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Oriental Rugs, Antique and Modern

Chapter 75: INDEX42
By W. A. Hawley
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About This Book

A comprehensive guide to the history, materials, and techniques behind antique and modern carpets from Persia, Asia Minor, the Caucasus, Central Asia, India, and China. It surveys the physical geography of rug-producing lands, raw materials, dyeing methods, and loom structures that determine weave and texture. Designs and symbols are analyzed alongside regional type characteristics and historical developments up to the eighteenth century and beyond. Extensive classification chapters detail Persian, Anatolian, Caucasian, Central Asiatic, Indian, and Chinese groups, while separate sections treat kilims and soumak techniques. Practical guidance for distinguishing, identifying, and purchasing rugs accompanies technical diagrams and numerous photographic plates and maps illustrating representative examples.

19 As this is the case with most rugs, only the exceptions to this feature will be noticed in the type characteristics of other classes.

20 Ibn Batutah.

21 Of modern Ispahans.

22 “Burlington Magazine,” December, 1909.

23 In “Industrial Arts of India.”

24 Sidney Churchill in the Imperial Vienna Book says that “the dyes of Sultanabad have perhaps the most extensive colour scheme in Persia.”

25 “Industrial Arts of India.”

26 Mrs. Elizabeth Bishop in “Journeys in Persia and Kurdistan.”

27 Encyclopedia Britannica.

28 It is also to be noted that within the last few years large numbers of pieces bearing resemblance to old Oriental rugs have been woven about Constantinople.

29 One of the most interesting is at Sivas, where are the remains of a most beautiful Seljuk gateway, with architectural lines that might well have been taken for a weaver’s model. As in many prayer rugs, the engaged columns support a high arch over which a panel rests above a figured spandrel. The outlines of each of these parts suggest most forcibly the drawing of the prayer rug, and the resemblance is carried even further; for corresponding with the border stripes is the chiselled masonry that once rested above the panel and still extends to the foot of the entrance at each side of the arch.

30 One of these is represented in Dr. Bode’s “Knupfteppiche,” where it appears as a secondary stripe.

31 An intermediate pattern suggested by each is found in an old Asia Minor piece owned by Dr. Bode.

32 A. Bogolubow, in his excellent work “Tapis de l’Asie Centrale,” divides the Transcaspian Turkomans into two principal groups, the Salors and Yomuds, each of which includes sub-groups. These are again divisible into many tribes, almost all of whom weave. As their rugs, though resembling one another, show different characteristics, they might properly be separated into numerous classes; but since only a few of them are known in this country, they alone will be described.

33 “Desert of Red Sands.”

34 A tent in which an average of five people live.

35 In “Industrial Arts of India.”

36 Dr. Birdwood.

37 Sometimes Sehna knot.

38 Sometimes one thread of warp to each knot is doubled under the other.

39 Rarely Iran, Feraghan, Mosul, and Kurdistan.

40 It is stated that in the short space of a few weeks he created valuable antique porcelains to present to his noble friends by placing recent copies of old specimens in a vessel containing very greasy soup, where they were duly boiled for a month, and after that placing them in the “foulest drain of the neighbourhood,” where they remained until seasoned.

