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New Latin Grammar

Chapter 79: Fourth Conjugation.
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A concise, school-oriented Latin grammar begins with an introduction to the language's Indo-European origins and then treats sounds, accent, and vowel quantity before explaining noun and adjective declensions, verb conjugations, pronouns, and particles. It covers word formation and compounding, followed by a detailed syntax section on sentence types, clause structures, moods, indirect discourse, and the uses of cases. A prosody unit addresses verse structure and meters, while supplements supply the Roman calendar, naming conventions, rhetorical figures, and indexes to examples and principal verb forms. The text aims to present essential rules clearly for secondary and undergraduate study.

6. Perfect in -vī.

sinō sinere sīvī situs allow
  desinō dēsinere dēsiī dēsitus cease
  ponō pōnere posuī positus place
ob-linō oblinere oblēvī oblitus smear
serō serere sēvī satus sow
  cōnserō cōnserere cōnsēvī cōnsitus plant
cernō cernere —— —— separate
  discernō discernere discrēvī discrētus distinguish
  dēcernō dēcernere dēcrēvī dēcrētus decide
spernō spernere sprēvī sprētus scorn
sternō sternere strāvī strātus spread
  prō-sternō prōsternere prōstrāvī prōstrātus overthrow
petō petere petīvī (petiī) petītus seek
  appetō appetere appetīvī appetītus long for
terō terere trīvī trītus rub
quaerō quaerere quaesīvī quaesītus seek
  acquīrō acquīrere acquīsīvī acquīsītus acquire
arcessō arcessere arcessīvī arcessītus summon
capessō capessere capessīvī capessītus seize
lacessō lacessere lacessīvī lacessītus provoke

7. Used only in Present System.

angō angere —— —— choke
lambō lambere —— —— lick
claudō claudere —— —— be lame
furō furere —— —— rave
vergō vergere —— —— bend
and a few others.

II. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -U.

induō induere induī indūtus put on
imbuō imbuere imbuī imbūtus moisten
luō luere luī —— wash
  polluō polluere polluī pollūtus defile
minuō minuere minuī minūtus lessen
statuō statuere statuī statūtus set up
  cōnstituō cōnstituere cōnstituī cōnstitūtus determine
suō suere suī sūtus sew
tribuō tribuere tribuī tribūtus allot
ruō ruere ruī ruitūrus fall
  dīruō dīruere dīruī dīrutus destroy
  obruō obruere obruī obrutus overwhelm
acuō acuere acuī —— sharpen
arguō arguere arguī —— accuse
congruō congruere congruī —— agree
metuō metuere metuī —— fear
ab-nuō abnuere abnuī —— decline
re-spuō respuere respuī —— reject
struō struere strūxī strūctus build
fluō fluere flūxi (flūxus, as Adj.) flow

III. VERBS WITH PRESENT STEM ENDING IN -I.

capiō cupere cupīvī cupītus wish
sapiō sapere sapīvī —— taste
rapiō rapere rapuī raptus snatch
  dīripiō dīripere dīripuī dīreptus plunder
cōnspiciō cōnspicere cōnspexī cōnspectus gaze at
aspiciō aspicere aspexī aspectus behold
illiciō illicere illexī illectus allure
pelliciō pellicere pellexī pellectus allure
ēliciō ēlicere ēlicuī ēlicitus elicit
quatiō quatere —— quassus shake
  concutiō concutere concussī concussus shake
pariō parere peperī partus bring forth
capiō capere cēpī captus take
  accipiō accipere accēpī acceptus accept
  incipiō incipere incēpī inceptus begin
faciō facere fēcī factus make
  afficiō afficere affēcī affectus affect
Passive, afficior, afficī, affectus sum.
So other prepositional compounds, perficiō, perficior; interficiō, interficior; etc. But—
assuēfaciō assuēfacere assuēfēcī assuēfactus accustom
Passive, assuēfiō, assuēfieri, assuēfactus sum.
So also patefaciō, patefīō; calefaciō, calefīō; and all non-prepositional compounds.
jaciō jacere jēcī jactus hurl
  abiciō abicere abjēcī abjectus throw away
fodiō fodere fōdī fossus dig
fugiō fugere fūgī fugitūrus flee
  effugiō effugere effūgī —— escape

