Ancient writers have left but little information about the personal appearance of the Saviour; and the vagueness of their accounts proves the absence of a type which was universally recognized as authentic. Many documents concerning this subject must be rejected as forgeries of a later age. Such is the pretended letter of Lentulus, governor of Judæa, to the Senate, describing the appearance of Jesus. In the same way we should regard the images attributed to Nicodemus and Luke, and those called acheiropitæ (not painted by human hands), like the famous one of the chapel of the Sancta Sanctorum,[167] the first historical mention of which dates from a. d. 752, when Pope Stephen II. carried it in a procession from the Lateran to S. Maria Maggiore, to obtain divine protection against Aistulphus. Garrucci questions whether it may not be that of Camulianus, described by Gregory of Nyssa; or a copy of the image alleged to have been sent by the Saviour himself to Abgar, king of Edessa,[168] with an autograph letter. Must we consider these and other portraits, like the "Volto Santo" in the Vatican, as fanciful as the old youthful Roman type of the Good Shepherd? There can be no doubt that in some provinces of the East, like Palestine, Syria, and Phœnicia, the oral traditions about the personal appearance of the Saviour were kept for many generations. It is also probable that the tradition was confirmed by some work of art, like the celebrated group of Paneas (Bâniâs). With regard to this, Eusebius says that the woman with the issue of blood, grateful to the Saviour for her cure (Mark v., 25-34), caused a statue, representing Him in the act of performing the miracle, to be set up in front of her house; that it still existed when he wrote, and was held in great veneration throughout Palestine and the whole East. Sozomenos adds that Julian the Apostate substituted his own statue for it, but that the imperial image was struck by lightning. This excited the wrath of the pagans to such an extent that they destroyed the group of Christ and the Woman, which Julian had caused to be removed. Cassiodorus, Rufinus, Kedrenos, and Malala, assert that the head was saved from destruction. It has been suggested that the group did not represent the woman at the feet of the Saviour, but a conquered province kneeling before the Roman emperor and addressing him as her Saviour (ΣΩΤΗΡΙ). But this explanation seems more ingenious than probable, because it implies that Christians, Eusebius included, had mistaken the portrait of a Roman conqueror for that of Christ, which would have been so different in type, dress, and attitude. At all events, the belief that the group of Bâniâs was a genuine likeness was general in the fourth century. Eusebius contributed to make it known in the Western world; and to this diffusion we probably owe the second type of the Saviour's physiognomy, the bearded face, the large impressive eyes, the hair parted in the middle, and falling in locks on the shoulders.[169]
To this type belongs the bust discovered four years ago in the "locus ad catacumbas." According to an ingenious hypothesis of Bottari, adopted by de Rossi, the Paneas group is represented on the Lateran sarcophagus, engraved by Roller in the second volume of his "Catacombs," plate 58.
The Cemetery of Cyriaca. This, the principal cemetery of the Via Tiburtina, was excavated in the hill above the basilica of S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura. It is the one with which I have had most to do, because the building of the new Camposanto, together with the sinking of the foundations of the new tombs, has been the occasion of frequent discoveries. One of the characteristic features of Cyriaca's cemetery is the large number of military inscriptions from the prætorian camp which were used to close the graves, the name of the deceased Christian being engraved on the blank side of the slab. On December 23, 1876, a landslide of considerable extent took place along the southern face of the rock in which the catacombs are excavated, in consequence of which many loculi, arcosolia, and painted cubicula were laid open. I happened to witness the accident, and was able to direct the exploration of the graves. Among the objects discovered, I remember a pair of silver earrings, a necklace of gold and emeralds, sixteen inches long, clay objects of various kinds, gladiatorial and theatrical lamps, and nine Christian tombstones. One of them was engraved on the back of a slab from the prætorian camp, containing the roster of one hundred and fifty soldiers from the twelfth and fourteenth city cohorts (cohortes urbanæ). Each individual has his prænomen, nomen, and cognomen, carefully indicated, together with the names of his father, tribe, and country. The men are grouped in companies, which are indicated by the name of their captains, such as the "company of Marcellus" or the "company of Tranquillinus," with the consular date of the year in which Marcellus and Tranquillinus were in command of that company. Another part of the same roster, engraved on a slab of the same marble and size, and containing many more names, was found a century and a half ago in the same place, and removed to the Vatican Museum.
One of the tombs, discovered during the following January, seems to have belonged to a lady of rank. A gold necklace and a pair of opal earrings were found in the earth which filled the grave. Relatives or friends of the occupants of the cubiculum had written on the plaster words of affection and devotion, such as "Gaianus, live in Christ with Procula;" "Semplicius, live in Christ."
It is to be regretted that, in order to make room for the daily victims of death, the municipality of Rome should be obliged to turn out of their graves the faithful of the third and fourth centuries who were buried in the neighborhood of S. Lorenzo. In 1876 I witnessed the discovery of a section of the old cemetery at the foot of the hill of Cyriaca. The tombs were mostly sarcophagi, with reliefs, the subjects of which are taken from the Bible. One of them, carved in the rude but pathetic style of the fifth century, represents the crossing of the Red Sea, and the Egyptian hosts, led by Pharaoh, following closely on the Jews. The waves are closing over the persecutors, just as the last of the fugitives emerges safely on the land. The "column of fire" is represented, according to the Vitruvian rules, with base and capital; and the costumes of the warriors of the Nile are those of Roman gregarii, or privates, under Constantine. Another sarcophagus shows the Virgin Mary, with the infant Saviour in her arms, receiving the offering of the Eastern kings. A third represents a sort of pageant of court dignitaries of one of the Valentinians. Besides these and many other pieces of sculpture seventy-two inscriptions or fragments of inscriptions were dug up, mostly from the pavement of a ruined chapel, one of the seven by which the basilica of S. Lorenzo was surrounded in ancient times.