41 In “Across Coveted Lands, 1903.”

42 All references of an unimportant character are indicated by the page number only.

INDEX42

  • A
  • Abbas, Shah, 88, 89, 169, 211;
    • pattern named after, 105;
    • sent artisans to India, 111;
    • rug industry declined after death of, 112.
  • Abraham, 23, 31.
  • Acacia used as a dye, 40, 41.
  • Accadians, 23.
  • Adighies, 209.
  • Afghan rugs, 293, 304, 305;
    • geometric designs of, 62;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 53, 56, 57, 235.
    • Rugs described, 243, 244, 245;
    • border stripes, 251.
  • Afghan tribes, 90.
  • Afghanistan, 41, 103, 233, 243, 244;
    • camel’s wool of, 82.
  • Afshar rugs, 100, 286;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51.
    • Rugs described, 155.
  • Aga Mohammed Khan pillaged Kirman, 113.
  • Agamemnon, 166.
  • Agra, 255, 257.
  • Agra rugs described, 257.
  • Akbar, Shah, 28;
    • received assistance from Shah Abbas, 29;
    • established rug weaving at Lahore, 94;
    • imported Persian weavers, 253;
    • carpet factory of, 256.
  • Ak-Hissar, 175.
  • Ak-Hissar rugs, 101.
  • Ak-kal, oasis of, 238.
  • Albana, 204.
  • Alexander the Great, 169, 181, 246;
    • destroyed Shiraz, 115;
    • built walls at Derbend, 204.
  • Alhambra, 25.
  • Ali Riza, Imam, 110.
  • Allahabad, 258.
  • Allahabad rugs described, 258.
  • Altai Mts., 29;
    • original home of the Turks, 26.
  • Altman, Benjamin, 85.
  • Alum, used as a mordant, 40, 41.
  • Amritsar, 255, 258.
  • Amritsar rugs, 101, 257, 305.
    • Rugs described, 255.
  • Amu Daria. _See_ Oxus river.
  • Anatolia, 163, 182;
    • the “Land of the Rising Sun,” 187.
  • Anatolian rugs, 101, 176, 190, 289, 290;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 63.
    • Rugs described, 187, 188, 189;
    • border stripes, 195.
  • Angora, 27, 185, 187;
    • goat’s wool, 32.
  • Anilines. _See_ Dyes.
  • Animal carpets, 86, 87.
  • Anjuman Industrial Art School, 259.
  • Anoschar, 76.
  • Anti-Taurus Mts., 140, 187, 190.
  • Arabia, 24, 29, 32.
  • Arabic features in rugs, 85;
    • notation, 296;
    • symbolism in Western Kurdistan rugs, 141.
  • Arabs, in Persia, 103;
    • overran Turkestan, 234.
  • Ararat, Mt., 103, 219.
  • Aras river, 151, 157, 224.
  • Ardebil, Persian capital under Ismael, 28;
  • Ardebil carpet, 15;
  • described, 83, 84.
  • Ardelan district, 100, 129, 133, 153.
  • Armenia, 209;
    • origin of some Caucasian border stripes of, 226, 228, 229.
  • Armenian rugs, 91, 170, 209, 220;
  • Armenians in Persia, 103;
    • in Mosul, 103.
  • Artaxerxes, 103.
  • Aryan races, in India, 28;
    • in Persia, 103;
    • in Caucasia, 197;
    • in Turkestan, 234;
    • floral ornamentation employed by, 62.
  • Asburg used as a dye, 41.
  • Astrabad, 241.
  • Astrakan, market for Bokharas, 235;
    • for caravans from Khiva, 240.
  • Auctions, 306.
  • Ayyampet, 259.
  • Azerbijan province, 26, 145, 147, 148, 149, 153.
  •  
  • B
  • Baber, Shah, 28.
  • Babylon, 23, 24, 74, 102, 103.
    • Bagdad, 81, 138, 152;
    • carpets covering the floors of, 25;
    • captured by Tartars, 27.
    • by Solyman the Magnificent, 28.
  • Bajazet, defeated by Tamerlane, 27;
    • Karaman subject to, 188.
  • Bakshis rugs described, 148.
  • Baku, 210, 214.
  • Baku rugs, 101, 292;
  • Bangalore, 259, 261.
  • Bangalore rugs, 101, 259.
    • Rugs described, 261.
  • Barbarossa, Frederic, 181.
  • Bardini, Stefano, 85.
  • Bastard teak used as a dye, 39.
  • Bedouins, 103.
  • Belshazzar, 24.
  • Beluches, in Kirman, 113;
    • untamed tribes of, 248.
  • Beluchistan, 233.
  • Beluchistan rugs, 205, 234, 239, 301, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 53, 56, 57;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • geometric designs in, 62;
    • S design in, 64;
    • zigzag line in, 66;
    • reciprocal trefoil in, 160, 230.
    • Rugs described, 248, 249;
    • border stripes, 251.
  • Beni-Hassan, tombs of, 74.
  • Bergamo rugs, 101, 289, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 50, 52, 53, 54, 57;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 63;
    • prevailing colour tone of, 178.
    • Rugs described, 166, 167, 168;
    • border stripes, 193.
  • Berlin gallery, 92.
  • Beshire rugs, 101, 233, 293;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • S design in, 65;
    • zigzag line in, 66.
    • Rugs described, 243;
    • border stripes, 251.
  • Bibikabad, town of, 154.
  • Bibikabad rugs described, 155.
  • Bijar, 129, 136.
  • Bijar rugs, 100, 153, 256, 286, 288, 302, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 52;
    • compared with Persian-Kurdistans and Mosuls, 143.
    • Rugs described, 136, 137;
    • border stripes, 157, 159, 160.
  • Birbul’s blue used as a dye, 40.
  • Bird figures in rugs. _See_ Designs.
  • Birdwood, Sir George, cited, 62, 70, 94, 122, 138;
  • Birjand, 108.
  • Bishop, Mrs. I. B., quoted, 138.
  • Bode, Dr. Wm., cited, 79, 227, 228.
  • Bogolubow, A., cited, 233.
  • Böhler, J., cited, 79.
  • Bokhara, 100, 110, 245;
    • captured by Genghis Khan, 26;
    • the “Noble,” 236.
  • Bokhara rugs, 100, 243, 305;
    • goat’s hair in, 32;
    • technicalities in weave of, 50, 52, 53.
  • Bokhara, Princess, rugs, 101, 233, 235, 293;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61.
    • Rugs described, 237, 238;
    • border stripes, 250, 251.
  • Bokhara, Royal, rugs, 101, 103, 233, 241, 242, 243, 244, 293, 304;
    • compared with Princess, 237;
    • the arch compared with that of Tekkes, 239.
    • Rugs described, 235, 236;
    • border stripes, 250, 251.
  • Border stripes, defined, 59;
  • Boston Museum of Fine Arts, 94.
  • Brahoes, 248.
  • British Museum, 82.
  • Broussa, 181.
    • Rugs described, 181.
  • Buckthorns used as a dye, 39.