IV. VERBS IN -SCŌ.

1. Verbs in -scō from Simple Roots.

poscō poscere poposcī —— demand
discō discere didicī —— learn
pāscō pāscere pāvī pāstus feed
  pāscor pāscī pāstus sum graze
crēscō crēscere crēvī crētus grow
cōnsuēscō cōnsuēscere cōnsuēvī cōnsuētus accustom one's self
quiēscō quiēscere quiēvī quiētūrus be still
adolēscō adolēscere adolēvi adultus grow up
obsolēscō obsolēscerē obsolēvī —— grow old
nōscō nōscere nōvī —— become acquainted with
  ignōscō ignōscere ignōvī ignōtūrus pardon
agnōscō agnōscere agnōvī agnitus recognize
cognōscō cognōscere cognōvī cognitus get acquainted with

2. Verbs in -scō formed from other Verbs.

These usually have Inchoative or Inceptive meaning (see § 155, 1). When they have the Perfect, it is the same as that of the Verbs from which they are derived.

flōrēscō flōrēscere flōruī begin to bloom (flōreō)
scīscō scīscere scīvī enact (scīo)
ārēscō ārēscere āruī become dry (āreō)
calēscō calēscere caluī become hot (caleō)
cōnsenēscō cōnsenēscere cōnsenuī grow old (seneō)
extimēscō extimēscere extimuī fear greatly (timeō)
ingemīscō ingemīscere ingemuī sigh (gemō)
adhaerēscō adhaerēscere adhaesī stick (haereō)

3. Verbs in -scō derived from Adjectives, usually with Inchoative meaning.

obdūrēscō obdūrēscere obdūruī grow hard (dūrus)
ēvanēscō ēvanēscere ēvinuī disappear (vānus)
percrēbrēsco percrēbrēscere percrēbruī grow fresh (crēber)
mātūrescō mātūrēscere mātūruī grow ripe (mātūrus)
obmūtēscō obmūtēscere obmūtuī grow dumb (mūtus)

V. DEPONENTS.

fungor fungi fūnctus sum perform
queror querī questus sum complain
loquor loquī locūtus sum speak
sequor sequī secūtus sum follow
fruor fruī fruitūrus enjoy
  perfruor perfruī perfrūctus sum thoroughly enjoy
lābor lābi lāpsus sum glide
amplector amplectī amplexus sum embrace
nītor nītī nīsus sum,
nīxus sum
strive
gradior gradī gressus sum walk
patior patī passus sum suffer
  perpetior perpetī perpessus sum endure
ūtor ūtī ūsus sum use
morior morī mortuus sum die
adipīscor adipīscī adeptus sum acquire
comminīscor comminīscī commentus sum invent
reminīscor reminīscī —— remember
nancīscor nancīscī nanctus (nactus) sum acquire
nāscor nāscī nātus sum be born
oblīvīscor oblīvīscī oblītus sum forget
pacīscor pacīscī pactus sum covenant
proficīscor proficīscī profectus sum set out
ulcīscor ulcīscī ultus sum avenge
īrāscor īrāscī (īrātus, as Adj.) be angry
vescor vescī —— eat

Fourth Conjugation.

123. I. PERFECT ENDS IN -VĪ.

audiō audīre audīvī audītus hear
So all regular Verbs of the Fourth Conjugation.
sepeliō sepelīre sepelīvī sepultus bury

II. PERFECT ENDS IN -UĪ.

aperiō aperīre aperuī apertus open
operiō operīre operuī opertus cover
saliō salīre saluī —— leap

III. PERFECT ENDS IN -SĪ.

saepiō saepīre saepsī saeptus hedge in
sanciō sancīre sānxī sānctus ratify
vinciō vincīre vinxī vinctus bind
amiciō amicīre —— amictus envelop
fulciō fulcīre fulsī fultus prop up
referciō refercīre refersī refertus fill
sarciō sarcīre sarsī sartus patch
hauriō haurīre hausī haustus draw
sentiō sentīre sēnsī sēnsus feel

IV. PERFECT IN WITH LENGTHENING OF STEM VOWEL.

veniō venīre vēnī ventum (est) come
  adveniō advenīre advēnī adventum (est) arrive
  inveniō invenīre invēnī inventus find

V. PERFECT WITH LOSS OF REDUPLICATION.

reperiō reperīre repperī repertus find
comperiō comperīre comperī compertus learn

VI. USED ONLY IN THE PRESENT.

feriō ferīre —— —— strike
ēsuriō ēsurīre —— —— be hungry

VII. DEPONENTS.

largior largīrī largītus sum bestow
So many others.
experior experīrī expertus sum try
opperior opperīrī oppertus sum await
ōrdior ōrdīrī ōrsus sum begin
orior orīrī ortus sum arise
Orior usually follows the Third Conjugation in its inflection; as oreris, orĭtur, orĭmur; orerer (Imp. Subj.); orere (Imper.).
mētior mētīrī mēnsus sum measure
assentior assentīrī assēnsus sum assent


IRREGULAR VERBS.

