21. LA'PIS, lap'idis, a stone.
Radical: lapid-.
1. lap'idary: lapid + ary = one who works in stone: hence, one who cuts, polishes, and engraves precious stones.
2. dilap'idated: di + lapid + ate + ed = put into the condition of a building in which the stones are falling apart: hence, fallen into ruin, decayed.
3. dilapida'tion: di + lapid + ate + ion = the state (of a building) in which the stones are falling apart: hence, demolition, decay.
EXERCISE.
Use the word "lapidary" in a sentence. MODEL: "When Queen Victoria wanted the Koh-i-noor to be recut, she sent it to a famous lapidary in Holland."
(2.) Write a sentence containing the word "dilapidated." MODEL: "At Newport, Rhode Island, there stands a dilapidated mill, which some writers have foolishly believed to be a tower built by Norsemen in the twelfth century."—If we should speak of a "dilapidated fortune," would the word be used in its literal meaning or in a figurative sense?
(3.) Give two synonyms of "dilapidation." Ans. Ruin, decay.
22. LEX, le'gis, a law or rule.
Radical: leg-.
1. le'gal: leg + al = relating to the law; lawful.
2. ille'gal: il (for in, not) + leg + al = not legal: hence, unlawful.
3. leg'islate: from legis + latum (from Lat. v. fer're, latum, to bring), to bring forward: hence, to make or pass laws.
4. legit'imate: through Lat. adj. legitimus, lawful; legitim (us) + ate = made lawful: hence, in accordance with established law.
5. priv'ilege: Lat. adj. privus, private; literally, a law passed for the benefit of a private individual: hence, a franchise, prerogative, or right.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Point out the different senses of "legal" in the two expressions, "the legal profession" and "a legal right."—Combine and define legal + ize.
(2.) Give an Anglo-Saxon synonym of "illegal." Ans. Unlawful.—Show that they are synonyms. Ans. il (in) = un; leg = law; and al = ful.—Compose a sentence containing the word "illegal."—Combine and define illegal + ity.
(3.) What noun derived from "legislate" means the law-making power?—Combine and define legislate + ion; legislate + ive.
(4.) Give the negative of "legitimate."
(5.) What is the plural of "privilege"?—Define the meaning of this word in the passage,—
"He claims his privilege, and says 't is fit
Nothing should be the judge of wit, but wit."
23. LIT'ERA, a letter.
Radical: liter-.
1. lit'eral: liter + al = relating to the letter of a thing; that is, exact to the letter.
2. lit'erary: liter + ary = pertaining to letters or learning.
3. obliterate: ob + liter + ate = to cause letters to be rubbed out: hence, to rub out, in general.
4. lit'erature: through Lat. n. literatura = the collective body of literary works.
5. illit'erate: il (for in, not) + liter + ate = of the nature of one who does not know his letters.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Define what is meant by a "literal translation."
(2.) Give a synonymous expression for a "literary man."—Compose a sentence containing the terms "literary society."
(3.) Give a synonym of "obliterate" in its literal meaning. Ans. To erase.—If we should speak of obliterating the memory of a wrong, would the word be used in its primary or its derivative sense?
(4.) "When we speak of English "literature" what is meant?—Can you mention a great poem in Greek "literature"?—Compose a sentence containing the word "literature."
(5.) Give a synonym of "illiterate." Ans. Unlearned.—What is the opposite of "illiterate"? Ans. Learned.
24. MORS, mortis, death.
Radical: mort-.
1. mor'tal: mort + a = relating to death.
2. mor'tify: mort + ify = literally, to cause to die: hence, (1) to destroy vital functions; (2) to humble.
3. immor'talize: im (for in, not) + mort + al + ize = to make not subject to death: hence, to perpetuate.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What does Shakespeare mean by the expression to "shuffle off this mortal coil"?—Combine and define mortal + ity.—What is the opposite of "mortal"?—Give a synonym. Ans. Deathless.
(2.) State the two meanings of "mortify."—What noun is derived from this verb? Ans. Mortification.—When a surgeon speaks of "mortification" setting in, what does he mean?—What is meant by "mortification" when we say that the British felt great mortification at the recapture of Stony Point by General Anthony Wayne?
(3.) Compose a sentence containing the word "immortalize." MODEL: "Milton immortalized his name by the production of Paradise Lost."
25. NOR'MA, a rule.
Radical: norm-.
1. nor'mal: norm + al = according to rule.
2. enor'mous: e + norm + ous = having the quality of being out of all rule: hence, excessive, huge.
3. enor'mity: e + norm + ity = the state of being out of all rule: hence, an excessive degree—generally used in regard to bad qualities.
4. abnor'mal: ab + norm + al = having the quality of being away from the usual rule: hence, unnatural.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What is meant by the expression, "the normal condition of things"?—"What is the meaning of the term a "normal school"? Ans. It means a school whose methods of instruction are to serve as a model for imitation; a school for the education of teachers.
(2.) Give a synonym of "enormous." Ans. Immense.—Give another.—"What is meant by "enormous strength"? an "enormous crime?"—Combine and define enormous + ly.
(3.) Illustrate the meaning of the word "enormity" by a sentence.
26. OR'DO, or'dinis, order.
Radical: ordin-.
1. or'dinary: ordin + ary = relating to the usual order of things.
2. extraor'dinary: extra + ordin + ary = beyond ordinary.
3. inor'dinate: in + ordin + ate = having the quality of not being within the usual order of things: hence, excessive.
4. subor'dinate: sub + ordin + ate = having the quality of being under the usual order: hence, inferior, secondary.
5. or'dinance: ordin + ance = that which is according to order: hence, a law.
6. insubordina'tion: in + sub + ordin + ate + ion = the state of not being under the usual order of things: hence, disobedience to lawful authority.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What is meant by "ordinary language"? an "ordinary man"?
(2.) Combine and define extraordinary + ly.—Compose a sentence using the word "extraordinary."—Give a synonym of "extraordinary." Ans. Unusual.
(3.) Explain what is meant by saying that General Charles Lee had "inordinate vanity."—Is "inordinate" used with reference to praiseworthy things?