Another inscription, discovered in 1864, deserves attention on account of the instruments which are engraved upon it. It is a fragment from the tomb of a dentist named Victorinus, or Celerinus, with the representation of the instruments he used in extracting teeth. Such representations are by no means rare on gravestones. The other two specimens reproduced here are also from the catacombs. Alexander was a dentist; the unknown owner of the other slab was a general surgeon, yet the symbol of dentistry occupies the prominent place in his display of tools. In my experience of Roman or Latin excavations, in which thousands of tombs have been brought to light, I have hardly ever met with a skull the teeth of which showed symptoms of decay, or evidence of having been operated upon by a professional hand. Specimens of filling are even more rare than those of gold plating. Of this latter process we have now a beautiful sample in a skull discovered in the excavations of Faleria, and exhibited in the Faliscan Museum at the Villa Giulia, outside the Porta del Popolo. The gold socket or plating of three molar teeth is still in excellent condition. And here I may recall the ancient law, mentioned by Cicero (De Leg. ii. 24), which made it illegal to bury a body with gold, except such as had been used in fastening the teeth.
The Cemetery ad Duas Lauros (of SS. Peter and Marcellinus).[170] To the left of the second milestone of the Via Labicana there was an imperial villa, named ad Duas Lauros (the two laurels), where the empress Helena was buried by Constantine, and Valentinian III. was murdered when playing with other youths, in 455. Adjoining the tomb of the empress, which was described in chapter iv., pp. 197 sq., were two cemeteries,—one above ground, belonging to the "Equites Singulares," or body guards; the other, below. The latter was the largest of the Via Labicana, and was known in early Church annals under the same name as the imperial villa. In 1880-82 a third and deeper network of galleries was excavated for the sake of extracting the pozzolana, the beds of which support the tufa and the catacombs excavated in it. Some damage was done to the tombs, but the Italian proverb Non tutto il male viene per nuocere proved true once more on this occasion. The excavation of the catacombs, which is generally a difficult and costly work, and sometimes impossible, when the owner of the ground above them objects to this form of trespassing on his estate, here became an easy matter, the earth being simply thrown into the sandpits from the catacombs above. The discoveries made on this occasion, added to the descriptions and drawings left by former explorers, give us a thorough knowledge of these labyrinths. The impression which they make at first is rather poor; but this is due chiefly to the ravages committed by early explorers.
The inscriptions are few and not particularly interesting, excepting one, which was discovered in 1873, and is written in excellent style: "Aurelius Theophilus, a citizen of Carrhæ, a man of pure mind and great innocence, at the age of twenty-three has rendered his soul to God, his body to the earth." His native city, the Haran, or Charan of the Bible, where Abraham lived, is known in Church annals as one of the strongholds of paganism in Mesopotamia. When Julian the Apostate led the Roman armies against the Persians, in 362, he halted for some time at Carrhæ, to perform impious and cruel sacrifices in the sanctuary of Luno. A description of the crime is given by Theodoretus in Book III. ch. xxvi. At that time Carrhæ, in spite of its devotion to the old religion, had a bishop named Vitus, who died in 381, and was succeeded by Protogenes. According to Theodoretus, he succeeded in "cultivating that wild field which had been covered with idolatrous thorns." Aurelius Theophilus was probably a contemporary of these events, as the inscription on his tombstone belongs undoubtedly to the end of the fourth century. There are also a few inscriptions scratched on plaster, by pilgrims who visited the three historical crypts of Marcellinus and Peter, Gorgonius, and Tiburtius. To save devout visitors the trouble and danger of crossing the labyrinths, each of these crypts was made accessible directly from the ground above by means of a staircase. The graffiti are found mostly on the sides or at the foot of these staircases, or else on the door-posts of the crypts themselves.
The historical and religious associations of this catacomb are summed up and illustrated in a beautiful picture representing the Saviour with S. Paul on his right and S. Peter on his left: and, on a line below, the four martyrs who were buried in the cemetery, Gorgonius, Peter, Marcellinus, and Tiburtius, pointing with their right hands to the Divine Lamb on the mountain. The heads of the two apostles are particularly fine, and the shape of their beards most characteristic. This well-known fresco, preserved in cubiculum no. 25 of Bosio's plan, was discovered in 1851 by de Rossi, in a curious manner. Having obtained from padre Marchi permission to carry the excavations towards the cubiculum, and finding that the work proceeded too slowly for his impatience, he crept on his hands and feet for fifty yards along the narrow gap between the ceiling of the galleries and the earth with which they were filled, and reached the cubiculum nearly suffocated. Here, by means of a skylight which was not obstructed by rubbish, he found that the place was used as a deposit for carrion, as the half-putrefied carcass of a bull was lying under the famous fresco.
