, 72. Gallos, B.G. vii, 4, 4. honestum, F. ii, 49. si solos, Tusc. Disp. i, 9. rex tantum, Nep. Con. 4. Verres, Verr. Act. Pr. 12. ardebat, Brut. 302.

§ 269. Caesar, B.G. iii, 24, 1.

§ 270. hoc jam, Cat. i, 5. dico me, Sull. 27.

§ 275. quare, Cat. 1, 32. isto bono, de Sen. 33.

§ 276. ne repugnetis, Cluent. 6 tu vero, Tusc. Disp. i, 112. impii ne, Leg. ii, 41. cave ignoscas, Lig. 14.

§ 277. quid faciam, Pl. Curc. 589. ego redeam, Ter. Eun. 49. huic cedamus! Phil. xiii, 16. quid facerem, Ter. Eun. 831. hunc ego, Arch. 18.

§ 278. ne sint, de Sen. 34. fuerit, Verr. i, 37.

§ 279. di istaec, Ter. H.T. 1038. falsus utinam, Liv. xxi, 10, 10.

§ 280. dicat aliquis, Ter. And. 640. fortunam, Pub. Syr. 193. velim mihi, Fam. xiii, 75, 1. nolim putes, Fam. ix, 15, 4. dies deficat, N.D. iii, 81.

§ 281. egredere, Cat. i, 20. rem vobis, Verr. iv, 1. si bene, de Sen. 3. consules, Leg. iii, 8. hominem, Twelve Tables. amicitia, Liv. 38, 38, 1. quin equos, Liv. i, 57, 7.

§ 282. adjuta, Ter. Eun. 150. portas, B.G. ii, 33 haec, And. 472. ut ne, Off. i, 103. ut non, Cat. i, 23. ut earum, B.G. iv, 17, 10. Helvetii, B.G. i, 7, 3. haec habui, de Sen. 85. non habebant, B.G. iv, 38, 2. idoneus, Verr. iii, 41. dignus, Leg. iii, 5.

§ 283. multa, Tusc. Disp. i, 80. sunt qui, Inv. ii, 144. nemo, Fam. i, 4, 2. sapientia, Fin. i, 43. quae, Lael. 23. non is sum, B.G. v, 30, 2. non longius, B.G. ii, 21, 3. o fortunate, Arch. 24. ut qui, Phil. xi, 30. egomet, de Or. i, 82. nemo est, Verr. iv, 115. nemo fuit, B.C. iii, 53, 3. quem audierim, Nep. Ar. 1, 2.

§ 284. quis tam, Tusc. Disp. iii, 71. Siciliam, Verr. Act. Pr. 12. mons, B.G. i, 6, 1. non is, Cat. i, 22. nemo est, de Sen. 24. habetis, Cat. iv, 24. nihil, Ter. H.T. 675. nemo est, B.G. vi, 39, 3.

§ 286. Themistocles, Nep. Them. 8, 3. neque, de Sen. 84. quoniam, Nep. Milt. 7, 5. noctu, Tusc. Disp. iv, 44. Bellovaci, B.G. vii, 75. id feci, Caec. 101. Crasso, Fam. xiii, 16, 3. hoc ita, Leg. iii, 31. Haeduos, B.G. i, 16, 6. id omitto, Sall. Jug. 110, 7.

§ 287. Epaminondas, Nep. Ep. 9, 4. id ut, Nep. Them. 8, 3. Caesar, B.G. iii, 9, 2. ubi de, B.G. i, 7, 3. ut quisque, Verr. v, 143. hostes, B.G. iv, 26, 2. id ubi, Liv. i, 32, 13. postquam occupatae, Liv. xxiv, 35, 4. postquam Romam, Sall. Jug. 28, 2. postquam structi, Liv. i, 23, 6. posteaquam, Leg. ii, 64.

§ 288. an tum, Pis. 26. credo tum, Verr. iv, 46. eo tempore, Lig. 20. illo die, Mil. 38. Lysander, Div. i, 96. Pythagoras, N.D. iii, 88. jam Galli, B.G. vii, 26, 3. Treveri, B.G. vi, 7, 1. cum ad, Verr. v, 27. cum equitatus, B.G. v, 19, 2. saepe cum, Nep. Cim. 4, 2. cum procucurrissent, B.C. ii, 41, 6.

§ 289. tum tua, Hor. Epp. i, 18, 84. cum videbis, Pl. Bacch. 145. stabilitas, Lael. 82.

§ 290. cum tacent, Cat. i, 21. cum te, Att. xiv, 17 A, 4.

§ 291. prius, Pl. Merc. 456. nihil contra, Flacc. 51. non prius, Sall. C. 51.