  • Buddhism, influence on Asiatic art, 16;
    • on symbolism, 58;
    • the lotus an emblem of, 69.
  • Buddhist emblems, 271, 274.
  • Burujird, 131.
  • Burujird rugs described, 131.
  • Butea fondosa used as a dye, 39.
  • Butti lac used as a dye, 39.
  •  
  • C
  • Cæsarea. _See_ Kaisariyeh.
  • Caïcus valley, 166.
  • Cairo, Caliphs in, 25;
    • Mecca rugs sold in, 118.
  • Caliphate, 20, 76.
  • Caliphs, 24, 25, 77, 90, 91, 115;
    • prayer rugs in time of, 85;
    • Ispahan under, 111;
    • Kirman rugs in palaces of, 113;
    • Tabriz rugs known in days of, 145.
  • Caliph Hisham, carpet of, 76.
  • Camel’s hair. _See_ Wool.
  • Carduchis, 140.
  • Caria. _See_ Melez.
  • Chaldees, 23;
    • symbolism derived from, 66.
  • Chardin cited, 113.
  • Charles Martel, 25.
  • Chehel Sutoon, enormous carpet of, 112.
  • Che-Hwang-te, 26.
  • Chichi rugs, 100, 290, 292;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • Kazaks contrasted with, 220.
    • Rugs described, 207, 208;
    • border stripes, 226, 231.
  • Chinese fret, 67, 165;
  • Chosroes I, “Spring of Chosroes” carpet made for, 76.
  • Chunam wool, 261, 301.
  • Churchill, Sidney, A. T., quoted, 131.
  • Cinnabar used as a dye, 40, 41.
  • Circassians. _See_ Tcherkess.
  • Clark, Sir Purdon, cited, 112.
  • Clotilde Clam-Gallas, Countess, cited, 80.
  • Coccus cacti used as a dye, 38.
  • Coccus ilicus used as a dye, 38.
  • Coccus lacca used as a dye, 38.
  • Cochineal used as a dye, 38.
  • Cochran, Wm. Alexander Smith, 86.
  • Coconada, 259.
  • Colour, the artistic value of, 18;
    • the symbolism of, 59, 72.
  • Cone design. _See_ Designs.
  • Constantinople, 27, 98, 99, 118, 181, 197, 209;
    • Persian weavers taken to, 28;
    • silk carpets sent to Sultan of, 87.
  • Conventions in art, 16.
  • Cordova, 25.
  • Cossacks, 218, 219.
  • Cotton, used in weaving 30;
    • mercerized, 30.
  • Cow’s hair used in weaving, 30, 33.
  • Crocus used as a dye, 39.
  • Crœsus, 163.
  • Crown jewel design. _See_ Designs.
  • Ctesiphon, 76, 102, 103.
  • Cufic lettering, in Altman carpet, 85;
    • in borders of Asia Minor and Caucasian rugs, 92, 166, 202, 229;
    • reputed inventor of, 183.
  • Cupressus sempervirens used as a dye, 41.
  • Curcuma used as a dye, 38.
  • Cyrus, 24, 115, 181;
    • Turkestan overrun by, 234.
  •  
  • D
  • Daghestan, 198, 206, 214.
  • Daghestan rugs, 205, 212, 213, 216, 290, 292, 293, 304;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 54;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • effulgent stars in, 91;
    • Cufic borders of, 92;
    • Bergamo prayer arch compared with that of, 167;
    • weave of Kabistans compared with that of, 201;
    • designs in, 211;
    • colour scheme of Shirvans compared with that of, 214;
    • mosaic drawing of, 220.
    • Rugs described, 198, 199, 200;
    • border stripes, 226, 227, 228, 229, 230.
  • Daghestan, Royal, 216.
  • Damascus, 17;
    • antique carpets of, 95;
    • Mecca rugs sold in, 118.
  • Dari, 211, 257.
  • Darius, 215.
  • Dekkan, rugs woven in interior of, 259.
  • Delhi, 28, 110.
  • Demirdji, 164, 176.
  • Demirdji rugs described, 176.
  • Deodorus, 74.
  • Dera Ghazi Khan, 280; Kilims, 281.
  • Derbend, 199, 204.
  • Derbend rugs described, 204, 205;
    • border stripes, 230.
  • Designs, geometric, 62, 64, 185;
  • Diaper pattern, 102, 263.
  • Diarbekr, 141.
  • Die Persische NadelmalereiSusandschird, 76.
  • Distaff, 36.
  • Dix, Stewart, quoted, 16.
  • Djinni. _See_ Designs.
  • Djushaghan. _See_ Joshaghan.
  • Domenico di Bartolo, painting of, 92.
  • Dragon and Phoenix carpet, 65, 231.
  • Dragon carpets, 91, 298.
  • Dravidians, 28.
  • Dyeing, 37; process of, 42, 43.
  • Dyes, 30;
    • of Sultanabad, 131;
    • of Oushak, 174;
    • of Amritsar rugs, 256;
    • Aniline dyes introduced into India, 254;
    • into China, 265;
    • objection to, 299;
    • how to distinguish, 299, 300.
  •  
  • E
  • East India Company, 254.
  • Ecbatana, 103, 122.
  • Elburz Mts., 103.
  • Eleanor, Queen, Spanish rugs sent to, 25.
  • Elizabeth, Queen, 29.
  • Elizabethpol, 224.
  • Ellore, 259, 260.
  • Ellore rugs described, 260.
  • El Mirz li alla, Caliph, 77.
  • Elwund Mt., 120, 122, 129.
  • Encyclopedia Britannica quoted, 140.
  • Ends, finish of, 57.
  • Esther, Queen, 122.
  • Evil eye, superstition of, 59, 168.
  •  
  • F
  • Fairs, Oriental, 99.
  • Farsistan, wool of, 31;
    • antique carpets from Shiraz, capital of, 115.
  • Fatimid Caliphs, 90.
  • Feraghan district, 125, 129, 131.
  • Feraghan rugs, 100, 132, 133, 142, 147, 153, 156, 285, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 55;
    • small designs in, 60;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • turtle border of, 79;
    • Guli Hinnai pattern of, 105;
    • pattern of Herat rugs compared with that of, 106.
    • Rugs described, 120, 121, 122;
    • border stripes, 157, 159.
  • Filling, 52.
  • Firdousi, 110.
  • Fish pattern. _See_ Designs.
  • Flame design. _See_ Designs.
  • Flax used in weaving, 30, 33.
  • Floral design. _See_ Designs.
  • Friedhofteppiche, 172.
  •  
  • G
  • Gall nuts used as a dye, 39.
  • Ganges river, 17, 258.
  • Ganja. _See_ Gengha.
  • Gehrous district, 136.
  • Gengha, 224.
  • Gengha rugs, 101, 290, 292;
    • technicalities in weave of, 52, 53, 54.
    • Rugs described, 224, 225;
    • border stripes, 227.
  • Genghis Khan, 26, 78, 198, 234.
  • Geok Teppe, 238.
  • Geometric pattern. _See_ Designs.
  • Georgian pattern, 213, 215, 228, 230, 292.
  • Ghiordes, 164, 168, 175, 176, 206.
  • Ghiordes rugs, 65, 101, 183, 184, 191, 289, 289, 290, 304;
  • Gibbon cited, 25.
  • Gilan, cloud-band in antique carpets of, 67.
  • Girdler’s Company, India carpet presented to, 94, 256.
  • Goat’s hair. _See_ Wool.
  • Gobi desert, 21, 26, 29.