Many cubiculi were painted by one artist, whose power of invention was rather restricted. He has but two subjects: the story of Jonah, and the Symbolic Supper. Of this last there are four representations, all reproduced from the same pattern, of which I give an example. A family consisting of father, mother, and children, are sitting around a table, upon which the ιχθυς or fish is served; the banquet is presided over by two mystic figures, Irene or Peace on the left, Agape or Love on the right. The head of the family addresses Peace with these words: "Irene, da calda!" and Love, "Agape, misce mi!" The last words are easily understood: "Give me to drink," the verb mescere being still used in the same sense in Tuscany, where a wine-shop is sometimes called a mescita di vino. The meaning of the word calda is not certain. There is no doubt, as Bötticher says, that the ancients had something to correspond to our tea: but the calda seems to have been more than an infusion; apparently it was a mixture of hot water, wine, and drugs, that is, a sort of punch, which was drunk mostly in winter.[171] The names written in charcoal above the principal inscriptions in this illustration are those of Pomponio Leto and his academicians.[172]
Another artist distinguished himself in these catacombs, not from skill in design and color, but from the beautiful subjects chosen by him for the decoration of the walls and ceilings of three cubiculi,—compositions which may be called "The Gospel Illustrated." They have been admirably described and reproduced by photographs and in outline by monsignore Joseph Wilpert, in his book referred to in the note on page 354. The intuition of this learned man in detecting paintings which have been effaced by age, dampness, and smoke is fully appreciated by students of Christian archæology: but on this occasion he accomplished a real tour de force. When, on December 19, I entered the cubiculum no. 54, in which the paintings are, and he began to point out to me outlines of figures and objects, I thought he was laboring under an optical delusion; I could see nothing beyond a blackened and mouldy plaster surface. My eyes, however, soon became initiated to the new experience, and able to read the lines of this curious palimpsest. The dark spots soon grew into shape, and lovely groups, inspired by the purest Christian symbolism, appeared on the walls. There are thirteen pictures, representing the following-named subjects: the annunciation, the three magi following the star (which is shaped like the monogram ), their adoration at Bethlehem, the baptism of our Lord, the last judgment, the healing of the blind, the crippled, and the woman with the issue of blood, the woman of Samaria, the Good Shepherd (twice), the Orantes (twice).
The catacombs of SS. Peter and Marcellinus have another attraction for students. Poor as they are in epitaphs and works of art, they contain hundreds of names of celebrated humanists, archæologists, and artists who explored these depths in the fifteenth and sixteenth centuries, and made record of their visits. When one walks between two lines of graves, in the almost oppressive stillness of the cemetery, with no other company than one's thoughts, the names of Pomponius Letus and his academicians, of Bosio, Panvinio, Avanzini, Severano, Marangoni, Marchi, and d'Agincourt, written in bold letters, give the lonely wanderer the impression of meeting living and dear friends; and one wonders at the great love which these pioneers of "humanism" must have had for antiquities, to have spent days and days, and to have held their conferences and banquets, in places like these.
In chapter i., page 10, of "Ancient Rome," I mentioned Pomponio's Academy, and its visits to the crypts of Callixtus. Since the publication of my book, the subject has been investigated again and illustrated by Giacomo Lombroso[173] and de Rossi.[174] It appears that after the trial which the Academicians underwent at the time of Paul II., and their unexpected liberation from the Castle of S. Angelo, they decided to turn over a new leaf. From a fraternity which was pagan in manners and instincts, which had made itself conspicuous by the use of profane language, and by the celebration of profane meetings over the tombs of the martyrs, they became the "Societas literatorum S. Victoris et sociorum in Esquiliis," a literary society under the patronage of S. Victor and his companion saints, namely, Fortunatus and Genesius. Their pontifex maximus became a president; their sacerdos a priest, whose duty it was to say mass on certain anniversaries. The most important celebration fell, as before, on April 21, the birthday of Rome. We have a description by an eye-witness, Jacopo Volaterrano, of that which took place in 1483: "On the Esquiline,[175] near the house of Pomponius, the society of literary men has celebrated the birthday of Rome. Divine service was performed by Peter Demetrius of Lucca; Paul Marsus delivered the oration. The dinner was served in the hall adjoining the chapel of S. Salvatore de Cornutis," etc. In 1501, after the death of Pomponius, the anniversary meetings were held on the Capitol; the solemn mass was sung in the church of the Aracœli, while the banquet took place in the Palazzo dei Conservatori. The convivial feast of 1501 was not a success. Burckhardt describes it as satis feriale et sine bono vino (commonplace and with no good wine).
Was the conversion of the Academicians a sincere one? We believe it was not; they manifested under Sixtus V. the same feelings which had brought them to justice under Paul II.
In the calendars of the Church of Rome only one name is registered on April 21, that of Pope Victor. His alleged companions, Fortunatus and Genesius, were singled out of old, disused calendars of the church of Africa, unknown to the Latins. Why did the academicians select such enigmatic and obscure protectors? The reason is evident. Genesius was chosen because his name suggested an allusion to the genesis (natalis) or birthday of Rome; Victor and Fortunatus, likewise, were considered names of good omen, with a suggestion of the Victory and Fortune who presided over the destinies of ancient Rome.
Under the protection of these alleged saints, Pomponius and his friends worshipped, and celebrated the birthday of Rome, and the goddesses connected with the city.[176]
This state of things did not wholly escape the attention of contemporary observers. One of them, Raffaele Volaterrano, expressly says: "Pomponius Lætus worshipped Romulus and kept the birthday of Rome; the beginning of a campaign against religion (initium abolendæ fidei)."
The Roman academy found the means of keeping faithful to its traditions, and to the spirit of its institutions, in spite of the reform of its statutes. Victor, Fortunatus, Genesius, in whose honor divine service was performed on April 20, did not represent to the initiated the saints of the Church, but the fortunes of ancient Rome, its founder, the Paliliæ. Still, we are not yet able to discover whether all this was done simply out of love and admiration for the ancient world, under the influence of the Renaissance of classical studies; or from hatred and contempt of Christian faith: initium abolendæ fidei.
THE END.
TEXT AS EDITED BY MOMMSEN
(See Chapter II., pp. 73-82)
INDEX.