124. A number of Verbs are called Irregular. The most important are sum, , edō, ferō, volō, nōlō, mālō, , fīō. The peculiarity of these Verbs is that they append the personal endings in many forms directly to the stem, instead of employing a connecting vowel, as fer-s (2d Sing. of fer-ō), instead of fer-i-s. They are but the relics of what was once in Latin a large class of Verbs.

125. The Inflection of sum has already been given. Its various compounds are inflected in the same way. They are—

absum abesse āfuī am absent
Pres. Partic. absēns (absentis), absent.
adsum adesse adfuī am present
dēsum deesse dēfuī am lacking
insum inesse īnfuī am in
intersum interesse interfuī am among
praesum praeesse praefuī am in charge of
Pres. Partic. praesēns (praesentis), present
obsum obesse obfuī hinder
prōsum prōdesse prōfuī am of advantage
subsum subesse subfuī am underneath
supersum superesse superfuī am left

NOTE.—Prōsum is compounded of prōd (earlier form of prō) and sum; the d disappears before consonants, as prōsumus; but prōdestis.

126. Possum. In its Present System possum is a compound of pot- (for pote, able) and sum; potuī is from an obsolete potēre.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
possum, posse, potuī, to be able.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. possum, potes, potest; possumus, potestis, possunt.
Imp. poteram; poterāmus.
Fut. poterō; poterimus.
Perf. potuī; potuimus.
Plup. potueram; potuerāmus.
Fut. P. potuerō; potuerimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. possim, possīs, possit; possīmus, possītis, possint.
Imp. possem; possēmus.
Perf. potuerim; potuerīmus.
Plup. potuissem; potuissēmus.

INFINITIVE.

PARTICIPLE.
Pres. posse. Pres. potēns (as an adjective).
Perf. potuisse.

127. , I give.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
, dăre, dedī, dătus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
SINGULAR. PLURAL.
Pres. dō, dās, dat; dămus, dătis, dant.
Imp. dăbam, etc.; dăbāmus.
Fut. dăbō, etc.; dăbimus.
Perf. dedī; dedimus.
Plup. dederam; dederāmus.
Fut. P. dederō; dederimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE
Pres. dem; dēmus.
Imp. dărem; dărēmus.
Perf. dederim; dederīmus.
Plup. dedissem; dedissēmus.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. dā; dăte.
Fut. dătō; dătōte.
dătō. dantō.

INFINITIVE.

PARTICIPLE.
Pres. dăre. dāns.
Perf. dedisse.
Fut. dătūrus esse. dătūrus.

GERUND.

SUPINE.
dandī, etc. dătum, dătū.

1. The passive is inflected regularly with the short vowel. Thus: dărī, dătur, dărētur, etc.

2. The archaic and poetic Present Subjunctive forms duim, duint, perduit, perduint, etc., are not from the root da-, but from du-, a collateral root of similar meaning.

128. Edō, I eat.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
edō, ēsse, ēdī, ēsus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. edō, edimus,
ēs, ēstis,
ēst; edunt.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Imp. ēssem, ēssēmus,
ēssēs, ēssētis,
ēsset; ēssent.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. ēs; ēste.
Fut. ēstō; ēstōte.
ēstō; eduntō.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. ēsse.

Passive Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. 3d Sing. ēstur.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Imp. 3d Sing. ēssētur.

1. Observe the long vowel of the forms in ēs-, which alone distinguishes them from the corresponding forms of esse, to be.

2. Note comedō, comēsse, comēdī, comēsus or comēstus, consume.

3. The Present Subjunctive has edim, -īs, -it, etc., less often edam, -ās, etc.

129. Ferō, I bear.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
ferō, ferre, tulī, lātus.

Active Voice.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
Pres. ferō, fers, fert; ferimus, fertis, ferunt.[46]
Imp. ferēbam; ferēbāmus.
Fut. feram; ferēmus.
Perf. tulī; tulimus.
Plup. tuleram; tulerāmus.
Fut. P. tulerō; tulerimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. feram; ferāmus.
Imp. ferrem; ferrēmus.
Perf. tulerim; tulerīmus.
Plup. tulissem; tulissēmus.

IMPERATIVE
Pres. fer; ferte.
Fut. fertō; fertōte.
fertō; feruntō.

INFINITIVE.

PARTICIPLE.
Pres. ferre. Pres. ferēns.
Perf. tulisse.
Fut. lātūrus esse. Fut. lātūrus.

GERUND.