§ 291. priusquam, Liv. i, 24, 3. tempestas, Sen. Ep. 103, 2. priusquam telum, B.C. ii, 34, 6. animum, Pl. Amph. 240. sol antequam, Phil. xiv, 27.

§ 293. Alexander, Quint. Curt. iv, 6, 17. dum haec, B.G. iii, 17, 1. dum anima, Att. ix, 10, 3. Lacedaemoniorum, Tusc. Disp. i, 101. Cato, Nep. Cat. 2, 4. donec, Liv. xxiii, 31, 9. ferrum, Nep. Ep. 9, 3. trepidationis, Liv. xxi, 28, 11. exspectavit, B.G. iv, 23, 4. dum litterae, Fam. xi, 23, 2.

§ 295. postulo, Ter. And. 550. orat, Ter. Ad. 882. milites, B.G. ii, 21, 2. Helvetiis, B.G. i, 2, 1. huic, Rosc. Am. 54. consuli, Liv. xxxv, 20, 4. ne lustrum, Liv. xxiv, 43, 4. prohibuit, Liv. xxv, 35, 6. nec quin, Liv. xxvi, 40, 4. constitueram, Att. xvi, 10, 1. decrevit, Cat. i, 4. convenit, Liv. x, 27, 2. fac ut, Pl. Rud. 1218. cura ut, Cat. iii, 12. laborabat, B.G. vii, 31, 1. sequitur, N.D. ii, 81. eos moneo, Cat. ii, 20. huic imperat, B.G. iv, 21, 8.

§ 296. opto, Verr. Act. Pr. 50. vereor ne, Att. vii, 12, 2.

§ 297. ex quo, F. ii, 24. ita fit, Tusc. Disp. ii, 16. est mos, Brut. 84.

§ 298. quis, Par. 48.

§ 299. illud, Off. iii, 111. hoc uno, de Or. i, 32. bene mihi, Tusc. Disp. i, 97. quod, B.G. i, 44, 6. quod me, Nep. Ep. 5, 6.

§ 300. oculis, B.G. i, 12, 1. bis bina, N.D. ii, 49. effugere, N.D. iii, 14. saepe autem, N.D. iii, 14. Epaminondas, F. ii, 97. ex Socrate, Tusc. Disp. v, 34. nescio, Pl. Amph. 1056. conantur, B.G. i, 8, 4. pergit, Liv. i, 7, 6, quaeritur, N.D. i, 61. haud scio, Tusc. Disp. ii, 41.

§ 302. naturam, Off. i, 100. memoria, de Sen. 21. si quis, B.G. i, 48, 6. si dicendo, Tac. Dial. 19.

§ 303. mentiar, Lael. 10. haec si, Cat. i, 19.

§ 304. sapientia, F. i, 42. consilium, de Sen. 19. Laelius, Arch. 16. num igitur, de Sen. 19. nisi felicitas, Tac. Agr. 31. eum patris, Phil. ii, 99. si Sestius, Sest. 81. si unum, Liv. ii, 38, 5.

§ 305. non potestis, F. ii, 71. cras, Pl. Merc. 770. haec reputent, Tusc. Disp. i, 51. roges, F. iv, 69.

§ 306. ferreus, Fam. xv, 21, 3. dolorem, Phil. 12, 21. si feceris, Fam. v, 19, 2. hoc si, Fam. vii, 1, 6. hunc mihi, Cat. i, 18. nihil, Cat. ii, 10. nisi, Mil. 19.

§ 307. sed quid, Div. Caec. 14. serviam, Pl. Men. 1101.

§ 308. sit fur, Verr. v, 4. haec sint, Ac. ii, 105. ne sit, Tusc. Disp. ii, 14.

§ 309. homines, Phil. ii, 39. non est, Rep. i, 10. quamquam, Off. i, 56. Caesar, B.G. iv, 31, 1. Atticus, Nep. Att. 6, 2. licet, Rosc. Am. 31. quamquam quid, Cat. i, 22. quamquam, Liv. xxxvi, 34, 6. quamvis, multi, Tac. Dial. 2. quamvis infesto, Liv. ii, 40, 7.

§ 310. multi, Off. iii, 82. omnia postposui, Fam. xvi, 21, 6. nil obstat, Hor. Sat. i, 1, 40. oderint, Acc. 204. manent, de Sen. 22. nubant, Pl. Aul. 491.

§ 312. quidquid, Aen. ii, 49. quidquid oritur, Div. ii, 60.

§ 314. Regulus, Off. iii, 100. tum Romulus, Liv. i, 9, 2. nuntiatum, B.G. i, 38, 1. dixit, Nep. Them. 7, 5.

