INDEX
- Abolition, in United States, 193
- Abolitionists, 103, 192
- Adamses, the, 36
- Agathokles, 210
- Ale-houses, suppressed under Protectorate, 213, 214
- Alva, 156
- America, Protestants and Catholics in, 12;
- American Civil War, compared with English Civil Wars, 5, 6, 61, 62;
- American Revolution, War of the, comparisons with English Revolution of 1688, 6;
- Americans, majority rule natural to, 25;
- Anabaptists, 77, 103, 143, 213, 220
- Anglican Church, its Presbyterian trend under Elizabeth, 23;
- its influence on Charles I.’s Third Parliament, 29
- Antichrist, 226
- Appomattox, Sheridan at, 171
- Argyle, joins Whigamore raid, 130;
- ally of Cromwell, 131
- Armenian massacres, 228
- Arminianism, in Holland, 12
- Arminius, 12
- Army, the Cavalier, 64
- Army, American Continental, 102
- Army, the English, in Civil Wars, composition of, 60;
- first raised by nobles, 63;
- reorganization of Parliamentary forces, 94;
- character in Charles I.’s time, 107;
- dissensions, 108, 111 et seq.;
- its strength against the Parliament, 116;
- its struggles with the King and Parliament, 117 et seq.;
- its spirit, 121;
- odds against it in Second Civil War, 124;
- Charles I.’s negotiations with, 134;
- march into London, 136;
- revolt suppressed by Cromwell, 144;
- its distinctive character, 145;
- its influence in Long Parliament, 177 et seq.;
- offset by navy, 184;
- rejects Parliamentary measures, 185;
- supports Cromwell, 189;
- attitude under Protectorate, 199;
- protests against Cromwell’s accepting Kingship, 215;
- serves under Turenne, 229;
- revolts against Richard Cromwell, 232
- Army, the Scottish, gives up Charles I., 117
- Artillery, chief means of assault in Cromwell’s time, 59
- Assembly, formed under Protectorate, 189, 191 et seq.
- Associations, of counties, 63;
- assessed for Parliamentarians, 79.
- See also Eastern Association
- Astley, Sir Jacob, quoted, 99
- Aston, Sir Arthur, at Drogheda, 153, 154
- Atlantic Ocean, the, 179
- Australasia, 238;
- English expansion there, 238
- Australia, Cromwell’s descendants in, 239
- Australians, in South Africa, 67
- Balgony, Lord, at Marston Moor, 88
- Baltic Sea, the, 226
- Baptists, the, origin under James I., 23;
- Barbadoes, Irish sent as slaves there, 153
- Barbon, “Praise-God,” 191
- “Barebones” Parliament, formation of, 191, 193 et seq.;
- Basing House, capture of, 98
- Baxter, 74
- Beard, Thomas, Cromwell’s tutor, 44
- Bedford, Earl of, 45
- Bench and bar, courage in, 181
- Berwick, seized by Royalists, 121
- Bishops, the, attitude of, toward Thirty Years’ War, 30;
- Bishops’ Wars, the cause of, 40;
- Scotch share in, 124
- Blake, Admiral, in Parliament, 116;
- Boers, as soldiers, 67;
- Border, the, in Civil Wars, 55, 84, 130, 131, 174
- Boston, U. S. A., regicide sentimentalism in, 138
- Boston Harbor, tea thrown overboard in, 35
- Bouchier, Elizabeth, wife of Oliver Cromwell, 43
- Brandenburgers, 226
- Breast-pieces, 60
- Bristol, capture of, 98;
- British Islands, the Commonwealth in, 177
- Buchanan, President, his views on secession, 164
- Buckingham, Duke of, his corrupt ministry, 26;
- his assassination, 28
- Buff coats, uniform of Parliamentarians, 60, 64;
- worn by Royalists at Winchester, 83
- Buisson, de, quoted, 225
- Bunyan, John, 69, 232, note
- Bureau of Intelligence, Chief of.
- See Scout-master
- Burleigh House, taken by Parliamentarians, 81
- Byzantine Emperors, 172
- Cadiz, Charles I.’s expedition against, 26
- Calvin, his zeal for righteousness, 7
- Calvinism, in Holland, 12;
- Calvinists, their intolerance of Roman Catholics, 13
- Cambridge, University of, Cromwell’s residence there, 42, 43;
- its plate seized by Cromwellians, 70
- Canadians, in South Africa, 67
- Cannon, Cromwell’s lack of, at Pembroke, 22
- Captain-General, Cromwell’s office of, 163, 189
- Carbines, 60;
- discarded by Cromwellians, 79
- Carlyle, taken by Royalists, 121
- Carlyle, Thomas, his opinion of Cromwell, 1, 2;
- Carnworth, Earl of, 96
- Casques, 64
- Catholic Church, its recognition in Ireland demanded by the Pope, 148;
- modern greatness of, 238
- Catholics, aimed at by Third Parliament, 31;
- unite with Royalists and Presbyterians in Ireland, 120, 122;
- character of, in Ireland, 146;
- aid of, for Charles II., 147;
- dissensions in Ireland, 146–149;
- Cromwellian hatred of, 152, 161;
- persecutions of, 217, 218;
- Mazarin’s plea for them in England, 220;
- as landholders in Ireland, 223;
- their share in British expansion to-day, 239.