(4.) What part of speech other than an adjective is "subordinate"?—What is meant by "a subordinate"?—What does "subordinate" mean in the sentence, "We must subordinate our wishes to the rules of morality"?—Combine and define subordinate + ion.
(5.) What does the expression "the ordinances of the Common Council of the City of New York" mean?
(6.) Compose a sentence containing the word "insubordination."—Give the opposite of "insubordination"? Ans. Subordination, obedience.
27. PARS, par'tis, a part or share.
Radical: part-.
1. part: from partis = a share.
2. par'ticle: part + (i)cle = a small part.
3. par'tial: part + (i)al = relating to a part rather than the whole: hence, inclined to favor one party or person or thing.
4. par'ty: through Fr. n. partie: a set of persons (that is, a part of the people) engaged in some design.
5. par'tisan: through Fr. n. partisan = a party man.
6. depart': de + part = to take one's self away from one part to another.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What part of speech is "part" besides a noun?—Write a sentence containing this word as a noun; another as a verb.
(2.) Point out the connection of meaning between "particle" and "particular." Ans. "Particular"' means taking note of the minute parts or particles of a given subject.
(3.) What is the negative of "partial"? Ans. Impartial.—Define it.
(4.) Explain what is meant by a "political party."
(6.) Combine and define depart + ure.
28. PES, pe'dis, a foot.
Radical: ped-.
1. ped'al: ped + al = an instrument made to be moved by the foot.
2. bi'ped: bi + ped = a two-footed animal.
3. quad'ruped: quadru + ped = a four-footed animal. (Quadru, from quatuor, four.)
4. ped'dler: literally, a trader who travels on foot.
5. expedite': ex + ped + ite (ite, equivalent to ate) = literally, to free the feet from entanglement: hence, to hasten.
6. expedi'tion: ex + ped + ite + ion = the act of expediting: hence, (1) the quality of being expeditious, promptness; (2) a sending forth for the execution of some object of importance.
7. imped'iment: through Lat. n. impedimentum; literally, something which impedes or entangles the feet: hence, an obstacle, an obstruction.
EXERCISE.
(2.) Make up a sentence containing the word "biped."
(3.) Make up a sentence containing the word "quadruped."
(4.) What is the English verb from which "peddler" comes?—In what other way is "peddler" sometimes spelled? Ans. It is sometimes spelled with but one d—thus, pedler.
(5.) "To expedite the growth of plants": what does that mean?—Give the opposite of "expedite." Ans. To retard.
(6.) Point out the double sense of the word "expedition" in the following sentences: "With winged expedition, swift as lightning."—Milton. "The expedition of Cortez miserably failed."—Prescott.
(7.) Compose a sentence containing the word "impediment."—What is meant by "impediment of speech"?—Is the word here used in its literal or its figurative sense?
29. RUM'PERE: rum'po, rup'tum, to break.
Radical: rupt-.
1. rup'ture: rupt + ure = the act of breaking with another; that is, a breach of friendly relations.
2. erup'tion: e + rupt + ion = the act of breaking or bursting out.
3. abrupt': ab + rupt = broken off short: hence, having a sudden termination.
4. corrupt': cor (for con) + rupt = thoroughly broken up: hence, decomposed, depraved.
5. interrupt': inter + rupt = to break in between: hence, to hinder.
6. bank'rupt: literally, one who is bank-broken, who cannot pay his debts, an insolvent debtor.
EXERCISE.
(1.) What other part of speech than a noun is "rupture"? Ans. A verb.—Compose one sentence using the word as a verb, the other as a noun.—What does the "rupture of a blood vessel" mean? Is this the literal sense of the word?—The "rupture of friendly relations" between Maine and Massachusetts: is this its literal or its figurative sense?
(2.) Compose a sentence containing the word "eruption."
(3.) Combine and define abrupt + ness; abrupt + ly.—When we speak of an "abrupt manner," what is meant?—When we speak of an "abrupt descent," what is meant?
(4.) Explain what is meant by "corrupt principles"; a "corrupt judge."—Combine and define corrupt + ion; corrupt + ible; in + corrupt + ible.—What other part of speech than an adjective is "corrupt"?—What part of speech is it in the sentence "evil communications corrupt good manners"?
30. TEM'PUS, tem'poris, time.
Radical: tempor-.
1. tem'poral: tempor + al = relating to time: hence, not everlasting.
2. tem'porary: tempor + ary = lasting only for a brief time.
3. contem'porary: con + tempor + ary = one who lives in the same time with another.
4. tem'perance: through Fr. n. tempérance; literal meaning, the state of being well timed as to one's habits: hence, moderation.
5. extempora'neous: ex + temporane(us) + ous = produced at the time.
6. tem'porize: tempor + ize = to do as the times do: hence, to yield to the current of opinion.
EXERCISE.
(1.) Give the opposite of "temporal." Ans. Eternal. Illustrate these two words by a sentence from the Bible. Ans. "The things which are seen are temporal; but the things which are not seen are eternal."
(2.) Give the opposite of "temporary." Ans. Permanent.—What is meant by the "temporary government of a city"?—Give a synonym of "temporary." Ans. Transitory.—Would you say that man is a "temporary being" or a "transitory being"?
(3.) Compose a sentence illustrating the use of the word "contemporary."—What adjective corresponds to this adjective?
(4.) State the distinction between "temperance" and "abstinence."—Write a sentence showing the use of the two words.
(5.) What is meant by an "extemporaneous speech?"
(6.) What is one who temporizes sometimes called? Ans. A time-server.
DIVISION II.—ABBREVIATED LATIN DERIVATIVES.
NOTE—In Division II, the English derivatives from Latin roots are given in abbreviated form, and are arranged in paragraphs under the particular radicals, from which the several groups of derivatives are formed. The radicals are printed at the left in bold-face type—thus., acr-, acerb-, etc. Derivatives not obviously connected with the Latin roots are given in the last paragraph of each section. Pupils are required to unite the prefixes and suffixes with the radicals, thus forming the English derivatives, which may be given either orally or in writing. Only difficult definitions are appended: in the case of words not defined, pupils may be required to form the definition by reference to the signification of the radicals and the formative elements, thus, acr + id = acrid, being bitter, acr + id + ity = state of being bitter, bitterness.