For the names of individual arches, basilicas, catacombs, churches, forums, palaces, piazzas, statues, streets, temples, tombs, and villas, see the headings, Arch, Basilica, Catacombs, Churches, etc.
- Academy of Pomponio, 359
- Achilleus, martyr, bas-relief representing his execution, 339 (cut)
- Acilii Glabriones. See Glabriones
- Ærarium Saturni, 163
- Agapæ, 42, 336
- Ager Fonteianus, 270
- Agrippa, M., 79, 82, 99
- edifices due to, 176
- Agrippa, fate of her pedestal once in the ustrinum, 183, 184 (cut)
- her death, 183
- Aius Locutius, 72
- Albanum, amphitheatre of, 6
- Alexamenos, 12
- Alexander VII., Pope, 36
- Altars, ancient, 33
- their usual form, 67
- See also Aræ
- ---- of Aius Locutius, 71, 72 (cut)
- Amasis, King, sphinx of, 94 (cut)
- Ambrose, S., 43
- Amphitheatre at Albanum, 6
- Ampliatus, his tomb, 342
- possibly the friend of S. Paul, 343
- Anagni, basilica of, 25
- Anastasius IV., Pope, his sarcophagus, 197
- Ancyra, Augusteum at, 173
- Anisson, Charles d', 36
- Annius, a maker of lamps, in Ostia, 17
- Annona, 27
- Antinous, statue of, 240, 241 (cut)
- Apollo, in Christian art, 25
- Appian Way. See Via Appia
- Aqueduct of Damasus, 121
- Aquila and Prisca, 110
- Aræ compitales, 33. See Altars
- Arch of Claudius, 99
- Arco di S. Lazaro, 181
- Argeorum sacraria, 33
- Artemisium Nemorense, 59
- Arx, 85
- Athens, Acropolis, probable origin of the gold found here by Herodes Atticus, 289
- Atrium sutorium, 275
- Atticus, Herodes, bibliography, 288 n.
- Atticus, Pomponius, house of, 191
- Atys, 27
- Augustea, 173
- Augustine, S., his pupil Licentius, 14
- Augustus, Emperor, strenæ calendariæ offered to, 34
- offerings in the temple of Concord, 54
- his house, 71 n.
- celebrates the Secular games, 79
- dedicates an altar to Peace on the Campus Martius, 82
- death and funeral, 168
- resolutions in the senate, 169
- mausoleum, 172
- his Res gestæ, 172
- his army, 174
- his liberalities, 175
- public improvements in his time, 176
- his mausoleum destroyed, 179
- other members of the imperial family buried here, 182
- Banqueting-halls, 42
- Basilica, origin of its plan in that of the private house, 114 (cut)
- its form derived from the schola, 118
- ---- of Constantine, 162
- Bassus, Junius, basilica of, 28
- Bassus, Pomponius, 192
- Baths, in connection with Christian churches, 37
- Bayazid, his gift of the holy lance, 243
- Beatrindex, martyr, 333
- the name corrupted from Viatrindex, 334 (cut)
- Belloni, Paolo, 151
- Benedict VII., Pope, tomb, 234
- Benedict XII., Pope, 138
- Benedict XIV., Pope, 37
- Bernini, influence of his school, 250
- Bidentalia, 106
- Biga, in the Vatican, 27
- Bologna, monumental crosses, 35
- Boniface I., Pope, 319
- Bonifatius, origin of the name, 344
- Bosio, Ant., investigator of the Catacombs, 329
- Bovillæ, altar to Vedjovis, 68
- Bridge of Caligula, 101
- Brattius Præsens, 10
- Burial, rights of, accorded the Christians, 119
- Burial companies, 258
- Byzantine princes, their images in Rome, 162
- Cæcilia, S., her tomb discovered by Pope Paschal I., 326
- Cæpio, Aulus Crispinius, his tomb, 267
- Cæsar, Caius, beloved by Augustus, 184
- Cæsar, Julius, his offerings in the temple of Concord, 54
- Caffarella, Valle della, 286
- Calda, 357
- Caligarii, 274
- Caligula, his bridge, so-called, 101
- places his mother's ashes in the mausoleum, 184
- Callindextus, death, 220
- ----, Catacombs of. See Catacombs
- Calpurnii, their tomb, 276
- their history, 277
- Cambyses, conquest of Egypt, 94
- Camillus, capture of Veii, 64
- Campagna, 286 (plate)
- Campo dell' Augusta, 179
- Campus Esquilinus, 256
- Campus Martius, 74
- early excavations in, 98
- Candelabrum, in church of SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, 26 (cut)
- in Church of S. Paolo, 239 (cut)
- Canevari, Ant., 159
- Canova, his tomb of Clement XIII., 250
- Capitoline games, 281
- Capitoline Hill, 85
- the western summit, 86 (plate)
- Capitoline museum, 15, 42, 59, 70, 93, 106, 190, 255, 290 n.
- See, also, dei Conservatori, under Palaces
- Capitolium. See Temple of Jupiter Optimus Maximus
- Caracalla, 12
- Carrhæ, 355
- Carthage, excitement against the Christians in, 318
- Castel S. Angelo, 234
- Catacombs.