- See also Roman Catholics
- Cavaliers, dress of, 64;
- Cavalry, its superiority to infantry, 59, 60;
- Cavendish, Lord, at Gainsborough, 81, 82
- Celtic, 16, 224
- Celts, the, 16, 146, 224
- Censorship of press, established under Protectorate, 216
- Charles I., his ignoble peace, 19;
- his private character, 25;
- helplessness of English arms under his rule, 26;
- his Third Parliament, 27;
- yields to Petition of Right, 28;
- his dissolution of his Third Parliament, 31;
- rejects Petition of Right, 32;
- embarks on Bishops’ Wars, 40;
- his attitude toward the Long Parliament, 51;
- betrays Strafford, 52;
- makes terms with the Scotch, 55;
- imprisons Puritan leaders, 57;
- his adherents in the Commons, 61;
- marches on London, 71;
- turn of tide in his favor, 79;
- makes overtures to the Irish, 84;
- defeats Waller at Copredy Bridge, 91;
- his army at Newbury, 92;
- at Naseby, 95–97;
- surrenders to Scotch army, 98;
- English servility toward him, 101;
- his treachery, 104;
- supported by Presbyterians, 109;
- “the man of blood,” 114;
- his non-acceptance of his defeat, 115;
- negotiates with the army and Parliament, 117 et seq.;
- Cromwell attempts terms with him, 119;
- Yorkshire support for, 121;
- Scotch attitude toward him, 123;
- his tenacity, 132;
- negotiations with the army, 134;
- he rejects Fairfax’s proposals, 135;
- his trial for treason, 136;
- beheaded, 137;
- his character, 137–140;
- his policy in Ireland, 146;
- Catholic allegiance to him, 147;
- his imprisonment, 148;
- effect of his execution on Ireland, 150;
- his death due to Parliamentarians, 178;
- his execution, 217;
- anniversary of his death observed, 240
- Charles II., the fleet loyal to him, 130;
- proclaimed King at Cork, 150;
- the Scotch declare for him, 162;
- lands in Scotland, 165 et seq.;
- supported by Scotch Cavaliers, 172;
- crosses into England, 174;
- his escape from Worcester, 175;
- his exile, 178;
- influences for his restoration, 209;
- England in his time, 225;
- his re-establishment, 232;
- his mistresses, 240
- Charles X., of Sweden, 226
- Chester, seized by Royalists, 121;
- negotiations there, 148
- Christianity, heterodoxy in Parliamentary, 108
- Church and State, Puritan theories of, 114;
- reform in, 195
- Churchmen, arbitrary power of, 161
- Civil War.
- See American Civil War
- Civil War, First English, the fiery ordeal of, 20;
- Civil War, Second English, its beginning, 121;
- Clergy, 78, 92;
- threatened by Protectorate Assembly, 193
- Clonmel, capture of, 162
- Clubmen, peasant organization, 62
- Cock-fighting, suppressed under Protectorate, 213
- Colchester, seized by Royalists, 121;
- capitulation of, 130
- Colonial policy, Spain’s, 224
- Colonial possessions, Spanish, 227;
- Commercial policy, Cromwell’s, in war against Spain, 226
- Committee of Both Kingdoms, the, 85, 92
- Committee of Correspondence, in American Revolution, 114
- Committee of the Eastern Association, 85
- Common law, the, under the Protectorate, 200
- Commons, House of, declares against tonnage and poundage, 31;
- triennial meetings, 54;
- favored by London, 57;
- its adherents of the King, 61;
- Cromwell’s share in, 93;
- the Independents, 116;
- defies the army, 118, 135;
- disregards Lords in the King’s trial, 136;
- Parliamentarian leaders, 185;
- Republicans, 204;
- agreement with Cromwell, 205.
- See also Parliament; Long Parliament, etc.
- Commonwealth, established, 6;
- Commonwealth Mercury, The, 232, note
- Compromise, Parliamentary incapacity for, 101;
- after American Civil War, 102
- Confederacy, the, of American Southern States, 72, 92
- Confederates in Ireland, 150
- Congregationalists, origin under Elizabeth, 23;
- Congress, the American Continental, compared with Cromwellian Parliaments, 102, 103, 114, 177
- Connaught, 223
- Conquest, the [Norman], 232
- Constitution, the American, 189, 193, 196, 198
- Constitution, English, 135;
- “Constitution-mongers,” Carlyle’s sneer at, 5
- Continent, the, character of its armies, 60;
- Continental Army, the American, 102
- Convention, Constitutional, in U. S., 189;
- in English Assembly, 192–195
- Coote, holds Derry for Parliamentarians, 150
- Copredy Bridge, Battle of, 91
- Cork, Charles II. proclaimed King there, 150;
- Cromwell’s letter from there, 160
- Cornwall, neutrality of, 63
- Cotton, John, Cromwell’s letter to, 179
- Council of Officers, in English Assembly, 195, 197 et seq.
- Council, the, in Parliamentary army, 114
- Council of State, the, 189, 195
- Court, purity of Cromwellian, 229;
- disgracefulness under Restoration, 230
- Courts of Chancery, English, 181, 192, 200
- Covenant, National, of Scotland, the, 39;
- Covenanters, the Scotch, defeated by Cromwell, 75;
- Creed, in United States, 2, 9;
- Cromwell, Bridget, daughter of Oliver, married to Ireton, 105
- Cromwell, Elizabeth Steward, mother of Oliver, 42, 233
- Cromwell, Henry, son of Oliver, 232
- Cromwell, Oliver, his fame, 1;
- forces which produced him, 7;
- youth and early manhood, 14;
- seat in Long Parliament, 41;
- parentage and birth, 42;
- his marriage, 43;
- his Puritanism, 43;
- hatred of Church of Rome, 44, 56;
- removes to Ely, 45;
- supports Petition of Rights, 45;
- his indifference to political theory, 46;
- his piety, 47;
- his religion, 48;
- personality, 50;
- impatience of system, 53;
- his suspicion of the Episcopacy, 56;
- captain in 67th Regiment, 58;
- his kinsmen at the battle of Nottingham, 58;
- his troops, 65;
- his military genius, 68;
- his troop of horse, 70, 72, 73–75;
- promoted to a colonelcy, 74;
- his letters, 76;
- his tolerant spirit, 77;
- bearing toward Episcopalians, 78;
- as cavalry commander, 79;
- dubbed Ironsides by Rupert, 81;
- his relief of Gainsborough, 82;
- at Winceby, 83;
- his generalship, 84;
- member of Committee of Both Kingdoms, 85;