1. A'CER, a'cris, sharp; Acer'bus, bitter; Ac'idus, sour; Ace'tum, vinegar.
acr: -id, -idity; ac'rimony (Lat. n. acrimo'nia, sharpness of temper); acrimo'nious.
acerb: -ity; exac'erbate, to render bitter; exacerba'tion.
acid: ac'id; -ify, -ity; acid'ulate (Lat. adj. acid'ulus, slightly sour); acid'ulous; subac'id, slightly acid.
acet: -ate, a certain salt; -ic, pertaining to a certain acid; -ify, -ification, -ose, -ous.
2. AE'DES, a house.
ed: ed'ify; edifica'tion; ed'ifice (Lat. n. edifi'cium, a large building); e'dile (Lat. n. aedi'lis, a Roman magistrate who had charge of buildings).
3. Æ'QUUS, equal: Æqua'lis, equal, just.
equ: -able, -ation, -ator, -atorial, -ity, -itable; ad'equate (Lat. v. adequa're, adequa'tum, to make equal); inadequacy; inad'equate; iniq'uity (Lat. n. iniq'uitas, want of equal or just dealing); iniq'uitous.
equal: e'qual (n., v., adj.), -ity, -ize; co-e'qual; une'qual.
4. Æ'VUM, an age; Æter'nitas, eternal.
ev: co-e'val; longevity (Lat. adj. lon'gus, long); prime'val (Lat. adj. pri'mus, first).
etern: -al, -ity, -ize; co-eter'nal.
5. A'GER, a'gri, a field, land.
agri: agra'rian (Lat. adj. agrarius, relating to land); agra'rianism; ag'riculture (Lat. n. cultu'ra, cultivation), agricult'ural, agricult'urist.
Per'egrinate (Lat. v. peregrina'ri, to travel in foreign lands); peregrina'tion; pil'grim (Fr. n. pélérin, a wanderer); pil'grimage.
AGERE, to do. (See p. 23.)
6. AL'ERE: a'lo, al'itum or al'tum, to nourish; ALES'CERE: ales'co to grow up.
al: al'iment (Lat. n. alimen'tum, nourishment); alimen'tary; al'imony (Lat. n. alimo'ma, allowance made to a divorced wife for her support).
alit: coali'tion (-ist).
alesc: coalesce' (-ence, -ent).
ALIENUS. (See p. 25.)
7. AL'TER, another; Alter'nus, one after another.
alter: al'ter, -ation, -ative (a medicine producing a change); unal'tered; alterca'tion (Lat. n. alterca'tio, a contention).
altern: -ate, -ation, -ative; subal'tern, a subordinate officer.
AMARE; Amicus. (See p. 25.)
ANIMUS; Anima. (See p. 26.)
ANNUS. (See p. 27.)
8. ANTI'QUUS, old, ancient.
antiqu: -ary, -arian, -ated, -ity; antique' (Fr. adj. antique), old, ancient.
9. AP'TUS, fit, suitable.
apt: apt, -itude, -ly, -ness; adapt' (-able, -ation, -or).
10. A'QUA, water.
aque: -duct (du'cere, to lead); a'queous; suba'queous; terra'queous (Lat. n. terra, land); aquat'ic (Lat. adj. aquat'icus, relating to water); aqua'rium (Lat. n. aqua'rium, a reservoir of water), a tank for water-plants and animals.
11. AR'BITER, ar'bitri, a judge or umpire.
arbiter: ar'biter, a judge or umpire.
arbitr: -ary, -ate, -ation, -ator; arbit'rament (Lat. n. arbitramen'tum, decision).
12. AR'BOR, ar'boris, a tree.
arbor: ar'bor, a lattice-work covered with vines, etc., a bower; -et, a little tree; -ist, -escent, -(e)ous; arbore'tum, a place where specimens of trees are cultivated; arboricult'ure (-ist).
13. AR'MA, arms, weapons.
arm: arm (n. and v.); arms, weapons; -or, defensive weapons; ar'morer; ar'mory; armo'rial, belonging to the escutcheon or coat of arms of a family; ar'mistice (sis'tere, to cause to stand still); disarm'; unarmed'.
Arma'da (Span, n.), a naval warlike force; ar'my (Fr. n armée); ar'mament (Lat. n. armamen'ta, utensils); armadil'lo (Span, n.), an animal armed with a bony shell.
ARS. (See page 28.)
14. ARTIC'ULUS, a little joint.
articul: -ate (v., to utter in distinctly jointed syllables), -ate (adj. formed with joints), -ation; inartic'ulate; ar'ticle (Fr. n. article).
15. AS'PER, rough.
asper: -ate, -ity; exas'perate; exas'peration.
AUDIRE. (See page 29.)
16. AUGE'RE: au'geo, auc'tum, to increase.
aug: augment' (v.); augmentation.
auct: -ion, a sale in which the price is increased by bidders; -ioneer. Author (Lat. n. auc'tor, one who increases knowledge); author'ity; au'thorize; auxil'iary (Lat. n. auxil'ium, help).
17. A'VIS, a bird; Au'gur, Aus'pex, aus'picis, a soothsayer.
augur: au'gur (n.), one who foretells future events by observing the flight of birds, (v.) to foretell; au'gury, an omen; inau'gurate, to invest with an office by solemn rites; inaugura'tion; inau'gural.
auspici: -ous, favorable; inauspi'cious; aus'pices.
18. BAR'BARUS, savage, uncivilized.
barbar: -ian (n. and adj.), -ic, -ism, -ity, -ize, -ous.
19. BIS, twice or two.
bi: bi'ennial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); big'amy (Greek n. gamos, marriage); bil'lion (Lat. n. mil'lio, a million; literally, twice a million); bipar'tite (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); bi'ped (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, foot); bis'cuit (Fr. v. cuit, cooked); bisect' (Lat. v. sec'tum, cut); bi'valve (Lat. n. val'væ, folding-doors); bi'nary (Lat. adj. bi'ni, two by two); binoc'ular (Lat. n. oc'ulus, the eye); combine'; combina'tion.