- Crypt of the Acilii Glabriones, 4
- its devastation in the 17th cent., 8
- burial of Christian martyrs, 119
- injury occasioned by the building of churches over the tombs of martyrs, 122
- preferred by the early Christians to open-air cemeteries, 308
- their development in the 2d century, 317
- the names given them, 317
- their secret entrances, 318
- not habitable, 319
- their extent, 319
- compared to the tombs of the kings at Thebes, 321
- their use declined in the 4th century, 321
- pillaged by the Goths, 324
- restored by Pope Vigilius, 325
- unmentioned by later Church annals, 327
- discovered in 1578, 328
- their wholesale pillage, 329
- the treasures found in them, 331
- the number of the Catacombs, 332
- ---- of Callindextus, 50, 117, 216, 219, 339
- ---- ad Catacumbas or of S. Sebastiano, 345
- the bodies of SS. Peter and Paul concealed here, 346
- ---- of Cyriaca, 350
- ---- of Domitilla, 335
- the Flavian crypt, 316 (cut), 330, 336
- the basilica of Nereus and Achilleus, 338
- the tomb of Ampliatus, 342
- ---- ad Duas Lauros, or of SS. Peter and Marcellinus, 354
- a fresco of the Saviour with SS. Paul and Peter, 356
- relics of Renaissance humanists, 358
- ---- of Generosa, 332
- ---- of Pontianus, 221
- ---- of Prætextatus, the cubiculum of S. Januarius, 322 (cut)
- ---- of Priscilla (map), 7, 23, 42, 111, 221
- ---- of the Via Salaria, 285.
- Catacumba, derivation of the word, 345
- Caves for burial on the Viminal and Esquiline, 255
- Ceadwalla, King, baptism and death, 231
- tomb, 232
- Celibacy discouraged, 80
- Cellæ, 42
- Cellini, Benvenuto, the cause of his imprisonment, 247
- Cemeteries, pagan, 253-305
- prehistoric cemeteries of the Viminal and the Esquiline, 254, 255
- extensive cemeteries along the high roads, 260
- on the Via Aurelia, 262
- on the Via Triumphalis, 270
- on the Via Salaria, 275
- buried under twenty-five feet of earth, 284
- on the Via Appia, 286
- Christian cemeteries, 306-361
- under the authority of the pontiffs, 307
- underground cemeteries preferred by the early Christians, 308
- their use revives after Constantine, 321, 323
- at Concordia Sagittaria, 323, 324 (plate)
- suburban cemeteries abandoned on account of insecurity, 325
- See also, Catacombs Columbaria Tombs Ustrinum
- Chartres, cathedral, labyrinth, 31
- Christ, type of the early representations of, 347, 348 (cut and plate)
- early traditions of his appearance, 349
- Christian archæology, dates from the discovery of the Catacombs, 329
- Christian art, adoption of pagan symbolism, 23
- Christianity, early patrician converts in Rome, 2
- attitude of the government toward, 11
- evidence of the graffiti on, 12
- difficulties and inconstancy of Christian converts, 14
- mindexed marriages, 15
- friendly relations between pagans and Christians, 16
- military service under the Empire, 18
- the gradual change under Constantine, 20
- spread of Christianity under Gregory the Great, 228
- the persecutions under Nero and later emperors, 312
- See also Church Churches Martyrs
- Christians, at first identified with the Jews by the Romans, 310
- Church, adoption of pagan rites and customs, 23
- Churches, objects of pagan art preserved in, 23, 26
- pagan decorations not destroyed, 28
- private contributions to the decoration of churches, 30
- labyrinths in the pavements, 31
- bathing accommodations, 37
- sets of weights and measures in, 39, 41
- the great number and variety of churches, 108
- the names of churches, 109
- private oratories, 109
- the steps of the transition from private halls to regular churches, 114
- the schola as a predecessor of the Christian church, 116
- churches built over the tombs of martyrs and confessors, 119
- frequently sunk in the ground, 120
- those connected with the houses of confessors and martyrs, 158
- those formed from pagan monuments, 160
- Churches.
- S. Adriano, 48
- S. Andrea, decorations, 28 (cut)
- S. Andrea del Noviziato, 83
- S. Andrea al Quirinale, 84
- S. Antonio, 30
- S. Antonio all' Esquilino, 36
- SS. Apostoli, 38
- Aracœli, 85, 360
- S. Biviana, 333
- S. Cæcilia, kantharos in its court, 38, 39 (cut)
- bodies of martyrs transferred to it, 326
- S. Cesareo, 36
- S. Cesareus de Palatio, 162
- Chapel of the Crucifindexion, 127
- S. Clemente, fresco, 32 (plate)
- S. Cosimato in Trastevere, 38
- SS. Cosma e Damiano, 28 (cut), 162
- S. Croce in Gerusalemme, 234