- at Marston Moor, 87–90;
- his training of troops, 91;
- distrusted by Presbyterians, 92;
- the real head of the army, 94;
- Montrose not comparable with him, 95;
- at Naseby, 96 et seq.;
- takes Winchester, 98;
- his rule after First Civil War, 99;
- compared with William III., 101 et seq.;
- his uncompromising spirit, 102;
- his children’s marriages, 104;
- his religious spirit, 105;
- his letters and speeches, 105, 106;
- on reconstruction, 109 et seq.;
- not extreme against Charles, 114;
- efforts toward agreement with King and Parliament, 118;
- favors army against Parliamentarians, 119;
- at Pembroke, 121;
- his view of the Scotch, 123;
- his reception at Edinburgh, 131;
- his position at close of Civil Wars, 132;
- motives for joining Independents, 133–135;
- favors the regicide, 137, 139–140;
- his ambition, 142;
- his army, 145;
- his Irish campaign, 151 et seq.;
- his cruelty at Drogheda, 155;
- Wexford, 158;
- contradictions of his character, 159 et seq.;
- letter to John Cotton, 160;
- excellent conduct of Irish campaign, 162;
- summoned from Ireland by Parliament, 163;
- advances on and retreats from Edinburgh, 167 et seq.;
- at Dunbar, 170–172;
- his dispute with the Kirk party, 172 et seq.;
- his clemency, 174;
- attacks Charles II. at Worcester, 175;
- champions Independents, 179;
- policy toward Parliamentarians, 180 et seq.;
- his views on Dutch War, 184;
- defeats non-reëlection bill, 186;
- his statesmanship, 188 et seq.;
- his sermon to the Assembly, 191 et seq.;
- despotism, 195;
- first Protector, 197, 199;
- his peace with the Dutch, 201;
- his conflict with Parliament, 202 et seq.;
- his government a tyranny, 210 et seq.;
- suppresses the ale-houses, 213, 214;
- declines the Kingship, 215;
- his views on liberty, 219;
- interferes in Continental affairs, 225 et seq.;
- revenges Vaudois massacres, 227, 228;
- contests Spain on the sea, 228;
- his court, 229;
- last illness, 230, 231;
- death, 232;
- desecration of his remains by Restorationists, 233;
- compared with William III., 235;
- political ideals, 236 et seq.;
- cruelty of his Irish policy, 237;
- posthumous reputation, 239
- Cromwell, Richard, son of Oliver, as Protector, 232
- Cromwell, Robert, father of Oliver, 42; his death, 43
- “Crummle, the curse o’,” 225.
- See Cromwell, Oliver, and Ireland
- Cuirassiers, use in Parliamentary army, 60;
- Czars, the, 9
- Danes, the, Charles X.’s war against, 226
- Dean, Colonel, at Preston, 126;
- Death penalty, a cause of sentimentalism, 137, 138;
- Declaration, Cromwell’s, in Ireland, 159, 161
- Democracy, Cromwell’s bearing toward, 211
- Derry, siege of, 150;
- supports Parliamentarians, 152
- De Ruyter, 182
- Despotism, under republics, 22;
- Discipline, a military necessity, 91;
- Dissenters, persecuted under Elizabeth, 23;
- Dragoons, 60, 79;
- Royalists at Winceby, 83
- Drake, 14, 18
- Dreyfus case, the, 22
- Drilling, excellence of Cromwell’s troops at Winceby, 83
- Drogheda, siege of, 41, 48, 150;
- Dublin, Puritan rule there, 146, 147;
- Duke, Basil, 70
- Dunbar, Leslie engages the English there, 169 et seq., 172, 173;
- Dundalk, surrender of, 150;
- garrisoned by Cromwell, 157
- Dunkirk, ceded to English, 229, 230
- Dutch, the, their sailors in wars with Spain, 14;
- Eastern Association, the, 63;
- Edgehill, battle of, 71–73;
- Charles I.’s standard-bearer there, 154
- Edinburgh, Laud’s attempt to introduce the Prayer-Book there, 39;
- Edinburgh, Governor of, 172
- Eglinton, Earl of, at Marston Moor, 88
- Eliot, Sir John, character of, 27;
- Elizabeth, Queen, her absolutism, 8;
- Ely, home of Cromwell’s mother, 42, 45
- Ely Cathedral, Cromwell’s interference there, 78
- England, champion of religious liberty, 15, 21;
- overlordship in Ireland, 15, 16;
- peace under James I., 19;
- rural and agricultural population, 58;
- military experience, 59;
- political incapacity in Cromwell’s time, 111;
- relation with Scotland in Second Civil War, 123;
- pitted against Scotland under the Commonwealth, 164;
- law of, 181;
- her carrying trade in Dutch War, 183;
- her commercial greed, 184;
- self-government, 192;
- political freedom, 197;
- Parliamentarian supremacy in, 198;
- representative government, 206;
- condition under the Protectorate, 211 et seq., 216, 221 et seq., 225;
- her Irish policy, 227;
- foreign fame, 230;
- condition after Cromwell, 231 et seq.;
- Cromwell’s descendants in, 239
- England’s Freedom and Soldiers’ Rights, cry of, 119
- English, the, as sailors in the Spanish wars, 14;
- their excellence as military material, 58;
- love of sports, 59;
- serve as troops in Ireland, 84;
- at Marston Moor, 86;
- character of, in seventeenth century, 100 et seq.;
- in India, 151;
- their treatment of the Irish, 162;
- capacity for self-government, 190, 220;
- immigrants into Ireland, 223;
- in West Indies, 229;
- expansion of, 238
- English Presbyterians, for the King against the army, 120
- Episcopacy rejected by the Scotch, 38–40;
- Episcopalian Royalists, 177
- Episcopalians, 78;
- Erse, 224
- Essex, Earl of, leader of Parliamentary forces, 57;
- Essex, Fairfax in, 121
- Europe, armed against French Revolutionists, 120;
- Evolution, of English political freedom, 197
- Executive, English and American, compared, 198
- Expansion, English, 237–239
- Extremists, in English Parliament, 113, 206
- Fairfax, Sir Thomas, his friendship with Cromwell, 79;
- at Winceby, 83;
- at York, 85;
- Marston Moor, 86, 87;
- in command of Parliamentarians, 93;
- at Naseby, 96, 97;
- captures Bristol, 98;
- returned to Parliament, 116;
- approves Cromwell’s joining army party, 119;
- his march into Kent, 121;
- takes Colchester, 130;
- Cromwell’s letter to, 131;
- counsels moderation toward the King, 135;
- declines campaign against Covenanters, 163;
- his indecision, 164 et seq.