20. BO'NIS, good; Be'ne, well.
bonus: bonus (something to the good of a person in addition to compensation), bounty (Fr. n. bonté, kindness); boun'teous; boun'tiful.
bene: ben'efice (Lat. v. fac'ere, fac'tum, to do), literally, a benefit, an ecclesiastical living; benef'icence; benef'icent; benefi'cial; ben'efit; benefac'tion; benefac'tor; benedic'tion (Lat. v. dic'ere, dic'tum, to say); benev'olence (Lat. v. vel'le, to will).
EXERCISE.
In this and the following exercises, tell the roots of the words printed in italic: The equator divides the globe into two equal parts. Good agriculturists read agricultural papers. In the primeval ages the longevity of man was very great. The pilgrims have gone on a pilgrimage to the Holy Land. The subaltern had no alternative but to obey. To remove the stain a powerful acid must be used. The alimony which had hitherto been allowed was no longer considered adequate. The discourse, though learned, was not edifying. God is an eternal and unchangeable being. The handsome edifice was burned to the ground. The plants and animals in the aquarium were brought from abroad. Though the style is antiquated, it is not inelegant. The arbitrary proceedings of the British Parliament exasperated the Americans. God is the bountiful Giver of all good. The President made a short inaugural address. By combined effort success is sure. One of Scott's novels is called The Antiquary. It is barbarous needlessly to destroy life. George Peabody was noted for his benevolence. The Romans were famous for their great aqueducts.
21. CAD'ERE: ca'do, ca'sum, to fall.
cad: -ence, a falling of the voice; cascade' (Fr. n.); deca'dence.
cide: ac'cident; coincide' (con + in); coin'cidence; decid'uous; in'cident; oc'cident, the place of the falling or setting sun, the west.
case: case, the state in which a thing happens or falls to be; casual (Lat. n. ca'sus, a fall); cas'ualty; cas'uist, one who studies cases of conscience; cas'uistry; occa'sion.
Chance (Fr. v. choir, to fall), something that befalls without apparent cause; decay (Fr. v. déchoir, to fall away).
22. CÆD'ERE: cæ'do, cæ'sum, to cut, to kill.
cide: decide', to cut off discussion, to determine; frat'ricide, the killing of a brother (Lat. n. fra'ter, a brother); hom'icide (ho'mo, a man); infan'ticide (in'fans, an infant); mat'ricide (ma'ter, a mother); par'ricide (pa'ter, a father); reg'icide (rex, re'gis, a king); su'icide (Lat. pro. sui, one's self).
cise: con-, ex-, pre-; concise'ness; decis'ion; deci'sive; excis'ion, incis'ion; inci'sor; precis'ion.
23. CAL'CULUS, a pebble.
calcul: -able (literally, that may be counted by the help of pebbles anciently used in reckoning), -ate, -ation, -ator; incal'culable; miscal'culate.
24. CANDE'RE: can'deo, can'ditum, to be white, to shine (literally, to burn, to glow); Can'didus, white.
cand: -id, fair, sincere; -or, openness, sincerity; incandes'cent.
can'did: -ate (in Rome aspirants for office wore white robes).
Cen'ser, a vessel in which incense is burned; in'cense (n.), perfume given off by fire; incense' (v.), to inflame with anger; incen'diary (Lat. n. incen'dium, a fire); can'dle (Lat. cande'la, a white light made of wax); chand'ler (literally a maker or seller of candles); chandelier'; candel'abra.
25. CAN'ERE: ca'no, can'tum, to sing; Fr chanter, to sing.
cant: cant, hypocritical sing-song speech; canta'ta, a poem set to music; can'ticle; can'ticles, the Song of Solomon; can'to, division of a poem; discant'; incanta'tion, enchantment; recant', literally, to sing back, to retract.
chant: chant; chant'er; chan'ticleer; chant'ry; enchant'.
Ac'cent (Lat. ad. and cantus, a song), literally, a modulation of the voice; accentua'tion; precen'tor (Lat. v. præcan'ere, to sing before).
26. CAP'ERE: ca'pio, cap'tum, to take.
cap: -able, -ability; inca'pable.
cip: antic'ipate; eman'cipate (Lat. n. ma'nus, hand), literally, to take away from the hand of an owner, to free; incip'ient; munic'ipal (Lat. n. municip'ium, a free town; mu'nia, official duties, and cap'ere, to take); partic'ipate (Lat. n. pars, par'tis, a part); par'ticiple; prince (Lat. n. prin'ceps,—Lat. adj. pri'mus, first: hence, taking the first place or lead); prin'cipal; prin'ciple; recip'ient; rec'ipe (imperative of recip'ere; literally, "take thou," being the first word of a medical prescription).
ceive (Fr. root = cap- or cip-): conceive'; deceive'; perceive'; receive'.
capt: -ive, -ivate, -ivity, -or, -ure.
cept: accept' (-able, -ance, -ation); concep'tion; decep'tion; decep'tive; except' (-ion, -ionable); incep'tion; incep'tive; intercept'; pre'cept; precep'tor; recep'tacle; recep'tion; suscep'tible.
ceit (Fr. root = capt- or cept-): conceit'; deceit'; receipt'.
Capa'cious (Lat. adj. ca'pax, capa'cis, able to hold: hence large); capac'itate; capac'ity; incapac'itate.
CAPUT. (See page 30.)
27. CA'RO, carnis, flesh.
carn: -age, slaughter; -al, -ation, the flesh-colored flower; incar'nate; incarna'tion.
Carne'lian (Lat. adj. car'neus, fleshy), a flesh-colored stone; car'nival (Lat. v. vale, farewell), a festival preceding Lent; carniv'orous (Lat. v. vora're, to eat); char'nel (Fr. adj. charnel, containing flesh).
28. CAU'SA, a cause.
caus: -al, -ation, -ative; cause (Fr. n. cause), n. and v.