§ 315. Ariovistus, B.G. i, 44, 7.

§ 316. milites, B.G. iii, 5, 3.

§ 318. Caesar, B.G. i, 14, 6.

§ 322. concursu, Tac. Dial. 39.

§ 323. demonstrabantur, de Sen. 78. Paetus, Att. ii, 1, 12.

§ 324. nemo, Par. 52. cum diversas, Tac. Dial. 1, 4. mos est, Orat. 151. quod ego, Pl. Capt. 961.

§ 327. dulce, Hor. Od. iii, 2, 13. virorum, Tusc. Disp. ii, 43. aliud est, Tusc. Disp. iv, 27. impune, Sall. Jug. 31, 26. licuit, Tusc. Disp. i, 33.

§ 328. Demosthenes, F. v, 5. beatus, N.D. i, 48. Cato, Sall. Cat. 54, 5.

§ 330. apertum est, F. v, 34.

§ 331. Epicurei, Lael. 13. Thales, N.D. i, 25. Democritus, N.D. i, 20. nullo se, Lig. 3. nec mihi, de Sen. 85. eas res, B.G. i, 18. te tua, Brut. 331. cupio, Cat. i, 4. Timoleon, Nep. Tim. 3, 4. gaudeo, Pl. Bacch. 456. non moleste, de Sen. 7.

§ 332. Sestius, Sest. 95. traditum, Tusc. Disp. v, 114.

§ 333. audax, Hor. Od. i, 3, 25.

§ 334. huncine, Hor. Sat. i, 9, 72.

§ 335. interim, B.G. i, 16, 1.

§ 336. assurgentem, Liv. iv, 19.

§ 337. gloria, Tusc. Disp. iii, 3. Conon, Nep. Con. 4, 5. omne, Phil. v, 31. mente, Tusc. Disp. v, 100. Solon, de Sen. 26. sol, N.D. ii, 102. mendaci, Div. ii, 146. perfidiam, B.G. vii, 5, 5. eis Catonem, de Sen. 3. Homerus, de Sen. 54. urbem, Liv. xxii, 20. equitatum, B.G. i, 15, 1. obliviscendum, Tac. Hist. ii, 1. numquam, Verr. i, 38. suo cuique, N.D. iii, 1. Caesar, B.G. i, 13, 1.

§ 338. scribendo, Fam. xv, 6, 2. mens, Off. i, 105. Themistocles, Nep. Them. 2, 3. multa, F. i, 5.

§ 339. ad pacem, Liv. xxi, 13. hostes, B.G. iii, 6, 2. legati, B.G. iv, 13, 5. quae ille, Sall. Fr. i, 77, 11.

§ 340. legati, B.G. i, 30, 1. do (colloco), Pl. Tr. 735. hoc est, Att. vii, 22, 2.

§ 341. cum homines, Cat. i, 31. discidia, F. i, 44. horae, de Sen. 69. Caesar, B.G. ii, 35, 3.

§ 342. cita, Hor. Sat. i, 1, 8. qui aether, N.D. ii, 41.

§ 343. adsentatio, Lael. 89.

§ 346. Cn. Pompeio, B.G. iv, 1, 1.

§ 348. Darius, Nep. Milt. 4, 1.

§ 349. magnus, Nep. Them. 6, 1.

§ 350. erant duo, B.G. i, 6, 1. nisi forte, de Sen. 18. id ut, Nep. Them. 8, 3. eo cum, B.G. vii, 7, 4. ut ad, Lael. 5. septimus, de Sen. 38. recepto, B.C. iii, 12, 1. sed pleni, Arch. 14. horribilem, Tusc. Disp. i, 118. simulatam, Tac. A. i, 10.

§ 351. Caesar, B.G. i, 25, 1. Haedui, B.G. i, 11, 2. Caesar cum, B.G. i, 7, 1. accidit, Nep. Alc. 3, 2. si quid, Arch. 1. Caesar, B.G. v, 4, 1.

§ 356. hostium, B.G. iii, 29, 3. mens quoque, de Sen. 36. tanto, Sull. 59.

§ 358. pro multitudine, B.G. i, 2, 5.

§ 374. ut ager, Tusc. Disp. ii, 13. minis, Tusc. Disp. v, 87. dissimilis, Nep. Chab. 3, 4. febris, Cat. i, 31. submersas, Aen. i, 69. nosti, Fam. viii, 10, 3. tum Anci, Liv. i, 40, 2. moriamur, Aen. ii, 353.

§ 375. quadrupedante, Aen. viii, 506.