- Falkland, Lord, 57
- Fanaticism, consequent on English Revolution, 143
- Fifth Monarchy, 103;
- Flag, English, Dutch salute insisted on, 183
- Flanders, English victories in, 230
- Fleet, English, supports Parliamentarians, 122;
- Foot, in seventeenth-century warfare, 59;
- Forrest, General, his inferiority to Grant, 68;
- compared with Montrose, 94
- Fortescue, Sir Faithful, deserts Parliamentarians at Edgehill, 71
- Four Fundamentals, the, 205
- France, serfs of, 59;
- Franchise, the, redistribution of, under the Protectorate, 197
- Frederick the Great, 145
- Free State, the, 141.
- See also Commonwealth
- French, character of the, in eighteenth century, 100, 190
- French Revolution, the, 120
- Frobisher, 14
- Gainsborough, siege of, 81
- Galley slaves, English prisoners as, 129
- Garrison, American Abolitionist, 103
- Geddes, Jenny, at Edinburgh, 39
- Geneva, 12
- Gentiles, 220
- Gentlemen, Cromwell’s opinion of, 76
- Gentry, English, 59;
- George III., his Government rejected by American Continental Congress, 36
- George IV., 238
- Germany, English adventurers in, 58;
- serfs of, 59
- Germans, the, Charles X.’s aggressions against, 226
- Gladstone, early writings of, 49
- Golden Rule, the, 47
- Good government, Cromwell’s notion of, 204
- Gordon, piety of, compared with Cromwell’s, 105
- Goring, General, at Marston Moor, 87, 88, 89;
- defeated by Fairfax, 98
- Government, its development in Great Britain, 198;
- Cromwell’s practice of, 211
- Grand Remonstrance, the, against Charles I., 56, 57
- Grant, General, his volunteer soldiery, 65;
- Grantham, Cromwell at, 79
- Great Britain, Charles II. declared King of, by the Scotch, 143;
- Greeks, the, under Agathokles, 210
- Greene, General, 91
- Guards, of Lord Essex, buff coats adopted by them as uniform, 64;
- of Charles I., 64
- Gunpowder, its use in Cromwellian times, 59
- Gunpowder Plot, the, 44
- Gustaphus Adolphus, his campaign against Spain, 14;
- Hamilton, Duke of, 120;
- Hampden, John, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3;
- originality of type of, 5;
- his tolerance, 5;
- refuses to pay Ship Money, 35, 45;
- his relations with Cromwell, 46;
- his Puritanism defined, 50;
- compared with Cromwell, 53;
- his imprisonment, 57;
- a cousin of Cromwell, 58;
- uniform of his regiment, 64;
- at Edgehill, 72;
- Cromwell’s opinion of his troops, 73;
- his death, 80;
- in Parliament, 177
- Hapsburg, House of, in Spain and Austria, 17
- Harrison, English Republican general, 136;
- Hawkins, Admiral, in Spanish wars, 14, 18
- Hein, Piet, Dutch admiral in Spanish wars, 210
- Helmets, carried by Cromwellian cavalry, 60
- Henrietta Maria, wife of Charles I., 25
- Henry, Patrick, compared with Pym, 36
- Henry VIII., King of England, his bearing toward the Reformation, 7;
- High Court of Justice, Charles I. tried by, 136
- Highlanders, the Scotch, in the Civil Wars, 95;
- Highlands, the, General Monk in, 201
- Hofer’s Tyrolese, 67
- Holland, her stand against Spain, 15;
- Horse (cavalry), of the Parliamentarians, 57;
- Horse-racing, suppressed under the Protectorate, 213
- Howard, English admiral, 14
- Huguenots, Charles I.’s feeble move against them, 26;
- persecuted in France, 227
- Hume, his opinion of Cromwell’s speeches, 203
- Huntingdon, birthplace of Cromwell, 41, 42, 44, 45
- Immigration of the English and Scotch into Ireland, 223
- Inchiquin, Lord, Parliamentarian leader in Ireland, 148, 149;
- captures Drogheda, 150
- Independent Movement, the so-called, under Elizabeth, 23
- Independents, English political party, 49;
- Cromwell at head of, 49;
- bearing toward the Presbyterians, 80;
- real source of their power the Ironsides, 81;
- hated by the Presbyterians, 92;
- their strength in the army, 94;
- their spirit commended by Cromwell, 106;
- their proposed reconciliation with Parliamentarians, 115;
- Charles I.’s designs on them, 116;
- they take refuge in the army, 118;
- conquerors of the Royalists, 120;
- their prompt action in Second Civil War, 121;
- their political isolation, 133;
- rupture with Irish Presbyterians, 150;
- their strength in the Commonwealth, 164;
- in Parliament, 177 et seq.;
- support of Cromwell in the Rump Parliament, 189;
- under the Protectorate, 199, 220
- Indian Mutiny, compared with state of Ireland under Cromwell, 151
- Infantry, Parliamentarians’, at Nottingham, 57;
- Inquisition, the, in Spain, 14;
- Instrument of Government, the, 195 et seq.;
- recognized by Parliament, 204
- Insurgents, the Irish, 147 et seq.