Accuse' (Fr. v. accuser, to bring a charge against), -ative, -ation, -er; excuse' (Fr. v. excuser, to absolve); excus'able; rec'usant (Lat. v. recusa're, to refuse).
29. CAVE'RE: ca'veo, cautum, to beware.
caut: -ion, -ious; incau'tious; precaution.
Ca'veat (3d per. sing. present subjunctive = let him beware), an intimation to stop proceedings.
30. CA'VUS, hollow.
cav: -ity; concav'ity; ex'cavate.
Cave (Fr. n. cave), literally, a hollow, empty space; con'cave (Lat. adj. conca'vus, arched); cav'il (Lat. n. cavil'la, a jest).
31. CED'ERE: ce'do, ces'sum, to go, to yield.
cede: cede; accede'; antece'dent; concede'; precede'; recede'; secede'; unprecedented.
ceed: ex-, pro-, sub- (suc-).
cess: -ation, -ion; ab'scess, a collection of matter gone away, or collected in a cavity; ac'cess; acces'sible; acces'sion; acces'sory; conces'sion; excess'; exces'sive; interces'sion; interces'sor; preces'sion; proc'ess; proces'sion; recess'; seces'sion; success' (-ful, -ion, -ive).
32. CENSE'RE: cen'seo, cen'sum, to weigh, to estimate, to tax.
cens: -or, -ure; censo'rious; cen'surable; recen'sion.
Cen'sus (Lat. n. census, an estimate).
33. CEN'TRUM, the middle point.
centr: -al, -ical; centrif'ugal (Lat. v. fu'gere, to flee); centrip'etal (Lat. v. pet'ere, to seek); concen'trate; concentra'tion; concen'tric; eccen'tric; eccentric'ity.
Cen'ter or cen'tre (Fr. n. centre), n. and v.; cen'tered.
34. CEN'TUM, a hundred.
cent: cent; cent'age; cen'tenary (Lat. adj. centena'rius); centena'rian; centen'nial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year); cen'tigrade (Lat. n. gra'dus, a degree); cen'tipede (Lat. n. pes, pe'dis, the foot); cen'tuple (Lat. adj. centu'plex, hundredfold); centu'rion (Lat. n. centu'rio, a captain of a hundred); cent'ury (Lat. n. centu'ria, a hundred years); percent'age.
35. CER'NERE: cer'no, cre'tum, to sift, to see, to judge; Discrimen, discrim'inis, distinction.
cern: con-, de-, dis-; unconcern'; discern'er, discern'ible, discern'ment.
cret: decre'tal, a book of decrees; discre'tion; discre'tionary; excre'tion; se'cret; sec'retary.
discrimin: -ate, -ation; indiscrim'inate.
Decree' (Fr. n. decret); discreet' (Fr. adj. discret); discrete' (literally, sifted apart), separate.
36. CERTA'RE: cer'to, certa'tum, to contend, to vie.
cert: con'cert (n.); concert' (v.); disconcert'; preconcert'.
37. CIN'GERE: cin'go, cinc'tum, to gird.
cinct: cinct'ure; pre'cinct; succinct', literally, girded or tucked up, compressed, concise; succinct'ness.
38. CIR'CUS, a circle; cir'culus, a little circle.
circ: cir'cus, an open space for sports; cir'clet.
circul: -ar, -ate, -ation, -atory.
Cir'cle (Fr. n. cercle); encir'cle; sem'icircle.
39. CITA'RE: ci'to, cita'tum, to stir up, to rouse.
cite: cite, to summon or quote; excite' (-able, -ability, -ment); incite' (-ment); recite' (-al); resus'citate (Lat. v. suscita're, to raise).
citat: cita'tion; recita'tion; recitative', a species of musical recitation.
CIVIS. (See p. 31.)
40. CLAMA'RE: cla'mo, clama'tum, to cry out, to shout; Clam'or, a loud cry.
claim: claim (v. and n., to demand; a demand), ac-, de-, dis-, ex-, pro-, re-; claim'ant; reclaim'a'ble.
clamat: acclama'tion; declama'tion; declam'atory; exclama'tion; exclam'atory; proclama'tion; reclama'tion.
clamor: clam'or (v. and n.), -er, -ous.
EXERCISE.
The decay of the tree was caused by the incisions which had accidentally been made in the bark. The captives will be set at liberty, but the precise time of their emancipation has not been fixed. The harbor is capacious, and can receive vessels of the largest size. The merits of the candidates were discriminated with great candor. We were enchanted with the carnival at Rome. This recitation is satisfactory. Have you ever seen a centigrade thermometer? Nothing is so successful as success. The number of concentric circles in the trunk marked the age of the tree. No censer round our altar beams. The heat being excessive, we took shelter in the recesses of a cave. Precision is the principal quality of good writing. Franklin's father was a tallow chandler. Last century there was great carnage in America. Infanticide is much practiced in China. The proclamation was widely circulated. The president was inaugurated on the 4th of March. The census is taken every ten years. Conceit is worse than eccentricity. Have you filed your caveat?
41. CLAU'DERE: clau'do, clau'sum, to shut, to close.
clud: conclude'; exclude'; include'; preclude'; seclude'.
clus: conclu'sion; conclu'sive; exclu'sion; exclu'sive; recluse'; seclu'sion.
close: close (v., n., adj.); clos'et; close'ness; inclose' (-ure); enclose' (-ure).
Clause (Fr. n. clause); clois'ter (old Fr. n. cloistre).
42. CLINA'RE: cli'no, clina'tum, to bend; Cli'vus, a slope or hill.
clinat: inclina'tion.
cline: de-, in-, re-.
cliv: accliv'ity; decliv'ity; procliv'ity.
43. COL'ERE: co'lo, cul'tum, to till, to cultivate (Low Lat. Cultiva're, to cultivate).
cult: cult'ure (Lat. n. cultu'ra, a cultivation); ag'riculture (Lat. n. a'ger, a field); arboricult'ure (Lat. n. ar'bor, a tree); flor'iculture (Lat. n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); hor'ticulture (Lat. n. hor'tus, a garden); ausculta'tion (Lat. n. ausculta'tio, a listening; hence, a test of the lungs).
cultiv: -ate, -ation, -ator.
