6. Perfect in -vī.
| sinō | sinere | sīvī | situs | allow |
| desinō | dēsinere | dēsiī | dēsitus | cease |
| ponō | pōnere | posuī | positus | place |
| ob-linō | oblinere | oblēvī | oblitus | smear |
| serō | serere | sēvī | satus | sow |
| cōnserō | cōnserere | cōnsēvī | cōnsitus | plant |
| cernō | cernere | —— | —— | separate |
| discernō | discernere | discrēvī | discrētus | distinguish |
| dēcernō | dēcernere | dēcrēvī | dēcrētus | decide |
| spernō | spernere | sprēvī | sprētus | scorn |
| sternō | sternere | strāvī | strātus | spread |
| prō-sternō | prōsternere | prōstrāvī | prōstrātus | overthrow |
| petō | petere | petīvī (petiī) | petītus | seek |
| appetō | appetere | appetīvī | appetītus | long for |
| terō | terere | trīvī | trītus | rub |
| quaerō | quaerere | quaesīvī | quaesītus | seek |
| acquīrō | acquīrere | acquīsīvī | acquīsītus | acquire |
| arcessō | arcessere | arcessīvī | arcessītus | summon |
| capessō | capessere | capessīvī | capessītus | seize |
| lacessō | lacessere | lacessīvī | lacessītus | provoke |
7. Used only in Present System.
| angō | angere | —— | —— | choke |
| lambō | lambere | —— | —— | lick |
| claudō | claudere | —— | —— | be lame |
| furō | furere | —— | —— | rave |
| vergō | vergere | —— | —— | bend |
| and a few others. | ||||
II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.
| induō | induere | induī | indūtus | put on |
| imbuō | imbuere | imbuī | imbūtus | moisten |
| luō | luere | luī | —— | wash |
| polluō | polluere | polluī | pollūtus | defile |
| minuō | minuere | minuī | minūtus | lessen |
| statuō | statuere | statuī | statūtus | set up |
| cōnstituō | cōnstituere | cōnstituī | cōnstitūtus | determine |
| suō | suere | suī | sūtus | sew |
| tribuō | tribuere | tribuī | tribūtus | allot |
| ruō | ruere | ruī | ruitūrus | fall |
| dīruō | dīruere | dīruī | dīrutus | destroy |
| obruō | obruere | obruī | obrutus | overwhelm |
| acuō | acuere | acuī | —— | sharpen |
| arguō | arguere | arguī | —— | accuse |
| congruō | congruere | congruī | —— | agree |
| metuō | metuere | metuī | —— | fear |
| ab-nuō | abnuere | abnuī | —— | decline |
| re-spuō | respuere | respuī | —— | reject |
| struō | struere | strūxī | strūctus | build |
| fluō | fluere | flūxi | (flūxus, as Adj.) | flow |
III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.
| capiō | cupere | cupīvī | cupītus | wish |
| sapiō | sapere | sapīvī | —— | taste |
| rapiō | rapere | rapuī | raptus | snatch |
| dīripiō | dīripere | dīripuī | dīreptus | plunder |
| cōnspiciō | cōnspicere | cōnspexī | cōnspectus | gaze at |
| aspiciō | aspicere | aspexī | aspectus | behold |
| illiciō | illicere | illexī | illectus | allure |
| pelliciō | pellicere | pellexī | pellectus | allure |
| ēliciō | ēlicere | ēlicuī | ēlicitus | elicit |
| quatiō | quatere | —— | quassus | shake |
| concutiō | concutere | concussī | concussus | shake |
| pariō | parere | peperī | partus | bring forth |
| capiō | capere | cēpī | captus | take |
| accipiō | accipere | accēpī | acceptus | accept |
| incipiō | incipere | incēpī | inceptus | begin |
| faciō | facere | fēcī | factus | make |
| afficiō | afficere | affēcī | affectus | affect |
| Passive, afficior, afficī, affectus sum. | ||||
| So other prepositional compounds, perficiō, perficior; interficiō, interficior; etc. But— | ||||
| assuēfaciō | assuēfacere | assuēfēcī | assuēfactus | accustom |
| Passive, assuēfiō, assuēfieri, assuēfactus sum. | ||||
| So also patefaciō, patefīō; calefaciō, calefīō; and all non-prepositional compounds. | ||||