- Ireland, England’s treatment of, 15, 16;
- priesthood loyal to its peasantry, 17;
- Protestantism in, 17;
- its prosperity under Strafford, 36;
- revolts against Charles I.’s government, 56;
- English troops in, 84;
- unites against the Parliament, 120;
- complex political conditions, 122;
- its loyalty, 143;
- invaded by Cromwell, 144 et seq.;
- Cromwellian atrocities, 156;
- subjugation by Parliamentarians, 178;
- discontent under the Protectorate, 221;
- under Richard Cromwell’s rule, 232;
- its misery under English reigns, 238
- Ireton, Henry, character of, 6;
- Irish, the, Charles I.’s overtures to, 84;
- Ironsides, the, real power of the Independents, 80;
- “Irreconcilables,” 198
- Issues, political, not always sharply drawn, 180
- Ivan the Terrible, 210
- Jackson, Andrew, his backwoodsmen, 67
- Jackson, “Stonewall,” resemblance to Cromwell and Ireton, 6;
- Jamaica, taken by the English, 229
- James I., his ignoble peace, 21;
- James II., compared with James I., 101, 234
- Jehovah, invoked in massacres, 160
- Jews, massacres of, compared with Puritans’, 160;
- their settlement in London, 220
- Johnston, American general, development of his troops compared with Cromwell’s, 91
- Jones, Colonel, Puritan leader, defeats Preston near Dublin, 149;
- Joyce, Cornet, 117
- Judges, under the Protectorate, 199
- Kent, Fairfax in, 121
- Kentucky, neutrality of, in American Civil War, 62
- Kerne, the, in Ireland, 16;
- Queen Mary’s expulsion of the, 16
- Kilkenny, Cromwell’s manifesto there, 162
- King Jesus, cry of, 112, 143
- Kings, their divine right, 21;
- Kingship, offered to Cromwell, 215
- Kirk party; in Scotland, 130, 131;
- Cromwell’s dispute with, 172,173
- Kirk, the, in Scotland, 166, 167;
- Knox, John, his influence on Scotch Calvinism, 18
- Laissez-faire economists, 183
- Lambert, Puritan general, sent to the North, 121;
- in action at Preston, 124–128
- Lancashire, Presbyterian rising there, 121
- Lancers, 60;
- Landed proprietors, interests of, threatened under the Protectorate, 193;
- Langdale, Sir Marmaduke, Cromwell’s foe at Naseby, 121;
- his command at Preston, 124–126
- Laud, his hostility to Protestants, 30;
- Laws, English, considered by Parliamentarians, 181
- Lawyers, Cromwell’s dislike of, 181, 193
- Lee, American Confederate general, his volunteer soldiery, 65;
- Legislative power under the Protectorate, 197
- Lenthall, Speaker of House of Commons, 180
- Leslie, David, Scottish leader, his service under Gustaphus Adolphus, 167;
- Levellers, the, English Parliamentary party, distrusted by Cromwell, 112;
- Leven, Earl of, Scottish leader, besieges York, 85;
- at Marston Moor, 86
- Liberty, political and religious, under the Stuarts, 24;
- Lieutenant-general, Cromwell’s rank of, 144
- Life Guards, Charles I.’s, 64
- Lincoln, American President, his candidacy in 1864, 103;
- London, its sympathy with the Commons, 57;
- Long Parliament, spirit of the, 5;
- Lord Protector, position of, 197;
- Cromwell as, 212
- Lords, House of, in Charles I.’s trial for treason, 136;
- abolished under the Commonwealth, 141
- Louis XIV., 162
- Louis XV., 162
- Lower classes in England, their discontent under the Tudors, 10;
- incapacity for political combination, 10
- Lucas, Sir Charles, repulsed by Scotch at Marston Moor, 88, 89
- Luther, his zeal for righteousness, 7
- Lutherans, intolerant spirit of, 13
- Lynch law, occasional need of, 54
- Macaulay, Lord, his opinion of Cromwell, 1
- McClellan, American general, compared with Essex, 92;
- Major-generals, government of, under the Protectorate, 213, 215
- Manchester, Earl of, Parliamentary leader, 58;
- Marlborough, Duke of, 145
- Marriage, civil, proposed under the Protectorate, 193
- Marston Moor, Battle of, 86–90, 94, 95, 96;
- Mary, Queen, her expulsion of the Irish kerne, 16;
- Maryland, 165
- Mass, the, denied to Irish by Cromwell, 158;
- prohibited under the Protectorate, 198
- Maurice of Orange, 14
- Mazarin, French Cardinal, 17;
- Middle classes in England, powerful under the Tudors, 10;
- strength among Parliamentarians, 69
- Midianitish woman, the, 160
- Militarism, English avoidance of, under James I., 19
- Military rule, Cromwell’s, 213
- Military service, not differentiated on land and sea in seventeenth century, 184
- Military type, the, in Cromwellian army, 107;
- influenced by religious zeal, 191
- Militia, compared with regular soldiery, 66;
- Mill Mount, 154
- Milton, his contempt of political dreamers, 21;
- Ministers, their position under the Protectorate, 200
- Moderate party, the, in the Long Parliament, 55
- Monarchy, Cromwell’s dread of, 195, 211
- Monasteries, Cromwell’s ancestors benefited by their spoliation, 44
- Monk, General George, 84;
- Monopolies, under Elizabeth, 10
- Montrose, Earl of, not a professional soldier, 69;
- Moors, defeated by Blake at Tunis, 228
- Morgan, American Confederate commander, his cavalry, 70
- Mountain, the, see French Revolution, 120
- Munro, commands Hamiltonian cavalry, 122;
- Munster, Royalist Protestants in, 149
- Muscovites, 210
- Musketeers, clumsiness of their weapons, 59;
- Nantes, Edict of, 39
- Napoleon, 99;
- Naseby, Battle of, 95;
- Sir Marmaduke Langdale at, 121
- Navigation Acts, 182, 183
- Navy, the English, its growth, 182, 184;
- in Dutch wars, 201.