  • Goodyear, Prof., cited, 69.
  • Gorevan rugs, 100, 285, 286, 287, 301, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51;
    • turtle border of, 79;
    • patterns of Muskabads resembling those of, 131;
    • relation of Bakshis rugs to, 148;
    • relation of Herez rugs to, 149.
    • Rugs described, 146, 147, 148;
    • border stripes, 157, 158.
  • Gotcha lake, 224.
  • Gozene, 156.
  • Gozene rugs, 100, 154, 289;
    • technicalities in weave of, 54.
    • Rugs described, 54.
  • “Grain of rice” pattern in Chinese rugs, 271.
  • Granada, 25.
  • Guebres, in Kirman, 113;
    • temple at Baku of, 210.
  • Guli Hinnai pattern, 104, 120, 121;
    • illustrated, 291.
  • Gulistan rugs, 100, 154, 286;
    • Rugs described, 155.
  • Gulistan treaty, 203.
  • Gyze, Georg, 92.
  •  
  • H
  • Hafiz, 115.
  • Hair, of cow, 30, 33;
    • of horse, 33.
  • Hamadan, 122, 129, 136, 143, 155.
  • Hamadan rugs, 100, 286, 287;
    • technicalities in weave of, 52, 53, 54, 55;
    • similarity of some Irans to, 125;
    • similarity of Karajes to, 144;
    • similarity of weave of Kara-Geuz rugs to, 155.
    • Rugs described, 122, 123, 124;
    • border stripes, 157, 159, 160.
  • Hang Chow, 266.
  • Harris, Henry T., quoted, 40, 260.
  • Havell, E. B., cited, 260.
  • Hegira, 296.
  • Hemp used in weaving, 30, 33, 261, 263.
  • Herat, 105, 110, 244, 285;
    • captured by Nadir Shah, 29;
    • so-called Ispahans probably made at, 89, 112.
  • Herat rugs, 69, 89, 100;
    • technicalities in weave of, 54, 55;
    • cloud-band in antique rugs of, 67;
    • ground colour of, 95;
    • influence on Indian weaving of, 255.
    • Rugs described, 105, 106;
    • border stripes, 156.
  • Herati pattern, 89, 94, 104, 106, 108, 109, 112, 120, 121, 129, 132, 134, 142, 152, 153, 157, 165, 170, 201;
    • illustrated, 291.
  • Hereke, 181.
  • Hereke rugs described, 181.
  • Herez, 149.
  • Herez rugs, 101, 286, 287;
    • technicalities in weave of, 55.
    • Rugs described, 149, 150;
    • border stripes, 157.
  • Herodotus, 74.
  • Herring bone weave, described, 47;
  • Himalayas, 41.
  • Hindu Koosh Mts., 244.
  • Hoa, 183.
  • Holbein, Hans, 92, 93.
  • Holbein rugs, 298;
    • octagonal disc in, 66.
    • Rugs described, 92, 93.
  • Homer, 69, 74, 110, 163.
  • Hulaku Khan, conquered Persia, 26;
    • Mongolian capital established in Persia by, 78.
  • Hunting carpets, 298;
    • symbolism in, 72.
    • Carpets described, 82.
  • Hurst, Dr. John, quoted, 257.
  • Hyderabad, 259, 262.
  • Hyderabad rugs described, 262.
  • Hyder Ali, 261.
  •  
  • I
  • Ibn Batutah, Meshed visited by, 110.
  • Iconium, 181.
  • Imari ware, 17.
  • Imeritia, 218.
  • India Museum, 122.
  • Indigo used as a dye, 38, 40.
  • Indigofera used as a dye, 38.
  • Indus river, 17, 24, 29.
  • Irak-Ajemi, 124, 127, 129.
  • Iran rugs, 100;
    • similarity in some rugs of the Kara-Geuz district to, 155.
    • Rugs described, 124, 125;
    • border stripes, 157.
  • Irtish river, 26.
  • Isbarta, 178.
  • Iskenderoon gulf, 163.
  • Ismael, Shah, established capital at Ardebil, 82;
    • Ardebil Mosque carpet made during reign of, 84;
    • carpets made at Herat during reign of, 89;
    • Ardebil Mosque carpet made by order of, 127.
  • Ispahan, sacked by Tamerlane, 27;
    • Shah Abbas transferred his court to, 29;
    • probability that some of the so-called Ispahans were made at, 89;
    • description of city, 111.
  • Ispahan blue, 42.
  • Ispahan rugs, lotus design in, 69;
    • made at Ispahan, 89;
    • sombre tones of, 90;
    • red fields of, 95;
    • blues and reds of the antique, 127;
    • palmettes of the antique, 145.
    • Modern rugs described, 111, 112, 113.
  •  
  • J
  • Jahan, Shah, 28; builder of Taj Mahal, 94;
    • Indian rug-weaving declined after death of, 253.
  • Jail system of India, 254.
  • Jaipur, 255, 259.
  • Jaipur rugs described, 259.
  • Japan, 17.
  • Jhelum river, suggested as origin of pear design, 70;
    • Srinagar on the, 255.
  • Joshaghan district, 132.
  • Joshaghan rugs, 100, 286, 298;
    • technicalities in weave of, 50.
    • Rugs described, 132, 133;
    • border stripes, 157.
  • Jubbulpur, 255, 258.
  • Jubbulpur rugs described, 258, 259.
  • Jute, used in weaving, 30, 33;
    • in Kulahs, 174;
    • in Vellore rugs, 261;
    • in Bangalore rugs, 262.
  •  
  • K
  • Kaaba, 117.
  • Kabistan, 199.
  • Kabistan rugs, 101, 204, 290, 292, 293, 304;
    • technicalities in weave of, 54;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • effulgent stars of, 91;
    • Cufic borders of, 92;
    • patterns of some Shirvans similar to those of, 213.
    • Rugs described, 200, 201, 202;
    • border stripes, 226, 228, 229.
  • Kain, 108.
  • Kaisariyeh, 190.
  • Kaisariyeh rugs described, 190, 191.
  • Kaiser Friedrich Museum, 79, 92.
  • Kang-hi rugs, 78, 101.
    • Rugs described, 268, 269;
    • border stripes, 274;
    • medallions, 273.
  • Karabacek, Dr., quoted, 74.
  • Karabagh district, 222, 224.
  • Karabagh rugs, 101, 290, 292;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 53;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • Karadaghs compared with, 151;
    • Shushas compared with, 224.
    • Rugs described, 222, 223.
  • Karadagh district, 151.
  • Karadagh rugs, 100, 286, 289.
    • Rugs described; border stripes, 157, 158.
  • Kara-Geuz district, 155.
  • Kara-Geuz rugs, 100, 154.
    • Rugs described, 155.
  • Karaje rugs, 100, 286;
    • technicalities in weave of, 53.
    • Rugs described, 143, 144.
  • Kara Kum desert, 241.
  • Karaman, 188.
  • Karaman rugs, 101, 289.
  • Kashan, 115, 127, 155.
  • Kashan rugs, 100, 285, 286, 288, 301, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 35, 51, 55;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • pattern of Sarouks like that of, 134;