- S. Croce a Monte Mario, 166
- Demetrias, 116
- S. Felicitas, 221
- S. Francesca Romana, discovery of the body of a girl, 299
- S. Francesco a Ripa, 36
- S. Giovanni dei Fiorentini, 81
- S. Giovanni in Laterano, 109, 236
- the cloisters as now restored, 238 (plate)
- SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 158
- S. Hermes, 120
- Lateran basilica, 109,
- S. Lorenzo in Lucina, 164
- S. Lorenzo fuori le Mura, 32, 36, 121, 135 (cut), 221
- S. Marcello, 180
- S. Maria Antiqua, 3
- S. Maria in Cosmedin, 32
- S. Maria de Foro, 163
- S. Maria Liberatrice, 92, 102
- S. Maria Maggiore, 32, 36, 136
- S. Maria Nova, 161
- discovery of the body of a girl, 295
- S. Maria della Pace, 25, 89
- S. Maria del Popolo, 189
- S. Maria de Porticù, 32
- S. Maria in Trastevere, 27, 31, 330
- ponderaria, 41
- S. Martina, bas-relief, 30 (plate), 48
- S. Martino, 38
- S. Menna, 156
- S. Michele in Borgo, 27
- SS. Nereo ed Achilleo, 36
- candelabrum, 26 (cut)
- S. Nicola in Carcere, 5
- Oratorium Sanctæ Crucis, 163
- a new chapel built in 1470, 166
- S. Pancrazio, 36, 37
- S. Paolo fuori le Mura, 27, 38
- the plans of the original and later structures compared, 150 (plate)
- its size and plan limited by its position, 151
- its destruction in 1823, 152 (cut)
- its exposed situation, 153
- fortified by John VIII., 154
- the quadri-portico, 155
- the grave of S. Paul, 157
- the portraits of the Popes, 210
- a candelabrum, 239 (cut)
- the large number of tombs about it, 323
- S. Paolo alle Tre Fontane, 156
- mosaics, 25 (cut)
- S. Peter's, 25, 84, 103, 271
- its early system of drainage, 121
- the abundant literature of the subject, 122
- plan of the old church, 128 (plate)
- Constantine's basilica, 132
- plan of the graves of Peter and others, 132 (plate)
- the Colonna Santa, 133
- the nave in 1588, 134 (cut), 146 (plate)
- the doors of the atrium, 134
- the fountain in the atrium, 135, 136 (cut)
- the tomb of Otho II., 136
- the doors of the church, 137
- the interior and roof, 138
- the triumphal arch, 139
- the baptistery, 139
- the chair of S. Peter, 140 (cut)
- the bronze statue of Peter, 141, 142 (cut)
- the destruction of the old church and its rebuilding, 143
- Grimaldi's account of its progress, 145
- the building of the dome, 146 (plate)
- statistics and measurements, 147
- the illumination, 148
- the body of S. Peter probably still here, 148
- Constantine's cross seen in 1594, 149
- the imperial mausoleum on its site, 200 (cut), 202 (plate)
- excavations in, in 15th and 16th centuries, 202, 203
- atrium of the old church, 222 (cut)
- the tomb of Ceadwalla, 231
- the Porticus Pontificum, 233
- the tomb of Innocent VIII., 242
- of Paul III., 245
- panel from the bronze door, 272 (cut)
- S. Pietro in Montorio, 128
- S. Prassede, bodies of martyrs transferred to it, 326
- S. Prisca, 111
- S. Pudentiana, 109, 112
- restored in 1588, 113
- SS. Quattro Coronati, 27
- S. Saba, 32
- S. Salvatore in Ærario, 163
- Sancta Sanctorum chapel, portrait head of Jesus, 348 (cut)
- S. Sebastiano, 36
- S. Sebastiano, in Pallara, 32
- Sistine Chapel, 25
- S. Stefano, 41, 178
- S. Stefano del Cacco, 97
- S. Stefano del Trullo, 99
- S. Sylvester, 38
- SS. Syxtus and Cæcilia, 118
- S. Teodoro, altar, 27
- S. Tommaso a' Cenci, 180
- S. Urbano alla Caffarella, 32, 292, 294 (cut)
- S. Valentine, 164, 327
- the tombs in its cemetery, 323
- Ciborio della santa lancia, 243
- Cippus of Agrippina the Elder, 184 (cut)
- Circus of Nero and Caligula, 127
- Clemens, Flavius, martyr, 3, 6, 7
- Clement VIII., 150
- Clement index., 37
- Clement XI., 48
- Clement XIII., 48
- Clivus Rutarius, 270
- Cocumelle, 172
- Coliseum, Christian churches on the site of, 161
- Colonnas, banished from Rome, 179
- Columbaria, 256
- Columbus, Christopher, birthplace of, 245 n.
- Column of Antoninus, bas-reliefs, 170, 171 (cuts)
- Commodus, 313
- Concordia Sagittaria, its cemetery, 323
- Constantia, S., her mausoleum, 199
- Constantine, Emperor, 50
- date of his profession of Christianity, 21
- relation to his pagan subjects, 22
- builds a basilica over the tomb of Peter, 132
- his cross on S. Peter's tomb seen in 1594, 149
- the memorial chapel of his victory over Maxentius, 163
- the battle (front.)
- statue of, 164 (cut)
- discovery of his sarcophagus in 1458, 202
- the edict of Milan, 314
- Consul suffectus, 10 n.
- Convent of the Visitation, 71 n.