- See also Fleet
- Netherlands, the, British adventurers in, 58;
- Neutrality, in English Civil Wars, 63;
- in Kentucky, 62
- Newburn, Battle of, 41
- Newbury, Battle of, 92
- Newcastle, Cromwell’s letter to the Commandant there, 174
- Newcastle, Lord, besieges Gainsborough, 81, 82;
- New England, 179
- New Model, the, in Cromwellian army, 63, 93, 95;
- New World, the, America’s position in, 179
- New York, regicide sentimentalism in, 138
- North America, 193, 238
- North of England, the, Royalist rising in, 121
- Northampton, Essex assembles troops there, 69
- Northumbrian Regiment, Newcastle’s, 89
- Nottingham Castle, scene of beginning of Civil Wars, 57;
- Offence, the best defence of nations, 164
- Old-English Catholics, in Ireland, 146
- “Old Noll,” 221
- Old Testament, the, Puritanism in, 160
- O’Neil, Irish Catholic leader, 149, 150;
- Orange, House of, 135
- Ormond, Earl of, leader of loyal Irish, 146–148;
- “Ossawatomie Brown,” 145
- Pale, the, in Ireland, 146, 147
- Papacy, the, Henry VIII.’s attitude toward, 7;
- “papacy or prelacy,” 197
- Papal nuncio, in Ireland, 148
- Parliament, Pym’s view of government by, 5;
- growing powers under Elizabeth and James, 22;
- Charles I.’s third, 27;
- its struggles with the King, 29;
- Covenant taken by, 78;
- Cromwell’s speech against the generals as members in, 93;
- Cromwell’s attitude toward, 101;
- factions after First Civil War, 106, 108 et seq.;
- army majority in, 116;
- negotiations with King and army, 117;
- Irish coalition against, 120;
- makes Blake admiral, 130;
- Cromwell’s dealings with, after Second Civil War, 131;
- plans of union with King against army, 134;
- Irish support of, 143;
- aided by Coote in Ireland, 150;
- summons Cromwell from Ireland, 162;
- heirship to royal powers, 178;
- conflict with army after Scotch wars, 178 et seq.;
- law reform, 181;
- Dutch Wars, 181;
- non-reëlection bill, 185–187;
- its rule distasteful to Cromwell, 195;
- under the Protectorate, 198;
- representation under the Protectorate, 201 et seq.;
- dissolution of the Rump, 209;
- Second, under the Protectorate, 215;
- summoned by Richard Cromwell, 232;
- Cromwell’s speech to Second Protectorate Parliament, 236.
- See also Barebones; Commons; Rump; Long Parliament, etc.
- Parliamentarians, military forces of, 57;
- strength of, 61;
- in Cornwall and Yorkshire, 63;
- military leaders, 68;
- resources, 69;
- weakness of their cavalry, 73;
- operations at Gainsborough, 81;
- aided by the Scotch, 84;
- at York, 85;
- at Marston Moor, 88;
- at Copredy Bridge, 91;
- leader, removed by Cromwell, 93;
- reorganization of army, 94;
- reverses after Marston Moor, 95;
- outnumber Royalists at Naseby, 95 et seq.;
- dissensions of, after First Civil War, 99 et seq.;
- opposition to Moderate Irish party, 152
- Peace, slothfulness of, under James I., 21;
- desire for, by mercantile communities, 182
- Peasantry, in England, 61
- Pembroke (Ireland), capture of, by Royalists, 121
- Penal laws, English enforcement of, in Ireland, 162
- Penances, observed by Royalists on anniversaries of Charles I.’s death, 240
- Penn, at San Domingo, 229
- Peter the Great, 237
- Peters, Hugh, chaplain to Cromwell, 71
- Petition of Right, becomes law, 28;
- Philadelphia, church to Royal Martyr there, 138
- Philip of Spain, bigotry of, 15;
- Philiphaugh, Battle of, 98
- Philippines, the, American volunteers in, 67
- Phillips, Wendell, American Abolitionist, 103
- Phineas, 160
- Pikemen, their function in seventeenth-century war, 59;
- Pistols, use of, by seventeenth-century cavalry, 60
- Plantations, English, in Ireland, 16, 146
- Platform, American Republicans’ in 1860, 193
- Plundering, suppressed by Cromwell, 75;
- Policy, necessity of adjusting a nation’s foreign and domestic, 20;
- Cromwell actuated by, 93
- Politics, as influenced by religious feeling, 19
- Pope, the, Cromwell’s view of, 173
- Portuguese, the, 16
- Prayer-Book, the, Laud’s attempted introduction of, at Edinburgh, 39;
- Preachers, arrest of, under the Protectorate, 199
- Presbyterian Church, in Scotland, 18
- Presbyterian English, natural allies of Scotch, 55
- Presbyterian ministers, in Scotland, 130
- Presbyterian Royalists, against the army, 120;
- in Parliament, 177
- Presbyterianism, its growth in the Anglican Church under James I., 23;
- Presbyterians, in Parliamentarian army, 76;
- in Civil Wars, 92;
- generals in House of Commons, 93, 94;
- intolerance of, 104;
- faith of, 106;
- ascendancy of, in Parliament, 108;
- their intolerance compared with Laud’s, 109;
- feared by Puritans, 111;
- efforts at reconciliation with Parliamentarians, 115;
- take issue with the King against the army, 116, 120;
- commotion of, in London, 121;
- at Ulster, 122;
- cruel treatment of, as Puritan prisoners, 126;
- in Parliament after Second Civil War, 131 et seq.;
- in touch with Ulster Irish, 146;
- rupture with Independents, 150;
- stand against Cromwell, 164;
- position under the Protectorate, 200, 220
- “Presbyter but Priest writ large,” 111
- Presidency, the American, Lincoln’s candidacy for, 103
- Preston, Battle of, 124 et seq.;
- Second Civil War ended by, 130
- Preston, Irish leader, 149
- Pride, Colonel, Parliamentary leader, 76;
- Pride’s Purge, 136
- Priests, loyalty of, to peasants in Ireland, 17;
- Prisoners, cruel treatment of, by Puritans, 129, 155, 174
- Property, threatened under the Protectorate, 203
- Protective tariffs, 183
- Protector, the, office of, 197 et seq.