    • correspondence of some rugs of Tabriz with, 145.
    • Rugs described, 127, 128, 129;
    • border stripes, 160.
  • Kashgar, 247.
  • Kashgar rugs, 101, 234, 282, 292.
  • Kashmir, 70, 255;
    • goat’s wool of, 32, 114.
  • Katchli, derivation of, 237;
    • pattern used in Tekkes, 239, 293.
  • Kazak rugs, 101, 290, 292, 304;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 53;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • Western Kurdistans compared with, 141;
    • Afshars compared with, 155;
    • Yuruks compared with, 191;
    • Tcherkess compared with, 209;
    • Kutais compared with, 222;
    • Genghas compared with, 224.
    • Rugs described, 219, 220, 221, 222;
    • border stripes, 226, 227, 228, 229.
  • Kazakje, 220.
  • Kea-king dynasty, 272.
    • Rugs described, 272.
  • Keen-lung dynasty. Rugs described, 270, 271, 272;
  • Kenares defined, 97.
  • Kerim, Khan, 115;
    • royal patronage of weaving at Shiraz under, 116.
  • Kermanshah, 83, 129, 138.
  • Kermanshah rugs, 134, 137, 147, 160, 285, 288, 301, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 52;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • corners of Khorassans compared with those of, 109;
    • Tabriz rugs compared with, 145, 146;
    • Amritsars mistaken for, 256.
    • Rugs described, 138, 139, 140;
    • border stripes, 38.
  • Kermes used as a dye, 38.
  • Key pattern, 27.
  • Khali defined, 97.
  • Khibitkas, defined, 238;
    • rugs made for doors of, 239.
  • Khiva, 110, 240, 241, 244.
  • Khiva rugs, 100, 233, 235, 242, 293;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61.
    • Rugs described, 240, 241;
    • border stripes, 250, 251.
  • Khorassan, 107, 115, 127;
    • wool of, 31;
    • Herats made in, 106;
    • Kurdistans in, 141;
    • Yomuds in, 241.
  • Khorassan rugs, 60, 100, 117, 288;
    • left-hand knots in, 48;
    • technicalities in weave of, 54, 55;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • resemblance of Mesheds to, 110.
    • Rugs described, 107, 108, 109, 110;
    • border stripes, 156.
  • Khotan, 278.
  • Kidderminster, 260.
  • Kilims, earliest rugs similar to, 75;
  • King-te Chin, 300.
  • Kirghiz, steppes, 235;
  • Kirman, 113, 115, 203, 206, 248;
    • wool of, 31;
    • carpets made during Caliphate at, 90;
    • early weavers taken to Asia Minor from, 181.
  • Kirman rugs, 100, 285, 297, 304;
    • technicalities in weave of, 50, 51, 53;
    • resemblance of Kermanshahs to, 138;
    • flowers in Tabriz rugs compared with those of, 145;
    • some old Bergamos as valuable as, 167.
    • Rugs described, 113, 114, 115;
    • border stripes, 158.
  • Kirmans, Turkish, 174.
  • Kir-Shehr, 185.
  • Kir-Shehr rugs, 101, 289, 290;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 63;
    • prayer arches of Bergamos compared with those of, 167;
    • prayer arches of Ladiks compared with those of, 183;
    • often called Anatolian, 187;
    • prayer arches of Mudjars compared with those of, 189;
    • prayer arches of Tuzlas compared with those of, 190.
    • Rugs described, 185, 186;
    • border stripes, 193.
  • Kis-kilims, 280.
  • Kizil Arvat, 241.
  • Kizil Irmak river, 185, 189.
  • Kizil Kum, “desert of red sands,” 235.
  • Knights of St. John, 28, 179.
  • Knots, Ghiordes, 48;
    • Sehna, 48;
    • right-hand, 48;
    • left-hand, 48;
    • peculiarities of, 48;
    • illustrated, 49.
  • Konieh, 188, 190.
  • Konieh rugs, 101, 289, 290;
    • technicalities in weave of, 55;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 63;
    • resemblance in pattern of Kir-Shehrs to that of, 186;
    • prayer arches of Anatolians compared with those of, 187.
    • Rugs described, 181, 182, 183;
    • border stripes, 193, 195.
  • Koran, 72.
  • Kuba, 199, 202.
  • Kuba rugs, 101, 290, 292.
  • Kublai Khan, 266.
  • Kulah, 164, 171, 174.
  • Kulah rugs, 101, 289, 290;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 52, 53, 54;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 64;
    • lily pattern in, 167;
    • Ghiordes rugs adopting border of, 171;
    • geometric leaf of, 180;
    • prayer arch of Koniehs compared with those of, 186.
    • Rugs described, 171, 172, 173, 174;
    • border stripes, 193, 194.
  • Kur valley, 207, 214.
  • Kurdistan, Persian, rugs, 100, 286, 287;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51;
    • Mina Khani pattern characteristic of, 105;
    • Western Kurdistans compared with, 141.
    • Rugs described, 142, 143;
    • border stripes, 157, 159.
  • Kurdistan rugs, 286;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 53, 57;
    • Karajes compared with, 143;
    • ground colour of some Mosuls similar to that of, 154;
    • some Kara-Geuz rugs similar to, 155.
  • Kurdistan, Western, rugs, 100, 286;
  • Kurds, 134, 136, 138, 140, 141, 145, 187, 191;
    • located at Ak-kal by Shah of Persia, 238.
  • Kutais, 218.
  • Kutais rugs, technicalities in weave of, 53.
  • Kutayah, 176.
  • Kutayah rugs described, 176.
  •  
  • L
  • Lacquer, 17.
  • Ladik rugs, 101, 167, 289, 290, 304;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 63;
    • pomegranate design in, 70;
    • border stripe of Melez rugs similar to that of, 177;
    • vandykes of Rhodian rugs resembling those of, 179;
    • nap of, 186;
    • Kir-Shehr panels compared with those of, 187;
    • vandykes in Mudjars borrowed from, 189.
    • Rugs described, 183, 184;
    • border stripes, 193, 194.
  • Lahore, 255, 256;
    • royal factory at, 94.
  • Lahore rugs, 101, 305.
  • Landor, Henry Savage, quoted, 300.
  • Laristan border stripe, 157.
  • Latch-hooks. _See_ Designs.
  • Latimer, C., quoted, 281.
  • Lattice-work pattern, 119, 121, 133, 134, 137, 204.
  • Lemons used as a mordant, 40.
  • Lesghian rugs, 101, 199, 290.