- Cornelii, their family vaults, 218
- Cornelius, Pope, his tomb, 215 (cut), 218 (plate)
- portrait, 219 (cut)
- Cortile di S. Damaso, 121
- Crassus Frugi, M. Licinius, 277
- Cremation, introduced in the 5th century of Rome, 255
- the ustrinum on the Appian Way, 256
- Crescentius de Theodora, 234
- Crispina, Bruttia, Empress, 10
- Cross of Henry IV. of France, 36
- Crosses, monumental, 35
- Crows, a platform dedicated to, 268
- Cups, 43
- Cybele, 27
- Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, 217
- Cyril, S., fresco showing the translation of his remains, 32 (plate)
- Damasus, Pope, 139, 217, 219
- Decursiones, 171
- Demetrius, 116
- Dentists, inscriptions from the tombs of, 353 (cuts)
- Destruction of Roman monuments in the Middle Ages, 8, 53, 66, 87, 90, 98, 103, 113, 136, 137, 143, 155, 156, 177, 182, 185, 195, 202, 233, 237, 256, 269, 286, 301, 320, 324, 329
- Diocletian, persecution of the Christians, 314
- Diplomata, 91
- Discoveries. See Excavations and discoveries
- Doll, found in the sarcophagus of Crepereia Tryphæna, 305
- Domitian, 5, 6, 281
- Domitilla Flavia, 10
- Domitillæ, 3
- Donatists, 21
- Donnus I., Pope, 271
- Drinking cups, 43
- Egeria, grotto of, 293
- Egyptian art, specimens found near the Iseum, 92
- its influence in Rome, 239
- Elagabalus, included Christ among the other gods, 13
- his extravagances, 131
- Episcopus, a municipal officer, 12
- Epitaphs, 261, 262
- Eugenius IV., Pope, 92, 138
- Eupor, Fabius, 310
- Excavations and discoveries, in the Campus Martius, 98
- in 1374, obelisk of the Piazza della Rotonda, 92
- in 1435, Egyptian lions, 92
- in 1440, figure of a river-god, 93
- in 1458, sarcophagus of Constantine, 202
- cir. 1480, temple of Hercules, 69:
- in 1485, the long-buried body of a woman near the Casale Rotondo, 295, 298 (cut)
- in 1519, in S. Peter's, 202
- in 1527, the mausoleum of Augustus, 182
- in 1544, the tomb of Maria in S. Peter's, 203
- in 1546, the Baths of Caracalla, 249
- in 1549, the temple of Augustus, 103
- in 1554, the Ara Pacis Augustæ, 82
- in 1556, statue of Oceanus, 93
- in 1555, house of Pomponius Atticus, 191
- in 1578, in the Catacombs, 328
- in 1588, fragments of a Laocoön under S. Pudentiana, 113
- in 1594, the grave of S. Peter, 150
- in 1599, on the Via Latina, 258
- in 1614-16, in S. Peter's, 129
- in 1660, on the site of the Villa Pamfili-Doria, 269
- in 1695-1741, in the Naro vineyard, 276
- in 1713-17, in the Catacombs, 330
- in 1719, an Isiac altar, 93
- Egyptian antiquities, 96
- in 1776, near church of S. Prisca, 111
- in 1777, the ustrinum under the Corso, 182
- in 1780, remains of the temple of Jupiter Maximus, 89
- in 1793, in the Via di S. Lucia in Selci, 206
- in 1810, silver near Civita Castellana, 207
- in 1817, the temple of Concord, 53
- in 1817-22, remains of the villa Amaranthiana, by the Duchess of Chablais, 335
- in 1820, altar of Aius Locutius, 71
- in 1821, at Parma, 207
- in 1849-52, near the Appian Way, 215
- in 1851, the fresco of the Saviour in the Catacomb ad Duas Lauros, 356
- in 1858, Egyptian sculptures, 93
- in 1859, the Ara Pacis Augustæ, 82
- five capitals in the Via di S. Ignazio, 93
- in 1862, sarcophagus of Licentius, 14
- temple of Hercules, 59
- in 1864, a schola of the citizens of Serræ, 41
- in 1867, foundations of a memorial chapel to S. Paul, 156
- in 1869, the altar of Roma Quadrata, 71
- in 1871, inventory of gifts in the temple of Diana Nemorensis, 54
- in 1875, temple of Jupiter Maximus, 85
- coins of Nero, under the abbey of the Tre Fontane, 157
- in 1876, favissæ of the temple of Hercules, 59
- in 1877, coins at Belinzago, 208
- in 1878, remains of the temple of Neptune, 99
- in 1879, fragments of a bedstead (?) on the Esquiline, 208
- in 1880-82, in the Catacombs ad Duas Lauros, 354
- in 1881, shrine of Semo Sancus, 105
- in the catacombs of Domitilla, 342
- in 1883, mensæ ponderariæ, at Tivoli, 40
- Egyptian remains from the temple of Isis, 92, 94
- in 1884, house of Vegetus, 192
- in the Via di Porta Salaria, 276
- in 1885, temple of Diana Nemorensis, by Lord Savile, 59
- in the Villa Bertone, 283
- in 1886, a stonecutter's house, under the Palazzo della Banca Naz., 240
- in 1886-87, altar of Dis and Proserpina, 75
- in 1887, on the Corso d' Italia, 276
- in 1888, crypt of the Acilii Glabriones, 4, 8
- in 1889, ex-votos at Veii, by the Empress of Brazil, 65
- under the new Halls of Justice, 301
- in 1890, inscriptions describing the Secular games, 73
- Exedræ, 42
- Ex-votos, found on the sites of temples, 58
- Faliscan Museum, 354
- Farnesina gardens, house discovered in, 263, 264 (plate)
- Favissæ, 58
- Flavians, the members of the family who became Christians, 337
- Flowers, feasts of, in ancient times, 49
- Fortunatus, S., 360
- Forum Julium, 54
- Foundation of a city, ceremonies of, 70
- Fountain, in the atrium of S. Peter's, 135, 136 (cut)
- in front of S. Paolo, 155
- Frescos. See Paintings
- Funeral ceremonies and memorial feasts, 117, 171.