- Protectorate, the, 197 et seq.;
- rule of, in Ireland, 221–225
- Protectorate Parliament, dismissed by Cromwell, 210, 212, 213
- Protestantism, height of, in England, 9;
- Protestants in Ireland, Parliament recognized by, 148;
- Psalm-singing, by Puritans, at Winceby, 83;
- Public opinion, Cromwell influenced by, 211
- Puritanism, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3;
- Puritans, sympathy of, with Scottish revolt, 40;
- their suspicions of the Episcopacy, 56;
- psalm-singing at Winceby, 83;
- forces of, in army, 85;
- at Marston Moor, 87;
- phraseology of, in Cromwell’s time, 106;
- Presbyterians feared by, 111;
- hatred of Charles I., 114;
- desire for vengeance on the King, 121;
- opposed by the Irish, 122;
- at Winwick Church, 128;
- cruel treatment of prisoners, 129;
- justice of their punishment of the King, 139;
- disavow Irish alliance, 151;
- cruelties at Drogheda, 154 et seq.;
- toleration, 165;
- opposed to Covenanters at Dunbar, 170;
- in New England, 179;
- passion for religious regulation, 214;
- lack of generosity to foes, 216;
- rule of, in Ireland, 224;
- great names among, 232;
- attitude toward Ireland, 238;
- true greatness of, 239
- Pym, Carlyle’s opinion of, 3;
- Quakers, 143
- Reed, Speaker, quoted, 235
- Reform, attempted by Parliament, 181;
- Reformation, the, in England, 7;
- Reformed Church, influence of, in European politics, 7
- Reformers, contradictions of, 13;
- fanaticism of, under the Protectorate, 199
- Regicides, the, 139
- Regulars (soldiery), advantages of, 65, 69;
- Religious liberty, under the Protectorate, 197;
- Republican Convention (U. S.), 1860, 193
- Republicanism in Parliamentary army, 108; Cromwell’s, 131
- Republicans in England, not extremists, 112;
- Republicans (U. S.), after Civil War, 103
- Republics, in South America, 193
- Restoration, the, 214, 232;
- disgraceful effects of, 233
- Revolution of 1688, 6, 100;
- Revolution, Puritan, Cromwell’s attempt to check it, 119;
- Rhode Island, 165
- Ribble, river, 125, 127
- Richelieu, 17
- Ritual, Cromwell’s suppression of, at Ely, 78
- Rochelle, Charles I.’s expedition against, 26, 27
- Roman Catholicism identified with Spain in English opinion, 14;
- Roman Catholics, intolerance of, 104;
- Rome, 12
- Root and Branch party, the, 56
- Ross, capture of, by Cromwell, 158
- “Roundhead,” term of reproach in Parliamentary army, 75
- Roundhead army, 64;
- Royal Martyr, the, churches dedicated to, 138
- Royalist Delinquents, 184
- Royalist Protestants in Ireland, 149, 152
- Royalists, at Nottingham, 57, 58;
- strength of, 61;
- driven out of Cornwall, 63;
- military leaders of, 68;
- natural taste for war, 69;
- estates fined by Cromwell, 79;
- at Grantham, 80;
- defeated by Cromwell at Nottingham and Burleigh, 81;
- stand at Gainsborough, 82;
- defeated at Winceby, 83;
- forces in Civil Wars unestimated, 86;
- at Marston Moor, 86 et seq.;
- Copredy Bridge, 91;
- hope of, in Scotland, 94;
- outnumbered at Naseby, 95 et seq.;
- end of, in Scotland, 98;
- surrender in 1646, 98;
- union with Catholics and Presbyterians against Parliament, 120;
- united in Ireland, 146;
- in Irish wars, 149 et seq.;
- opposed to the Commonwealth, 164;
- dissensions in Scotland, 166;
- Scottish reverses, 174;
- their end in England, 178;
- position under the Protectorate, 199, 213, 216;
- penances done by, on anniversary of regicide, 240
- Royalists in American Revolution, 217
- Rump, the, 177, 181;
- Rump Parliament, 185, 187, 188
- Rupert, Prince, Royalist leader, military training, 68;
- Russia, 9;
- Russians, the, under Ivan the Terrible, 210
- Sabbath, observance of, under the Protectorate, 213
- Sailors, fame of English, in seventeenth century, 14;
- the Dutch as, 182
- St. Bartholomew, Massacre of, 39
- St. Fagan’s, Welsh defeat at, 121
- St. Ives, Cromwell’s farm at, 45
- St. John, Oliver, Cromwell’s cousin by marriage, 45, 46.
- St. Peter’s, Drogheda, 154
- San Domingo, English expedition against, 229
- Santa Cruz, Blake’s victory over the Spanish there, 228
- Savoy, Duke of, his persecutions of the Vaudois, 227, 228
- Scotch, defeat Charles I.’s forces in Bishops’ Wars, 41;
- adventurers in the Netherlands, 58;
- relations with Parliamentarians, 78;
- they aid the Parliamentarians, 84;
- besiege York, 85;
- at Marston Moor, 86, 87;
- their military qualities, 94;
- Charles I.’s surrender to, 98;
- relations with Charles I. in Parliament, 116;
- declare for King against army, 120;
- they aid the cavaliers, 121;
- in Second Civil War, 122;
- Presbyterians at Ulster, 122;
- union with Royalists, 124;
- at Preston, 125–128;
- Puritan treatment of, 129;
- support Parliament after Second Civil War, 131;
- in touch with Ulster, 146;
- share in Irish war, 147;
- at Trim, 157;
- declare for Charles II., 162, 164;
- losses at Dunbar, 171;
- assemble at Stirling, 174, 220;
- immigrants into Ireland, 223;
- their share in British expansion, 238
- Scotch Highlanders, military type of, in Civil Wars, 95
- Scotch Presbyterians, support Charles II., 150
- Scotland, character of, 18;
- Episcopacy rejected there, 38, 40;
- demands indemnity after Bishops’ Wars, 41;
- its claims paid by the Long Parliament, 54;
- makes terms with Charles I., 55;
- brawls in, 58;
- league with Parliamentarians, 80;
- Royalist hope of, 94;
- end of Royalist party there, 98;
- complex political conditions, 122, 123;
- Royalists and Covenanters, 165, 166;
- subdued by Parliamentarians, 178;
- definitive union with England, 201;
- rule under the Protectorate, 220, 221
- Scout-master, 84
- Sea-power, Spanish, in sixteenth century, 227
- Secession, right of, in American States, 62
- Sectaries, Parliamentarian intolerance of, 116;
- hatred of the Kirk for, 169
- Self-denying Ordinance, the, 93, 94
- Self-government, qualities of, 235
- “Serving men and tapsters,” 73
- Severn, river, 71
- Seymour, American Vice-President, 103
- Sheridan, American cavalry commander, 70;
- compared with Cromwell in pursuit, 171
- Ship Money, 34;
- Short Parliament, hostility of, to Charles I., 41.