SUPINE.
Gen. ferendī.
Dat. ferendō.
Acc. ferendum. Acc. lātum.
Abl. ferendō. Abl. lātū.
Passive Voice.
feror, ferrī, lātus sum, to be borne.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR.
PLURAL.
Pres. feror, ferris, fertur; ferimur, feriminī, feruntur.
Imp. ferēbar; ferēbāmur.
Fut. ferar; ferēmur.
Perf. lātus sum; lātī sumus.
Plup. lātus eram; lātī erāmus.
Fut. P. lātus erō; lātī erimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. ferar; ferāmur.
Imp. ferrer; ferrēmur.
Perf. lātus sim; lātī sīmus.
Plup. lātus essem; lātī essēmus.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. ferre; ferimimī.
Fut. fertor; ——
fertor; feruntor.

INFINITIVE.

PARTICIPLE.
Pres. ferrī.
Perf. lātus esse. Perf. lātus.
Fut. lātum īrī. Fut. ferendus.

So also the Compounds—

afferō afferre attulī allātus bring toward
auferō auferre abstulī ablātus take away
cōnferō cōnferre contulī collātus compare
differō differre distulī dīlātus put off
efferō efferre extulī ēlātus carry out
īnferō īnferre intulī illātus bring against
offerō offerre obtulī oblātus present
referō referre rettulī relātus bring back

NOTE.—The forms sustulī and sublātus belong to tollō.

130. volō, nōlō, mālō.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
volō, velle, voluī, to wish.
nōlō, nōlle, nōluī, to be unwilling.
mālō, mālle, māluī, to prefer.

INDICATIVE MOOD.
Pres. volō, nōlō, mālō,
vīs, nōn vīs, māvīs,
vult; nōn vult; māvult;
volumus, nōlumus, mālumus,
vultis, nōn vultis, māvultis,
volunt. nōlunt. mālunt.
Imp. volēbam. nōlēbam. mālēbam.
Fut. volam. nōlam. mālam.
Perf. voluī. nōluī. māluī.
Plup. volueram. nōlueram. mālueram.
Fut. P. voluerō. nōluerō. māluerō.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. velim, -īs, -it, etc. nōlim. mālīm.
Inf. vellem, -ēs, -et, etc. nōllem. māllem.
Perf. voluerim. nōluerim. māluerim.
Pluf. voluissem. nōluissem. māluissem.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. nōlī; nōlīte.
Fut. nōlītō; nōlītōte.
nōlītō; nōluntō.

INFINITIVE.
Pres. velle. nōlle. mālle.
Perf. voluisse. nōluisse. māluisse

PARTICIPLE.
Pres. volēns nōlēns. ——

131. Fīō.

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
fīō, fīerī, factus sum, to become, be made.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR,

PLURAL.
Pres. fīō, fīs, fit; fīmus, fītis, fīunt.
Inf. fīēbam; fīēbāmus.
Fut. fīam; fīēmus.
Perf. factus sum; factī sumus.
Pluf. factus eram; factī erāmus.
Fut. P. factus erō; factī erimus.

SUBJUNCTIVE.
Pres. fīam; fīāmus.
Imp. fierem; fierēmus.
Perf. factus sim; factī sīmus.
Plup. factus essem; factī essēmus.

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. fī; fīte.

INFINITIVE.
PARTICIPLE.
Pres. fierī.
Perf. factus esse. Perf. factus.
Fut. factum īrī. Ger. faciendus.

NOTE.—A few isolated forms of compounds of fīō occur; as, dēfit lacks; īnfit, begins.

132. .

PRINCIPAL PARTS.
, īre, īvī, itum (est), to go.

INDICATIVE MOOD.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
Pres. eō, īs, it; īmus, ītis, eunt.
Imp. ībam; ībāmus.
Fut. ībō; ībimus.
Perf. īvī (iī); īvimus (iimus).
Plup. īveram (ieram); īverāmus (ierāmus)
Fut. P. īverō (ierō); īverimus (ierimus).

SUBJUNCTIVE.

SINGULAR.

PLURAL.
Pres. eam; eāmus.
Inf. īrem; īrēmus.
Perf. īverim (ierim); īverīmus (ierīmus).
Pluf. īvissem (iissem, īssem); īvissēmus (iissēmus, īssēmus).

IMPERATIVE.
Pres. ī; īte.
Fut. ītō; ītōte,
ītō; euntō.

INFINITIVE.

PARTICIPLE.
Pres. īre. Pres. iēns.
Perf. īvisse (īsse). (Gen. euntis.)
Fut. itūrus esse. Fut. itūrus.   Gerundive, eundum.

GERUND.

SUPINE.
eundī, etc. itum, itū.