  • Lesghian tribes, 206, 207.
  • Limes used as a mordant, 40.
  • Linen, in Sehnas, 135;
    • in Tabriz, 146;
    • in Ghiordes, 171;
    • in Sarouks, 127;
    • in Kashans, 128.
  • Loom, described, 44;
    • illustrated, 45.
  • Lotus. _See_ Designs.
  • Luristan rugs, 286;
    • technicalities in weave of, 55.
  •  
  • M
  • Madder used as a dye, 38.
  • Madras, 259.
  • Madras rugs described, 259, 260.
  • Mahal rugs, 286, 288, 301, 305;
    • similar to Muskabads, 131, 132.
  • Maharajah, 259.
  • Makimonos, 180.
  • Makri rugs, 180.
  • Maksoud, 84, 127, 128.
  • Malek Shah made Ispahan the capital of Persia, 26.
  • Malgaran, 246.
  • Manchoos, 268.
  • Mangishlar peninsula, 238.
  • Marco Polo, referred to Armenian carpets, 91;
    • referred to Kirman weavings, 113;
    • visited Kashgar, 247.
  • Marsulipatam, 259, 260.
  • Marsulipatam rugs described, 260.
  • Martin, Dr. F. R., quoted and cited, 74, 77, 79, 81, 82, 89, 90, 116, 227.
  • Maya ruins, swastika on, 65.
  • Mecca, 77, 98;
    • pilgrimages to, 99;
    • bit of earth from, 221, 223.
  • Mecca rugs, 117, 118.
  • Medallions. _See_ Designs.
  • Medes, 23, 24, 66, 234.
  • Medina, 77, 296.
  • Melez rugs, 101, 290;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 63;
    • sometimes called Anatolians, 187.
    • Rugs described, 176, 177, 178;
    • border stripes, 193, 195.
  • Mersherski, 88.
  • Merv Kilims, 280, 281.
  • Meshed, pilgrimages to, 99, 108.
  • Meshed rugs, 100, 147, 217, 288, 301.
    • Rugs described, 110, 111;
    • border stripes, 158.
  • Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York; rugs exhibited in, 78, 79, 80, 82, 85, 86, 91, 93.
  • Michelangelo, 16.
  • Mina Khan, 105.
  • Mina Khani pattern, 105, 142, 152, 249;
    • illustrated, 291.
  • Ming dynasty, 78, 81, 266, 268;
    • coat of arms of, 92.
  • Ming rugs, 101, 298.
    • Rugs described, 266.
  • Mirabad, 130.
  • Mirror backs in Chinese rugs, 267, 272, 273.
  • Mir-Sarabend. _See_ Sarabend.
  • Mirzapur, 255, 258.
  • Mirzapur rugs described, 258.
  • Mohair, 174.
  • Mohammed, 24;
    • epithet applied to Guli Hinnaiby, 104.
  • Mohammedans, 98, 103, 113, 237, 257;
    • dominant in Southwestern Asia, 25;
    • invaded India, 28;
    • Meshed sacred to, 110;
    • prejudice against depicting animals by Sunnite, 165;
    • Caucasia invaded by, 198;
    • influence on weaving by, 58, 270.
  • Mongols, captured Bagdad, 26;
    • gained foothold in India, 28;
    • in Persia, 62;
    • in Caucasia, 198;
    • overran Turkestan, 234.
  • Mordants, 40.
  • Mordecai, 122.
  • Moslems, 70;
    • preserved art treasures, 76;
    • green sacred to, 85.
  • Mosul district, 152.
  • Mosul rugs, 101, 286, 287, 302, 304, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 52;
    • Western Kurdistans confused with, 141;
    • Persian Kurdistan and Bijar rugs compared with, 143;
    • resemblance of weave of some Gozene rugs with that of, 156.
    • Rugs described, 152, 153, 154;
    • border stripes, 157, 158, 159.
  • Mt. Ararat, 103, 219.
  • Mt. Ida, 163.
  • Mt. Kazbek, 206.
  • Mt. Olympus, 181, 191.
  • Mudjar, 189.
  • Mudjar rugs, 101, 290;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 63;
    • frequently classed as Anatolians, 187.
    • Rugs described, 189, 190;
    • border stripes, 193.
  • Multan, 255.
  • Multan rugs described, 257.
  • Mumford, John Kimberly, cited, v, 67.
  • Musée des Arts Decoratifs, 79.
  • Muskabad district, 131.
  • Muskabad rugs, 100, 286, 288, 301, 305;
    • turtle border in, 71.
    • Rugs described, 131, 132;
    • border stripes, 157, 159.
  •  
  • N
  • Nadir Shah, Afghans defeated by, 29;
    • influence of, 103;
    • art decadence following capture of Herat by, 106;
    • destruction of Herat by, 110;
    • weavers removed to Northern Persia by, 113, 132;
    • Shemakha almost destroyed by, 214;
    • Shusha built by, 224;
    • overthrow of Mogul dominion by, 254.
  • Namads, 115, 122.
  • Namazlik, 98, 150.
  • Netsukés, 17.
  • Nigde, 190.
  • Nigde rugs, 101; classed as Anatolians, 187187.
    • Rugs described, 190.
  • Nijni Novgorod, 235.
  • Nimrod, 23.
  • Nineveh, 23, 102;
    • drawings on walls of, 74;
    • Mosul near ruins of, 152.
  • Niris lake, wool obtained near, 31.
  • Niris rugs, 100, 204, 286, 287, 304.
  • Nizami manuscript determining age of Hunting Carpets, 82.
  • Nomadic influence, 106;
    • characteristics in rugs, 134; rugs, 58, 153.
  •  
  • O
  • Oak gall, used as a dye, 40.
  • Odjalik, 97.
  • Omar Khayyam, 108, 110.
  • Onosma echioides used as a dye, 41.
  • Orenburg, 235, 240.
  • Oriental art, 16.
  • Ottoman Turks, 27, 28.
  • Oushak, city and district, 164, 176.
  • Oushak rugs, type of modern, 94;
    • evidences of Persian treatment in, 166.
    • Rugs described, 174, 175.
  • Outer edging in Kirmans, 114;
    • in Hamadans, 123;
    • in Sarouks, 126;
    • in Bijars, 137;
    • in Kermanshahs, 139;
    • in Mosuls, 153.
    • Overcasting of sides; weft overcasting described, 55, 56;
    • illustrated, 49;
    • double overcasting described, 55, 56;
    • illustrated, 49.
  • Oxus river (Amu Daria), 23, 24, 235, 238, 240, 243, 244.
  •  
  • P
  • Palais de Commerce at Lyons, 80.
  • Palm design. _See_ Designs.
  • Pamir plateau, sheep of, 31;
    • mountains of, 235.
  • Paropamisus Mts., 235.
  • Parsees, 103;
    • symbolism derived from fire worship of, 58, 71;
    • at Baku, 211.
  • Parthians, 24.
  • Patna rugs, 101.
  • Paul, St., 166, 181.
  • Pear design. _See_ Designs.
  • Pergamus, 166, 168.
  • Persepolis, 103.
  • Phasis river, 197.
  • Pile of rugs, 47.
  • Pliny, 74.
  • Polish silk carpets, reciprocal trefoils in, 65;
    • Chinese cloud-bands in, 67;
    • lotus in, 69.
    • Carpets described, 88;
    • bright hues of, 90.
  • Polonaise carpets. _See_ Polish silk.