- See also Parliament
- Sixty-seventh Regiment, Cromwell’s captaincy in, 58
- Skippon, Parliamentarian major-general, wounded at Naseby, 97
- Slavery, prisoners of Puritans sold into, 129, 153;
- in the United States, 193
- Sligo, captured, 148
- Smithfield, 39
- Soldiers, citizen and regular types compared, 64–69;
- South Africa, volunteers in, 67
- South American republics, 193
- Southerners, in the United States, 102
- Spain, feared by England in sixteenth century, 14;
- supremacy of, 14;
- her barbarities compared with those of Turkey, 15;
- natural foe of France, 17;
- sea-power crushed by the Dutch admirals, 18;
- oppressions of the Dutch, 36, 146;
- her cruelties, 162;
- her colonial policy, 224;
- Cromwell’s interference with, 226;
- war with France, 226, 227;
- defeated by England in the Netherlands, 229
- Spaniards, English victories over them on the sea, 182;
- their cruelty, 218
- Speaker of the House, Cromwell’s letter to, 105
- Speeches, character of Cromwell’s, 202, 205
- Star Chamber, the, 28;
- States rights, doctrine of, in the United States, 62;
- in English counties, 63
- Steward.
- See Cromwell, Elizabeth S.
- Stirling, assembling of Scotch forces there, 174
- Strafford, Lord, minister of Charles I., his jealousy of Buckingham, 27;
- Strategy, lack of, in 1643, 79;
- Stuart, American Confederate cavalry commander, 70
- Stuart, House of the, 139;
- Stuarts, the English Kings, 7;
- England under their rule, 8;
- their supposed spiritual supremacy, 9;
- their ignorance of their people, 11;
- weakness of their domestic and foreign policy, 20;
- their belief in the divine right of kings, 21;
- reactionary type of, 24;
- their power curtailed by Petition of Right, 28;
- Charles I. the type of, 134;
- their bearing in exile, 199;
- comparisons with Cromwell, 211;
- their Restoration, 214;
- taxation during their reigns, 216, 225
- Suffrage, manhood, advocated by the Levellers, 112;
- under the Protectorate, 201
- Sunday, observance of, 214
- Supreme Council of Dublin, the, 150
- Sweden, champion of the Reformation, 26
- Swiss mercenaries, hired by Cromwell, 228
- Swords, use of, by cavalry, 60
- Syracusans, the, oppressions of, 210
- Tactics, shock and fire compared, 59;
- Tartar yoke in Russia, the, 210
- Taxation, in England, by Parliament, 184;
- Ten Commandments, the, 46
- Thirty Years’ War, the, France’s share in, 17;
- Thornhaugh, Colonel, Parliamentary leader of horse, 128
- Tilly, 129, 156
- Timoleon, 208
- Tithes, 193
- Tolerance, in the modern world, 12;
- falseness of, in seventeenth century, 19.
- See also Catholics; Cromwell; Puritans, etc.
- Tonnage and poundage, 29;
- Tories, in America, 217
- Tower of London, the, Eliot’s imprisonment there, 32;
- Laud’s, 52
- Trade, in Europe, in the seventeenth century, 182
- Trim (Ireland), captured by Parliamentarians, 157
- Tromp, the elder, in the Spanish wars, 18, 182
- Tudors, English sovereigns, unarmed despots, 10, 11;
- Tunis, Blake at, 228
- Turenne, regular soldiers under, 145;
- service of British troops under, 229
- Turks, cruelty of, 218, 228
- Tyranny, English intolerance of, 11;
- Ulster, Scotch Presbyterians at, 122;
- Ultramontanes, the, 148, 150
- Uniforms, variety of, in Parliamentary army, 64;
- origin of present English, 229
- Union, War of the, in the United States, 193;
- its salutary effects, 208.
- See also American Civil War
- Unitarians, 78
- United States, the, religious tolerance of, compared with Cromwell’s England’s, 49;
- Valley Campaigns, Stonewall Jackson’s, 171
- Vane, Sir Harry, 185, 187
- Van Heemskirk, his prowess against Spain, 18
- Vaudois, the, persecutions of, 220, 227
- Venables, at San Domingo, 229
- Venetian government, Puritans’ prisoners sold to, 129
- Verdelin, Regiment of, 225
- Verney, 154
- Veto, the Protector’s, 197
- Victoria, Queen, 135
- Virginia, Puritans’ prisoners there, 129
- Volunteers (soldiery), in American Civil War, 65;
- Wales, Royalist rising there in Second Civil War, 121;
- Cromwell’s administration there, 216
- Wallenstein, 129, 156
- Waller, Parliamentary general, at Copredy Bridge, 91
- War-ships, Dutch, 182
- Washington, compared with Pym and Hampden, 5, 36;
- Waterloo, Battle of, compared with Marston Moor, 90
- Wayne, American Revolutionary general, 91
- Wellington, 145
- Welsh War, 121, 122
- Wentworth, Sir Thomas, 27;
- character of, 33.
- See also Strafford
- West Indies, English rule in, 229
- Westminster, Long Parliament meets there, 41;
- Cromwell installed there, 199
- Westminster Hall, Cromwell’s head exposed there by Restorationists, 233
- West Point, advantages of its training, 67
- Wexford, Cromwellian atrocities there, 155;
- Whigamore Raid, the, in Scotland, 130
- Whitehall, Palace of, 42, 57;
- Charles I. beheaded there, 137
- Whitewarts, the, at Marston Moor, 89
- William the Conqueror, his Lords, 108
- William III., English King, 100;
- Williams, original name of the Cromwells, 42
- Willoughby, Lord, Parliamentary general, at Gainsborough, 81, 82;
- Cromwell’s charges against, 85
- Wilson, American cavalryman, 70
- Winceby, Battle of, 83
- Winchester, occupied by Cromwell, 98
- Winchester, Marquis of, Royalist leader, 98
- Winwick Church, the Scotch at, 128
- Worcester, Battle of, 175, 177, 180;
- anniversary of, 231
- “Word of the Lord, the,” 46, 47
- Yeomanry, in England, 59, 61
- York, the siege of, 85;
- fall of, 90
- Yorkshire, neutrality of, 63;