Col'ony (Lat. n. colo'nia, a settlement); colo'nial; col'onist; col'onize.
COR. (See page 32.)
CORPUS. (See page 33.)
CREDERE. (See page 35.)
44. CREA'RE: cre'o, crea'tum, to create.
creat: -ion, -ive, -or, -ure; create' (pro-, re-).
45. CRES'CERE: cres'co, cre'tum, to grow.
cresc: cres'cent; excres'cence; decrease'; increase'.
cret: accre'tion; con'crete; concre'tion.
Accrue' (Fr. n. accrue, increase); in'crement (Lat. n. incremen'tum, increase); recruit' (Fr. v. recroitre, recru, to grow again).
46. CRUX, cru'cis, a cross.
cruc: cru'cial (Fr. adj. cruciale, as if bringing to the cross: hence, severe); cru'cible (a chemist's melting-pot—Lat. n. crucib'ulum—marked in old times with a cross); cru'ciform (Lat. n. for'ma, a shape); cru'cify (Lat. v. fig'ere, fix'um, to fix); crucifix'ion; excru'ciating.
Cross (Fr. n. croix); cro'sier (Fr. n. crosier); cruise (Dan. v. kruisen, to move crosswise or in a zigzag); crusade' (Fr. n. croisade, in the Middle Ages, an expedition to the Holy Land made under the banner of the cross); crusad'er.
47. CUBA'RE: cu'bo (in compos, cumbo), cub'itum, to lie down.
cub: in'cubate; incuba'tion; in'cubator.
cumb: incum'bency; incum'bent; procum'bent; recum'bency; recum'bent; succumb' (sub-); superincum'bent.
Cu'bit (Lat. n. cub'itus, the elbow, because it serves for leaning upon); in'cubus (Lat. n. in'cubus), the nightmare.
48. CU'RA, care.
cur: -able, -ate, -ative, -ator; ac'curate; ac'curacy; inac'curate; proc'urator.
Cu'rious; prox'y (contracted from proc'uracy). authority to act for another; secure' (Lat. adj. secu'rus, from se for si'ne, without, and cu'ra, care); secu'rity; insecure'; si'necure (Lat. prep. si'ne, without—an office without duties).
CURRERE. (See page 32.)
49. DA'RE: do, da'tum, to give.
dat: date (originally the time at which a public document was given—da'tum); da'ta (Lat. plural of da'tum), facts or truths given or admitted; da'tive.
dit: addi'tion; condi'tion; ed'it (-ion, -or); perdi'tion; tradi'tion; extradi'tion.
Add (Lat. v. ad'dere, to give or put to); adden'dum (pl. adden'da), something to be added.
50. DEBE'RE: de'beo, deb'itum, to owe.
debt: debt; debt'or; indebt'ed; deb'it (n. and v.).
51. DE'CEM, ten; Dec'imus, the tenth.
decem: Decem'ber (formerly the tenth month); decem'virate (Lat. n. vir, a man), a body of ten magistrates; decen'nial (Lat. n. an'nus, a year).
decim: dec'imal; dec'imate; duodec'imo (Lat. adj. duodec'imus, twelfth), a book having twelve leaves to a sheet.
52. DENS, den'tis, a tooth.
dent: dent, to notch; den'tal; den'tifrice (Lat. v. frica're, to rub); den'tist; denti'tion (Lat. n. denti'tio, a cutting of the teeth); eden'tate (Lat. adj. edenta'tus, toothless); indent'; indent'ure; tri'dent (Lat. adj. tres, three), Neptune's three-pronged scepter; dan'delion (Fr. dent-de-lion, the lion's tooth), a plant.
53. DE'US, a God; Divi'nus, relating to God, divine.
de: de'ify; de'ism; de'ist; deist'ical; de'ity.
divin: divine'; divina'tion (Lat. n. divina'tio, a foretelling the aid of the gods); divin'ity.
54. DIC'ERE: di'co, dio'tum, to say.
dict: dic'tate; dicta'tor; dictatorial; dic'tion; dic'tionary (Lat. n. dictiona'rium, a word-book); dic'tum (pl. dic'ta), positive opinion; addict' (Lat. v. addic'ere, to devote); benedic'tion (Lat. adv. be'ne, well); contradict'; e'dict; indict' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to proclaim), to charge with a crime; indict'ment; in'terdict; jurid'ic (Lat. n. jus, ju'ris, justice), relating to the distribution of justice; maledic'tion (Lat. adv. ma'le, ill); predict'; predic'tion; valedic'tory (Lat. v. va'le, farewell); ver'dict (Lat. adj. ve'rus, true).
Dit'to, n. (Ital. n. det'to, a word), the aforesaid thing; indite' (Lat. v. indic'ere, to dictate), to compose.
55. DI'ES, a day; French jour, a day.
dies: di'al; di'ary; di'et; diur'nal (Lat. adj. diur'nus, daily); merid'ian (Lat. n. merid'ies = me'dius di'es, midday); merid'ional; quotid'ian (Lat. adj. quotidia'nus, daily).
jour: jour'nal; jour'nalist; jour'ney; adjourn'; adjourn'ment; so'journ; so'journer.
DIGNUS (See page 37.)
56. DIVID'ERE: div'ido, divi'sum, to divide, to separate.
divid: divide'; div'idend; subdivide'; individ'ual, literally, one not to be divided, a single person.
divis: -ible, -ibility, -ion, -or.
Device' (Fr. n. devis, something imagined or devised); devise' (Fr. v. deviser, to form a plan).
DOCERE. (See page 38.)
57. DOLE'RE: do'leo, doli'tum, to grieve.
Dole'ful; do'lor; dol'orous; condole'; condo'lence; in'dolent (literally, not grieving or caring), lazy.
DOMINUS. (See page 38.)