| jaciō | jacere | jēcī | jactus | hurl |
| abiciō | abicere | abjēcī | abjectus | throw away |
| fodiō | fodere | fōdī | fossus | dig |
| fugiō | fugere | fūgī | fugitūrus | flee |
| effugiō | effugere | effūgī | —— | escape |
IV. VERBS IN -SCŌ.
1. Verbs in -scō from Simple Roots.
| poscō | poscere | poposcī | —— | demand |
| discō | discere | didicī | —— | learn |
| pāscō | pāscere | pāvī | pāstus | feed |
| pāscor | pāscī | pāstus sum | graze | |
| crēscō | crēscere | crēvī | crētus | grow |
| cōnsuēscō | cōnsuēscere | cōnsuēvī | cōnsuētus | accustom one's self |
| quiēscō | quiēscere | quiēvī | quiētūrus | be still |
| adolēscō | adolēscere | adolēvi | adultus | grow up |
| obsolēscō | obsolēscerē | obsolēvī | —— | grow old |
| nōscō | nōscere | nōvī | —— | become acquainted with |
| ignōscō | ignōscere | ignōvī | ignōtūrus | pardon |
| agnōscō | agnōscere | agnōvī | agnitus | recognize |
| cognōscō | cognōscere | cognōvī | cognitus | get acquainted with |
2. Verbs in -scō formed from other Verbs.
These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see § 155, 1). When they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they are derived.
| flōrēscō | flōrēscere | flōruī | begin to bloom | (flōreō) |
| scīscō | scīscere | scīvī | enact | (scīo) |
| ārēscō | ārēscere | āruī | become dry | (āreō) |
| calēscō | calēscere | caluī | become hot | (caleō) |
| cōnsenēscō | cōnsenēscere | cōnsenuī | grow old | (seneō) |
| extimēscō | extimēscere | extimuī | fear greatly | (timeō) |
| ingemīscō | ingemīscere | ingemuī | sigh | (gemō) |
| adhaerēscō | adhaerēscere | adhaesī | stick | (haereō) |
3. Verbs in -scō derived from Adjectives, usually with Inchoative meaning.
| obdūrēscō | obdūrēscere | obdūruī | grow hard | (dūrus) |
| ēvanēscō | ēvanēscere | ēvinuī | disappear | (vānus) |
| percrēbrēsco | percrēbrēscere | percrēbruī | grow fresh | (crēber) |
| mātūrescō | mātūrēscere | mātūruī | grow ripe | (mātūrus) |
| obmūtēscō | obmūtēscere | obmūtuī | grow dumb | (mūtus) |
V. DEPONENTS.
| fungor | fungi | fūnctus sum | perform |
| queror | querī | questus sum | complain |
| loquor | loquī | locūtus sum | speak |
| sequor | sequī | secūtus sum | follow |
| fruor | fruī | fruitūrus | enjoy |
| perfruor | perfruī | perfrūctus sum | thoroughly enjoy |
| lābor | lābi | lāpsus sum | glide |
| amplector | amplectī | amplexus sum | embrace |
| nītor | nītī |
nīsus sum, nīxus sum |
strive |
| gradior | gradī | gressus sum | walk |
| patior | patī | passus sum | suffer |
| perpetior | perpetī | perpessus sum | endure |
| ūtor | ūtī | ūsus sum | use |
| morior | morī | mortuus sum | die |
| adipīscor | adipīscī | adeptus sum | acquire |
| comminīscor | comminīscī | commentus sum | invent |
| reminīscor | reminīscī | —— | remember |
| nancīscor | nancīscī | nanctus (nactus) sum | acquire |
| nāscor | nāscī | nātus sum | be born |
| oblīvīscor | oblīvīscī | oblītus sum | forget |
| pacīscor | pacīscī | pactus sum | covenant |
| proficīscor | proficīscī | profectus sum | set out |
| ulcīscor | ulcīscī | ultus sum | avenge |
| īrāscor | īrāscī | (īrātus, as Adj.) | be angry |
| vescor | vescī | —— | eat |
Fourth Conjugation.