  • Pomegranate. _See_ Designs.
  • Pomegranate rind used as a mordant, 40.
  • Porter, Sir Robert Kerr, quoted, 106, 138.
  • Prayer arches, 60, 62;
    • illustrated, 61, 63.
  • Prayer rugs. _See_ Namazlik.
  • Priam, 166.
  • Prometheus, 197.
  • Punjab, 255, 256, 257.
  •  
  • R
  • Ratanjot used as a dye, 16.
  • Rembrandt, 16.
  • Rhodes, Isle of, 28, 178.
  • Rhodian rugs, 101, 289.
  • Rion river, 218.
  • River loop. _See_ Designs.
  • Robinson, Vincent, cited, 80, 81, 86, 88, 254, 258, 259.
  • Rubens, 16.
  • Rubia cordifolia used as a dye, 41.
  • Rubia tinctorum used as a dye, 38.
  • Runners, 97.
  • Ruskin, John, quoted, 18.
  •  
  • S
  • Saadi, 115.
  • Saddle-bags, 117, 135, 249.
  • Safavid dynasty, 29, 81, 83, 84, 85, 89, 103.
  • Saffron used as a dye, 39.
  • Salors, 233.
  • Samarkand, capital of Tamerlane, 27;
    • the “Mirror of the World,” 245.
  • Samarkand rugs, 101, 233, 265, 282, 293;
    • technicalities in weave of, 50;
    • swastika in, 65.
    • Rugs described, 245, 246, 247;
    • border stripes, 251.
  • Samo-Kien, 246.
  • Sarabend rugs, 285, 304;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51;
    • pear design of, 70, 116, 119, 144, 153;
    • turtle border in, 71;
    • pile of, 133.
    • Rugs described, 129, 130;
    • border stripes, 158, 160.
    • Mir-Sarabends, 130.
    • Royal Sarabends, 130.
  • Saracenic art, 21;
  • Saracens, carpet weaving introduced into India by, 94;
    • Persia under dominion of, 103;
    • Baku in possession of, 210.
  • Saraks, town of, 136, 238.
  • Sarawan district, 129, 131.
  • Sarouk, 125.
  • Sarouk rugs, 134, 285, 286, 288, 301, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 52, 53, 55;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • animal carpet with weave similar to that of, 86;
    • corners of Khorassans compared with those of, 109;
    • patterns of Bijars compared with those of, 137.
    • Tabriz rugs compared with, 145, 146.
    • Rugs described, 125, 126, 127;
    • border stripes, 160.
  • Sassanides, Kingdom of, 24;
    • elaborate carpets made during rule of, 74;
    • capture of capital of, 75.
  • Savalans, 131.
  • Sedjadeh, 97.
  • Sehna, 48, 129, 133.
  • Sehna rugs, 100, 286, 304;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51, 54;
    • medallions of, 60;
    • turtle border in, 71.
    • Herati design in Persian Kurdistans borrowed from, 142.
    • Rugs described, 133, 134, 135;
  • Sehna kilims, 278.
  • Seljukian Turks, effect on art, 26;
    • powerful in Asia Minor, 27;
    • overthrow by Genghis Khan, 78;
    • invasion of Southern Persia by, 90;
    • monuments in Armenia of, 91;
    • dominion in Persia of, 103;
    • Konieh surrendered to, 181.
  • Selvage, weft selvage described, 55, 56;
    • illustrated, 49;
    • double selvage described, 55, 56;
    • illustrated, 49;
    • mixed selvage described, 56.
  • Serapi rugs, 285;
    • turtle border in, 71.
    • Rugs described, 148, 149;
    • border stripes, 157.
  • Shah Abbas pattern, 198, 206.
  • Shemakha, city of, 214.
  • Shemakha rugs, 101, 290, 292.
  • Shield of David. _See_ Designs.
  • Shiites, 58;
    • animal designs permitted by, 72;
    • Meshed sacred to, 110.
  • Shiraz, wool of, 31;
    • city of, 115.
  • Shiraz rugs, 100, 286, 288, 297, 301, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • latch-hooks in, 67;
    • resemblance of Niris rugs to, 119;
    • pear design of Kabistans similar to those of, 201;
    • wool of Tiflis rugs suggests that of, 217.
    • Rugs described, 115, 116, 117, 118;
    • border stripes, 158;
    • saddle-bags, 117.
  • Shirvan district conquered by Solyman the Magnificent, 28.
  • Shirvan rugs, 101, 290, 292, 293, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 54;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • design of Shiraz rugs similar to that of, 117;
    • weave of Kabistans compared with that of, 201;
    • pattern of Chichis resembling that of, 207;
    • geometric design of Bakus seen in, 211;
    • some patterns of Genghas similar to those of, 225.
    • Rugs described, 212, 213, 214;
    • border stripes, 226, 227, 228, 229, 231.
    • Kilims, 278.
  • Shusha, 224.
  • Shusha rugs, 101, 290.
    • Rugs described, 224.
    • Sides, finish of, 55; illustrated, 49.
  • Silk, used for weaving, 33;
    • indigenous to Asia, 33;
    • cultivated at Kashgar and Yarkand, 247;
    • used in Kirmans, 114;
    • in Yezd rugs, 115;
    • in Hamadans, 122;
    • in Kashans, 128;
    • in Sehnas, 134, 135;
    • in Ghiordes, 178;
    • in Hereke rugs, 181;
    • in Kaisariyeh rugs, 190;
    • in Royal Bokharas, 236.
  • Silk carpets, sent to Sultan of Constantinople, 87;
    • made at Kashan, 128.
  • Sindh, 255, 259.
  • Sindh rugs described, 259.
  • Sirab, village of, 148.
  • Sivas, Seljukian gate at, 170;
    • city of, 188.
  • Sivas rugs described, 188, 189.
  • Smyrna, 164, 175, 176;
    • Yuruks at, 191.
  • Smyrna rugs, 101;
    • Broussa rugs compared with those of, 181;
    • Indian rugs compared with those of, 254.
    • Rugs described, 176.
  • Solyman, King, the ring of, 66;
    • pomegranates cultivated in days of, 69;
    • his emblem of an eight-pointed star, 158.
  • Solyman the Magnificent, Iran threatened by, 28;
    • weavers taken to Asia Minor by, 94, 175.
  • Soumak rugs, 290, 292;
    • weave of, 47;
    • designs of cross in, 67;
    • tri-cleft leaf in, 91, 209;
    • Kubas and Shemakhas compared with, 203;
    • patterns of Shirvans compared with those of, 213.
    • Rugs described, 214, 215, 216;
    • border stripes, 228, 230.
  • Sousa, reciprocal sawtooth on monuments of, 231.
  • South Kensington Museum, 15, 83, 259.
  • Spanish rugs sent to Queen Eleanor, 25.
  • Sparta rugs. _See_ Isbarta.
  • Spindle, 34, 35.