58. DU'CERE: du'co, duc'tum, to lead, to bring forward.
duc: adduce'; conduce'; condu'cive; deduce'; educe'; ed'ucate; educa'tion; induce'; induce'ment; introduce'; produce'; reduce'; redu'cible; seduce'; superinduce'; traduce'; tradu'cer.
duct: abduc'tion; duc'tile (-ity); conduct' (-or); deduct' (-ion, -ive); induct' (-ion, -ive); introduc'tion; introduc'tory; prod'uct (-ion, -ive); reduc'tion; seduc'tion; seduc'tive; aq'ueduct (Lat. n. a'qua, water); vi'aduct (Lat. n. vi'a, a road); con'duit (Fr. n. conduit), a channel for conveying water.
59. DU'O, two.
du: du'al; du'el (-ist); duet'; du'plicate (Lat. v. plica're, to fold); dupli'city (Lat. n. duplic'itas, double dealing).
Dubi'ety (Lat. n. dubi'etas, uncertainty); du'bious (Lat. adj. du'bius, uncertain); indu'bitable (Lat. v. dubita're, to doubt); doub'le (Fr. adj. double, twofold); doubt (Fr. n. doubt), -ful, -less; undoubt'ed.
60. DU'RUS, hard, lasting; DURA'RE: du'ro, dura'tum, to last.
dur: -able, -ableness, -ability, -ance, state of being held hard and fast; duresse, hardship, constraint; endure' (-ance); ob'duracy.
durat: dura'tion; in'durate, to grow hard; indura'tion; ob'duracy.
EXERCISE.
When the speech, was concluded loud acclamation arose. In many parts of the colony much of the waste land has been reclaimed, and agricultural operations now receive the due attention of the colonists. The patient declined to undergo auscultation. Fishing is a healthful recreation. Many of the crusaders were inspired with great courage. Security was offered, but it was not accepted. The incumbent could not stand the crucial test, and hence succumbed. A curious excrescence was cut from the tree. To Neptune with his trident the Greeks ascribed divine power. A French journalist has been indicted. The valedictory was pronounced in December. What is the difference between addition and division? We may easily predict the ruin of an indolent debtor. How many maledictions are heaped on dentists! The reduction of the public debt is desirable. The prisoner was doleful because he was in duresse vile. An educated man is known by his accurate use of language. The dandelion is a productive plant. The pilgrims received the priest's benediction before setting out on their journey. The decimal system conduces to the saving of time.
61. EM'ERE: e'mo, emp'tum, to buy or take.
empt: exempt' (-ion); per'emptory (Lat. adj. perempto'rius, wholly taken away), decisive, final; pre-empt'; pre-emp'tion, the right of buying before others; redemp'tion.
Redeem' (Lat. v. redim'ere, to buy back); redeem'er; prompt (Lat. adj. promp'tus = pro-emp'tus, taken out; hence, ready); prompt'er; prompt'itude; prompt'ness; impromp'tu (Lat. in promp'tu, in readiness).
62. ERRA'RE: er'ro, erra'tum, to wander.
err: err, -ant, -antry; er'ror (Lat. n. er'ror); erro'neous (Lat. adj. erro'neus, erring).
errat: errat'ic; erra'tum (pl. er'rata), a mistake in printing; aberra'tion.
63. ES'SE, to be; en, en'tis, being.
ent: ab'sent (-ee); ab'sence; en'tity; nonen'tity; omnipres'ent (Lat. adj. om'nis, all); pres'ent (-ation, -ly); represent' (-ation, -ative); misrepresent'.
Es'sence (Lat. n. essen'tia, being); essen'tial; quintes'sence (Lat. adj. quin'tus, fifth), the highest essence; in'terest (3d pers. sing. pres. indic. of interes'se = it interests or is of interest); disin'terested.
64. FA'CERE: fa'cio, fac'tum, to do or make; French Faire.
fac: face'tious (Lat. adj. face'tus, merry); fac'ile (Lat. adj. fa'cilis, easily done); facil'ity; facil'itate; fac'ulty (Lat. n. facul'tas, power, ability); fac-sim'ile (Lat. adj. sim'ilis, like), literally, make like, an exact copy; facto'tum (Lat. adj. to'tum, the whole; literally, do the whole), a servant of all work.
fic: ben'efice (see bene); def'icit (literally, it is wanting), a lack; defi'ciency; defi'cient; dif'ficult (Lat. adj. diffic'ilis, arduous); ef'ficacy (Lat. adj. ef'ficax, effica'cis, powerful); effi'cient, causing effects; of'fice (Lat. n. offic'ium, a duty); of'ficer; offi'cial; offi'cious; profi'cient; suffice', literally, to make up what is wanting; suffi'cient.
fact: fact; fac'tor; fac'tion, a party acting in opposition; fac'tious; facti'tious (Lat. adj. facti'tius, artificial); benefac'tor; manufacture (Lat. n. ma'nus, the hand).
fect: affect' (-ation, -ion); disaffec'tion; confec'tion, literally, made with sugar (-er); defect' (-ion, -ive); effect' (-ive); effect'ual; infect' (-ion); infec'tious; per'fect, literally, thoroughly made (-ion); imper'fect (-ion); refec'tion; refec'tory.
faire (past participle fait): fash'ion (Fr. n. façon, the make or form of a thing); fea'sible (Old Fr. faisible, that may be done); feat; affair'; coun'terfeit, literally, to make again, to imitate; for'feit, (Fr. v. forfaire, to misdo), to lose by some fault; sur'feit, v., to overdo in the way of eating.
65. FAL'LERE: fal'lo, fal'sum, to deceive; French Faillir, to fall short or do amiss.
fall: fal'lacy; falla'cious; fal'lible; fallibil'ity; infal'lible.
fals: false (-hood, -ify); falset'to (Ital. n. = a false or artificial voice).
fail: fail'ure; fault (Old Fr. n. faulte); fault'y; fal'ter; default' (-er).
66. FA'NUM, a temple.
fan: fane; fanat'ic (Lat. adj. fanat'icus, literally, one inspired by divinity—the god of the fane), a wild enthusiast; fanat'ical; fanat'icism; profane', v. (literally, to be before or outside of the temple), to desecrate; profane', adj., unholy; profana'tion; profan'ity.
67. FA'RI, fa'tus, to speak.
fat: fate, -al, -ality, -alism, -alist; pref'atory.