123. I. PERFECT ENDS IN -VĪ.
| audiō | audīre | audīvī | audītus | hear |
| So all regular Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation. | ||||
| sepeliō | sepelīre | sepelīvī | sepultus | bury |
II. PERFECT ENDS IN -UĪ.
| aperiō | aperīre | aperuī | apertus | open |
| operiō | operīre | operuī | opertus | cover |
| saliō | salīre | saluī | —— | leap |
III. PERFECT ENDS IN -SĪ.
| saepiō | saepīre | saepsī | saeptus | hedge in |
| sanciō | sancīre | sānxī | sānctus | ratify |
| vinciō | vincīre | vinxī | vinctus | bind |
| amiciō | amicīre | —— | amictus | envelop |
| fulciō | fulcīre | fulsī | fultus | prop up |
| referciō | refercīre | refersī | refertus | fill |
| sarciō | sarcīre | sarsī | sartus | patch |
| hauriō | haurīre | hausī | haustus | draw |
| sentiō | sentīre | sēnsī | sēnsus | feel |
IV. PERFECT IN -Ī WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.
| veniō | venīre | vēnī | ventum (est) | come |
| adveniō | advenīre | advēnī | adventum (est) | arrive |
| inveniō | invenīre | invēnī | inventus | find |
V. PERFECT WITH LOSS OF REDUPLICATION.
| reperiō | reperīre | repperī | repertus | find |
| comperiō | comperīre | comperī | compertus | learn |
VI. USED ONLY IN THE PRESENT.
| feriō | ferīre | —— | —— | strike |
| ēsuriō | ēsurīre | —— | —— | be hungry |
VII. DEPONENTS.
| largior | largīrī | largītus sum | bestow |
| So many others. | |||
| experior | experīrī | expertus sum | try |
| opperior | opperīrī | oppertus sum | await |
| ōrdior | ōrdīrī | ōrsus sum | begin |
| orior | orīrī | ortus sum | arise |
| Orior usually follows the Third Conjugation in its inflection; as oreris, orĭtur, orĭmur; orerer (Imp. Subj.); orere (Imper.). | |||
| mētior | mētīrī | mēnsus sum | measure |
| assentior | assentīrī | assēnsus sum | assent |
IRREGULAR VERBS.
124. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum, dō, edō, ferō, volō, nōlō, mālō, eō, fīō. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing. of fer-ō), instead of fer-i-s. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs.
125. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds are inflected in the same way. They are—
| absum | abesse | āfuī | am absent |
| Pres. Partic. absēns (absentis), absent. | |||
| adsum | adesse | adfuī | am present |
| dēsum | deesse | dēfuī | am lacking |
| insum | inesse | īnfuī | am in |
| intersum | interesse | interfuī | am among |
| praesum | praeesse | praefuī | am in charge of |
| Pres. Partic. praesēns (praesentis), present | |||
| obsum | obesse | obfuī | hinder |
| prōsum | prōdesse | prōfuī | am of advantage |
| subsum | subesse | subfuī | am underneath |
| supersum | superesse | superfuī | am left |
NOTE.—Prōsum is compounded of prōd (earlier form of prō) and sum; the d disappears before consonants, as prōsumus; but prōdestis.
126. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote, able) and sum; potuī is from an obsolete potēre.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
| possum, | posse, | potuī, | to be able. |
|
INDICATIVE MOOD. |
|||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | possum, potes, potest; | possumus, potestis, possunt. | |
| Imp. | poteram; | poterāmus. | |
| Fut. | poterō; | poterimus. | |
| Perf. | potuī; | potuimus. | |
| Plup. | potueram; | potuerāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | potuerō; | potuerimus. | |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
|||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | possim, possīs, possit; | possīmus, possītis, possint. | |
| Imp. | possem; | possēmus. | |
| Perf. | potuerim; | potuerīmus. | |
| Plup. | potuissem; | potuissēmus. | |
|
INFINITIVE. |
PARTICIPLE. |
||
| Pres. | posse. | Pres. | potēns (as an adjective). |
| Perf. | potuisse. | ||
127. Dō, I give.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
| dō, | dăre, | dedī, | dătus. |
|
Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD. |
|||
| SINGULAR. | PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | dō, dās, dat; | dămus, dătis, dant. | |
| Imp. | dăbam, etc.; | dăbāmus. | |
| Fut. | dăbō, etc.; | dăbimus. | |
| Perf. | dedī; | dedimus. | |
| Plup. | dederam; | dederāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | dederō; | dederimus. | |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE |
|||
| Pres. | dem; | dēmus. | |
| Imp. | dărem; | dărēmus. | |
| Perf. | dederim; | dederīmus. | |
| Plup. | dedissem; | dedissēmus. | |
|
IMPERATIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | dā; | dăte. | |
| Fut. | dătō; | dătōte. | |
| dătō. | dantō. | ||
|
INFINITIVE. |
PARTICIPLE. |
||
| Pres. | dăre. | dāns. | |
| Perf. | dedisse. | ||
| Fut. | dătūrus esse. | dătūrus. | |
|
GERUND. |
SUPINE. |
||
| dandī, etc. | dătum, dătū. | ||
1. The passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: dărī, dătur, dărētur, etc.
2. The archaic and poetic Present Subjunctive forms duim, duint, perduit, perduint, etc., are not from the root da-, but from du-, a collateral root of similar meaning.