  • Spinning, 34, 35.
  • Spring of Chosroes carpet described, 76.
  • Srinagar, 70, 255.
  • Srinagar rugs described, 255.
  • Stebbing, Edward, cited, 82;
  • St. Sophia, 19, 28.
  • Star design. _See_ Designs.
  • Stein, Dr. M. A., cited, 278.
  • Strabo, 74.
  • Stripes. _See_ Border.
  • Suj-Bulak, town of, 150.
  • Suj-Bulak rugs, 286.
  • Sulphate of iron used as a mordant, 40.
  • Sulphate of tin used as a mordant, 40.
  • Sultanabad, 129, 131, 132.
  • Sultanabad rugs, 286;
    • Indian rugs compared with those of, 254, 256.
    • Rugs described, 131.
  • Sumach used as a dye, 38.
  • Sumerians, 23.
  • Sung dynasty, 266.
  • Sunnites opposed to depicting animal figures, 58, 72, 91, 99, 165, 254.
  • Swastika. Illustrated, 291. _See_ Designs.
  • Symbols in colours and designs, 18, 19, 20, 58, 59, 72.
  •  
  • T
  • Tabriz, 136, 145, 148, 151, 227;
    • captured by Solyman the Magnificent, 28, 94;
    • dyers from, 40;
    • an important art centre, 89;
    • a mart for rugs, 99;
    • Herat carpets in hall of governor at, 106.
  • Tabriz rugs, 286, 287, 288, 297, 301, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 53, 55;
    • Chinese cloud-band in, 67;
    • medallions of Herez rugs similar to those of, 149.
    • Rugs described, 145, 146.
  • Taj Mahal, 94, 257.
  • Tak-i-Bostan, rock-carved sculptures of, 83.
  • Tamara, Queen, 197, 198.
  • Tamarind used as a mordant, 40.
  • Tamasp, Shah, 28, 82, 169;
    • Ardebil carpet finished during reign of, 84;
    • silk rugs made during reign of, 87;
    • Herat an important art centre during time of, 89;
    • Tabriz carpets woven during reign of, 145.
  • Tamerlane, 172, 254;
    • Mongols united by, 27;
    • Ispahan sacked by, 111;
    • artists gathered at Samarkand by, 234;
    • Samarkand made capital by, 246;
    • Multan captured by, 257.
  • Tang dynasty, 266.
  • Tanjore district, 259.
  • Taoist symbols, 271.
  • Tao-Kwang, 272. Rugs described, 272.
  • “Tapis de l’Asie Centrale” quoted, 233.
  • Tartars, 26, 220;
  • Turkestan conquered by, 234.
  • Tartary, 31, 32.
  • Tchechen. _See_ Chichi.
  • Tcherkess (Circassian) rugs, 290, 292, 304, 305;
    • technicalities in weave of, 54;
    • tri-cleft leaf in, 91;
    • long nap of Western Kurdistans similar to that of, 141;
    • sunburst pattern of Kazaks similar to that of, 220.
    • Rugs described, 208, 209, 210;
    • border stripes, 227.
  • Tcherkess tribes, 209.
  • Teheran, 138;
    • caravans to Meshed from, 110.
  • Teheran rugs described, 154, 155.
  • Tekke, derivation of name, 238.
  • Tekke rugs, 101, 233, 293;
    • illustration of prayer arch of, 61;
    • S design in, 65;
    • selvage at sides of Beluchistans similar to that of, 235;
    • similarity in colours of Yomuds and those of, 242;
    • designs in Afghans and Yomuds similar to those of, 244.
    • Rugs described, 238, 239, 240;
    • border stripes, 250, 251.
  • Terek valley, 207, 208.
  • Terminalia citrina used as a dye, 40.
  • Tiflis, overrun by Seljukian Turks, 26;
    • mart for rugs, 99;
    • caravans from Tabriz to, 145;
    • capital of Georgia, 217.
  • Tiflis rugs, 298;
    • technicalities in weave of, 53;
    • resemblance between weave of Kutais and that of, 219.
    • Rugs described, 217, 218;
    • border stripes, 227.
  • Tiger skin pattern, 267.
  • Timurids, invasion of, 103, 136;
    • designs due to, 80, 166.
  • Titian, 16.
  • Toledo, 17.
  • Toon, 108.
  • Trebizond, 145, 163.
  • Turanian races, geometric designs among, 62.
  • Turkish Kilims, 280.
  • Turmeric used as a dye, 41.
  • Turtle border, 121, 132, 157;
    • probable origin of, 71, 79.
  • Tuz Gul, lake, 187, 190.
  • Tuzla rugs sometimes classed as Anatolians, 187.
    • Rugs described, 190.
  • Type characteristics, not invariable, v;
    • term defined, 107.
  •  
  • U
  • Urumiah lake, 150, 155, 224.
  • Uzbeck Tartars, care of sheep by, 31.
  •  
  • V
  • Valonia used as a mordant, 40.
  • Value of antique carpets, 15, 16, 304.
  • Vambery, Prof., cited, 241.
  • Van lake, 141, 152, 224.
  • Vandykes. _See_ Designs.
  • Vellore, 259, 261.
  • Vellore rugs described, 261.
  • Victoria and Albert Museum, 93.
  • Vienna publication of Oriental carpets, 80, 259.
  •  
  • W
  • Warangal, 259, 262.
  • Warangal rugs described, 262.
  • Warp, arrangement on loom, 46;
    • characteristics of, 51, 52;
    • illustrated, 49.
  • Washing, materials for weaving, 33, 34, 36;
  • Weaving described, 46, 47;
    • illustrated, 49.
  • “Wedding of the Foundling,” 92.
  • Weft, arrangement of, 47;
    • technical characteristics of, 52, 53, 54, 55.
  • Whirling Dervishes, at Konieh, 181.
  • Williams, C. F., 78, 79, 93.
  • Whistler cited, 17.
  • Wise men of the East, 127.
  • Wool, of the camel, 30, 32, 124, 153, 249;
  •  
  • X
  • Xenophon, 99, 140, 181.
  • Xerxes, 115.
  •  
  • Y
  • Yak’s hair. _See_ Wool.
  • Yaprak, 175.
  • Yarkand, 247.
  • Yarkand rugs, 234, 265, 282, 293.
    • Rugs described, 247, 248;
    • border stripes, 251.
  • Yarn, 35.
  • Yerkes sale, 15, 82, 86, 304, 306.
  • Yezd, 110, 115, 222.
  • Yezd rugs described, 115.
  • Yomud rugs, 205, 233, 235, 293, 304;
    • colour scheme of Beshires similar to that of, 243.
    • Rugs described, 241, 242;
    • border stripes, 250, 251;
    • saddle-bags, 242.
  • Yomud tribes, 235;
    • robbed of their land by Tekkes, 231, 241.
  • Yuan dynasty, 266.
  • Yung-ching, 269.
  • Yung-ching rugs described, 269, 270;
    • border stripes, 274;
    • medallions, 273.
  • Yuruk rugs, 289, 290, 304;
    • technicalities in weave of, 51.
    • Rugs described, 191, 192;
    • border stripes, 194.
  • Yuruk tribes, 155, 163, 191, 220.
  •  
  • Z
  • Zabalpur rugs, 101.
  • Zagros Mts., 21, 103, 140.
  • Zarafshan river, 245.
  • Zoroaster, 18, 58, 210.
  • Zoroastrians, 69.