Affable (Lat. adj. affab'ilis, easy to be spoken to); affabil'ity; inef'fable; in'fant (Lat. participle, in'fans, infan'tis, literally, not speaking) (-ile, -ine); in'fancy; nefa'rious (Lat. adj. nefa'rius, impious); pref'ace (Fr. n. préface), something spoken or written by way of introduction.
68. FATE'RI: fa'teor, fas'sus (in comp. fes'sus), to acknowledge, to show.
fess: confess' (-ion, -ional, -or); profess' (-ion, -ional, -or).
69. FELIX, feli'cis, happy.
felic: -ity, -itous; infeli'city; feli'citate, to make happy by congratulation.
70. FEN'DERE: fen'do, fen'sum, to keep off, to strike.6
fend: fend (-er); defend' (-er, -ant); offend' (-er).
fens: defense' (-ible, -ive); offense' (-ive); fence (n. and v., abbreviated from defence);7 fencer; fencing.
71. FER'RE: fe'ro, la'tum, to bear, to carry.
fer: fer'tile (Lat. adj. fer'tilis, bearing, fruitful); fertil'ity; fer'tilize; circum'ference, literally, a measure carried around anything; confer', to consult; con'ference; defer'; def'erence; deferen'tial; dif'fer (-ence, -ent); infer' (-ence); of'fer; prefer' (-able, -ence, -ment); prof'fer; refer' (-ee, -ence); suf'fer (-ance, -able, -er); transfer' (-able, -ence); conif'erous (Lat. n. co'nus, a cone); florif'erous (Lat. n. flos, flo'ris, a flower); fructif'erous (Lat. n. fruc'tus, fruit); Lu'cifer (Lat. n. lux, lucis, light), the morning or evening star, Satan; pestif'erous (Lat. n. pes'tis, pest, plague).
lat: ab'lative (literally, carrying away; the sixth case of Latin nouns); collate' (-ion); dilate' (-ory); elate'; ob'late, flattened at the poles; obla'tion, an offering; prel'ate; prel'acy; pro'late, elongated at the poles; relate' (-ion, -ive); correla'tion; correl'ative; super'lative; translate' (-ion); delay' (= dis + lat, through old Fr. verb delayer, to put off).
72. FERVE'RE: fer'veo, to boil; Fermen'tum, leaven.
ferv: -ent, -ency, -id, -or; effervesce', to bubble or froth up; efferves'cence.
ferment: fer'ment, -ation.
73. FES'TUS, joyful, merry.
fest: -al, -ival, -ive, -ivity; feast (Old Fr. feste, a joyous meal); fête (modern Fr. equivalent of feast), a festival; festoon (Fr. n. feston, originally an ornament for a festival).
74. FID'ERE: fi'do, to trust; Fi'des, faith; Fide'lis, trusty.
fid: confide' (-ant, -ence, -ent, -ential); dif'fidence; dif'fident; per'fidy (per = through and hence away from good faith); perfid'ious.
fidel: fidel'ity; in'fidel; infidel'ity.
Fe'alty (Old Fr. n. féalté = Lat. fidel'itas), loy'alty; fidu'cial (Lat. n. fidu'cia, trust); fidu'ciary; affi'ance, to pledge faith, to betroth; affida'vit (Low Lat., signifying, literally, he made oath), a declaration on oath; defy' (Fr. v. défier, originally, to dissolve the bond of allegiance; hence, to disown, to challenge, to brave).
75. FI'GERE: fi'go, fix'um, to join, fix, pierce.
fix: affix'; cru'cifix (Lat. n. crux, cru'cis, a cross); cru'cify; fix'ture; post'fix; pre'fix; suf'fix (n., literally, something fixed below or on; hence, appended); transfix', to pierce through.
76. FIN'GERE: fin'go, fic'tum, to form, to feign; Figu'ra, a shape.
fict: fic'tion; ficti'tious.
figur: fig'ure; figura'tion; configura'tion; disfig'ure; prefig'ure; transfig'ure.
Feign (Fr. v. feindre, feignant, to pretend); feint (feint, past part. of feindre); ef'figy (Lat. n. effig'ies, an image or likeness); fig'ment (Lat. n. figmen'tum, an invention).
FINIS. (See page 40.)
77. FIR'MUS, strong, stable.
firm: firm; firm'ness; infirm' (-ary, -ity); fir'mament, originally, firm foundation; affirm' (-ation, -ative); confirm' (-ation, -ative).
78. FLAM'MA, a stream of fire.
flam: flame; inflame' (-able, -ation, -atory).
Flambeau' (Fr. n. flambeau from v. flamber, to blaze); flamin'go (Span. n. flamenco), a bird of a flaming red color.
EXERCISE.
Age does not always exempt one from faults. Peremptory orders were given that all the princes should be present at the diet. Many beneficial results must come from the introduction of drawing into the public schools. The lady is affable and perfectly free from affectation. The field is fertile and produces abundant crops. The professor's lecture related to edentate animals. Men sometimes feign a fealty they do not feel. The lady professed that her felicity was ineffable. The King seized a flambeau with zeal to destroy. It is a nefarious act to make a false affidavit. Fanaticism is often infectious. The confirmed offender had issued many counterfeits. Dickens gives us the quintessence of the facetious. In figure the earth is an oblate spheroid.
79. FLEC'TERE: flec'to, flex'um, to bend.
flect: deflect' (-ion); inflect' (-ion); reflect' (-ion, -ive, -or).
flex: -ible, -ile, -ion, -or (a muscle that bends a joint), -ure; flex'-uous; flex'uose; cir'cumflex; re'flex.
80. FLOS, flo'ris, a flower.
flor: -al, -et, -id, -ist; Flo'ra, the goddess of flowers; flor'iculture (Lat. n. cultu'ra, cultivation); florif'erous (Lat. v. fer're, to bear); flor'in (originally, a Florentine coin with a lily on it); flour (literally, the flower or choicest part of wheat); flow'er (-et, -y); flour'ish (Lat. v. flores'cere, to begin to blossom, to prosper); efflores'cence; efflores'cent.
FLUERE. (See page 41.)