128. Edō, I eat.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
| edō, | ēsse, | ēdī, | ēsus. |
|
Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD. |
||
| Pres. | edō, | edimus, |
| ēs, | ēstis, | |
| ēst; | edunt. | |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
||
| Imp. | ēssem, | ēssēmus, |
| ēssēs, | ēssētis, | |
| ēsset; | ēssent. | |
|
IMPERATIVE. |
||
| Pres. | ēs; | ēste. |
| Fut. | ēstō; | ēstōte. |
| ēstō; | eduntō. | |
|
INFINITIVE. |
||
| Pres. ēsse. | ||
|
Passive Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD. |
||
| Pres. 3d Sing. ēstur. | ||
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
||
| Imp. 3d Sing. ēssētur. | ||
1. Observe the long vowel of the forms in ēs-, which alone distinguishes them from the corresponding forms of esse, to be.
2. Note comedō, comēsse, comēdī, comēsus or comēstus, consume.
3. The Present Subjunctive has edim, -īs, -it, etc., less often edam, -ās, etc.
129. Ferō, I bear.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
| ferō, | ferre, | tulī, | lātus. |
|
Active Voice. INDICATIVE MOOD. |
|||
|
SINGULAR. |
PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | ferō, fers, fert; | ferimus, fertis, ferunt.[46] | |
| Imp. | ferēbam; | ferēbāmus. | |
| Fut. | feram; | ferēmus. | |
| Perf. | tulī; | tulimus. | |
| Plup. | tuleram; | tulerāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | tulerō; | tulerimus. | |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | feram; | ferāmus. | |
| Imp. | ferrem; | ferrēmus. | |
| Perf. | tulerim; | tulerīmus. | |
| Plup. | tulissem; | tulissēmus. | |
|
IMPERATIVE |
|||
| Pres. | fer; | ferte. | |
| Fut. | fertō; | fertōte. | |
| fertō; | feruntō. | ||
|
INFINITIVE. |
PARTICIPLE. |
||
| Pres. | ferre. | Pres. | ferēns. |
| Perf. | tulisse. | ||
| Fut. | lātūrus esse. | Fut. | lātūrus. |
|
GERUND. |
SUPINE. |
||
| Gen. | ferendī. | ||
| Dat. | ferendō. | ||
| Acc. | ferendum. | Acc. | lātum. |
| Abl. | ferendō. | Abl. | lātū. |
| Passive Voice. | |||
| feror, | ferrī, | lātus sum, | to be borne. |
|
INDICATIVE MOOD. |
|||
|
SINGULAR. |
PLURAL. | ||
| Pres. | feror, ferris, fertur; | ferimur, feriminī, feruntur. | |
| Imp. | ferēbar; | ferēbāmur. | |
| Fut. | ferar; | ferēmur. | |
| Perf. | lātus sum; | lātī sumus. | |
| Plup. | lātus eram; | lātī erāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | lātus erō; | lātī erimus. | |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | ferar; | ferāmur. | |
| Imp. | ferrer; | ferrēmur. | |
| Perf. | lātus sim; | lātī sīmus. | |
| Plup. | lātus essem; | lātī essēmus. | |
|
IMPERATIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | ferre; | ferimimī. | |
| Fut. | fertor; | —— | |
| fertor; | feruntor. | ||
|
INFINITIVE. |
PARTICIPLE. |
||
| Pres. | ferrī. | ||
| Perf. | lātus esse. | Perf. | lātus. |
| Fut. | lātum īrī. | Fut. | ferendus. |
So also the Compounds—
| afferō | afferre | attulī | allātus | bring toward |
| auferō | auferre | abstulī | ablātus | take away |
| cōnferō | cōnferre | contulī | collātus | compare |
| differō | differre | distulī | dīlātus | put off |
| efferō | efferre | extulī | ēlātus | carry out |
| īnferō | īnferre | intulī | illātus | bring against |
| offerō | offerre | obtulī | oblātus | present |
| referō | referre | rettulī | relātus | bring back |
NOTE.—The forms sustulī and sublātus belong to tollō.
130. volō, nōlō, mālō.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
| volō, | velle, | voluī, | to wish. |
| nōlō, | nōlle, | nōluī, | to be unwilling. |
| mālō, | mālle, | māluī, | to prefer. |
|
INDICATIVE MOOD. |
|||
| Pres. | volō, | nōlō, | mālō, |
| vīs, | nōn vīs, | māvīs, | |
| vult; | nōn vult; | māvult; | |
| volumus, | nōlumus, | mālumus, | |
| vultis, | nōn vultis, | māvultis, | |
| volunt. | nōlunt. | mālunt. | |
| Imp. | volēbam. | nōlēbam. | mālēbam. |
| Fut. | volam. | nōlam. | mālam. |
| Perf. | voluī. | nōluī. | māluī. |
| Plup. | volueram. | nōlueram. | mālueram. |
| Fut. P. | voluerō. | nōluerō. | māluerō. |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | velim, -īs, -it, etc. | nōlim. | mālīm. |
| Inf. | vellem, -ēs, -et, etc. | nōllem. | māllem. |
| Perf. | voluerim. | nōluerim. | māluerim. |
| Pluf. | voluissem. | nōluissem. | māluissem. |
|
IMPERATIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | nōlī; | nōlīte. | |
| Fut. | nōlītō; | nōlītōte. | |
| nōlītō; | nōluntō. |
|
INFINITIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | velle. | nōlle. | mālle. |
| Perf. | voluisse. | nōluisse. | māluisse |
|
PARTICIPLE. |
|||
| Pres. | volēns | nōlēns. | —— |
131. Fīō.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | |||
| fīō, | fīerī, | factus sum, | to become, be made. |
|
INDICATIVE MOOD. |
|||
|
SINGULAR, |
PLURAL. |
||
| Pres. | fīō, fīs, fit; | fīmus, fītis, fīunt. | |
| Inf. | fīēbam; | fīēbāmus. | |
| Fut. | fīam; | fīēmus. | |
| Perf. | factus sum; | factī sumus. | |
| Pluf. | factus eram; | factī erāmus. | |
| Fut. P. | factus erō; | factī erimus. | |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | fīam; | fīāmus. | |
| Imp. | fierem; | fierēmus. | |
| Perf. | factus sim; | factī sīmus. | |
| Plup. | factus essem; | factī essēmus. | |
|
IMPERATIVE. |
|||
| Pres. | fī; | fīte. | |
|
INFINITIVE. |
PARTICIPLE. | ||
| Pres. | fierī. | ||
| Perf. | factus esse. | Perf. | factus. |
| Fut. | factum īrī. | Ger. | faciendus. |
NOTE.—A few isolated forms of compounds of fīō occur; as, dēfit lacks; īnfit, begins.
132. Eō.
| PRINCIPAL PARTS. | ||||
| eō, | īre, | īvī, | itum (est), | to go. |
|
INDICATIVE MOOD. |
|||
|
SINGULAR. |
PLURAL. |
||
| Pres. | eō, īs, it; | īmus, ītis, eunt. | |
| Imp. | ībam; | ībāmus. | |
| Fut. | ībō; | ībimus. | |
| Perf. | īvī (iī); | īvimus (iimus). | |
| Plup. | īveram (ieram); | īverāmus (ierāmus) | |
| Fut. P. | īverō (ierō); | īverimus (ierimus). | |
|
SUBJUNCTIVE. |
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|
SINGULAR. |
PLURAL. |
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| Pres. | eam; | eāmus. | |
| Inf. | īrem; | īrēmus. | |
| Perf. | īverim (ierim); | īverīmus (ierīmus). | |
| Pluf. | īvissem (iissem, īssem); | īvissēmus (iissēmus, īssēmus). | |
|
IMPERATIVE. |
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| Pres. | ī; | īte. | |
| Fut. | ītō; | ītōte, | |
| ītō; | euntō. | ||
|
INFINITIVE. |
PARTICIPLE. |
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| Pres. | īre. | Pres. | iēns. |
| Perf. | īvisse (īsse). | (Gen. euntis.) | |
| Fut. | itūrus esse. | Fut. | itūrus. Gerundive, eundum. |
|
GERUND. |
SUPINE. |
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| eundī, etc. | itum, itū. | ||