- See also Burial
- Funerary banquets, 42
- Funeraticia collegia, 116
- Furnilla, Marcia, wife of Titus, 207
- statue (plate)
- Gauls, their invasion foretold by a mysterious voice, 72
- Genesius, S., 360
- Germano, Padre, 158
- Geta, remains of his mausoleum, 196 (cut)
- Giardino delle Tre Pile, 101
- Glabrio, Manius Acilius, consul a. d 91, 5
- his martyrdom, 6
- Glabriones, Acilii, discovery of their burial place, 4
- history of the family, 5
- Gods, the name and sex of those little known, seldom mentioned, 72
- Goths, their pillage of the Catacombs, 324
- Græcina, Pomponia, a Christian convert, 9
- Graffiti, evidence on the position of the church, 12
- Granaries, 44
- Great litany, 165
- Greek language used by the church, 216
- Gregorian chant, 229
- Gregorovius, Ferdinand, 213
- Gregory I. (the Great), 47
- Gregory XIII., Pope, 48
- Grimaldi, 122
- Hadrian, Emperor, 49, 99
- attitude toward Christianity, 11
- Hadrian's Mole, and apartments built by Paul III., 247
- Hair, restoration of, ascribed to Minerva, 63
- Haran, or Charan, 355
- Helena, tomb of, 197 (cut), 198 (plate)
- Henry IV. of France, column of, 36
- Hercules, 104
- Hermes Trismegistos, 25
- Hermione, Claudia, her tomb, 129
- Herod, King, profaned the tomb of David, 205
- Herodes Atticus. See Atticus
- Hierones, 67
- Hippolytus, statue of, 141, 143 (cut)
- Hispellum, temple dedicated to Constantine, 22
- Honorius I., Pope, 137
- Horace, the Carmen Sæculare, 78, 81
- Horrea publica, 44
- advertisement for leasing and regulations for use found, 45
- House of a patrician, discovered in the Farnesina gardens, 263 (cut)
- Improvvisatori, 281, 283
- Innocent VIII., Pope, his tomb, 145, 242 (plate)
- Inscription, to Acilius Glabrio (cut), 4
- to Pomponius, 9
- found near Porta del Popolo in 1877, 15 (cut)
- to M. Anneus Paulus Petrus, 16 (cut)
- to Publia Ælia Proba, 19
- to Petro Lilluti Paulo, 18 n.
- on arch of Constantine, 20
- on the pyramid of Louis XIV., 36
- on the column of Henry IV., 37 n.
- in baths of the churches of SS. Sylvester and Martin, 38
- in temple of Hercules Tivoli, 40
- on pagan tombs relating to libations, 42
- inventory of works of art in the temple of Diana Nemorensis, 55
- tariff for sacrifices, 57
- mentioning the Roma Quadrata, 71
- altar of Aius Locutius, 72
- to the Genius of Rome, 72
- descriptive of the Ludi Sæculares, 73, 79 (text in appendindex)
- of the Ara Incendii Neroniani, 84
- on the foundation walls of the temple of Jupiter, 88
- pedestal of statue of Semo Sancus, 106
- on the label of a dog's collar, 153
- S. Paul's tombstone, 157 (cut)
- spurious inscriptions, 301
- the immense number that have been lost, 320
- military inscriptions, from the Prætorian camp, 351
- See, also, Epitaphs Graffiti
- Iseum. See Temple of Isis
- Isis, altar to, in church of Aracœli, 27
- statue of, 55
- Italians, tolerant in matters of religion, 16
- Januarius, S., his grave in the Catacombs, 322 (cut)
- Jerome, S., on the celebration of S. Peter's day, 44
- Jesuits, expelled from Portugal, Spain, and France, 251
- Jews, position in the Roman Empire, 12
- Johannipolis, 153
- John III., Pope, 38
- John VIII., Pope, builds the defences of S. Paolo, 154
- defeats the Saracens off Cape Circeo, 154
- John X., Pope, death and burial, 235
- Jubilee of 1350, 166
- Julian the Apostate, 355
- Jupiter, statue of, in Constantine, Algeria, 56
- Labyrinths, in church pavements, 31
- Lamps, ornamented with figure of the Good Shepherd, 18 (cut)
- found in the Catacombs, 218
- Lance, Holy, story of, 243
- Laocoön, fragments found under the church of S. Pudentiana, 113
- Lateran museum, 141
- Lateran palace, its early occupation by the Church, 21
- Leo I. (the Great), 155 his tomb, 223
- Leo IV., Pope, 137
- Leo X., Pope, 93
- Leto, Pomponio, his academy, 359
- Licentius, a pupil of S. Augustine, his career, 14
- his tomb discovered, 14
- Licinianus, Calpurnius, 278
- Licinii Calpurnii, their tomb, 276
- their history, 277
- Linus, the successor of Peter and Paul, 125
- his tomb discovered, 130
- Lipsanotheca, 166
- Locanda della Gaiffa, 181
- Loretto, Santa Casa, 25
- Louis XIV., pyramid of, in Rome, 36
- Love-feasts, 42
- Lucca, Cathedral, 31
- Lucina, a Christian matron, 9
- Ludi sæculares. See Secular games
- Ludi Tarentini, 75
- Luke, cardinal, his tomb, 159
- Mamertine prison, 163
- Map of Rome, the author's, 163 n.
- Marius, pillages the ruins of the Temple of Jupiter, 87
- Mark, Pope, 50
- Marriages, mindexed, in pagan Rome, 15
- Tertullian on, 15
- Martial, Valerius, house of, 192
- Martyrs, early, 3
- their alleged stupidity, 7
- stones said to be tied to the necks of, 39, 41
- love-feasts celebrated near their tombs, 42
- their tombs decorated with flowers, 49
- their burial and tombs, 119
- scene of the first martyrdoms, 127
- churches connected with their houses, 158
- their tombs in the Catacombs, 322
- their bodies translated from suburban cemeteries to the city, 325
- bas-relief representing an execution, 339 (cut)
- Mausolea. See Tombs
- Mellini, Pietro and Mario, 166
- Memoriæ, 42
- Messalina, 277
- Meta, its signification lost, 128
- Meta di Borgo, 27
- Michael, archangel, summits of hills consecrated to, 226
- Michelangelo, his first design for S. Peter's, 146
- Military inscriptions from the Prætorian camp, 351
- Military service of Christians under the Roman Empire, 18
- Minerva in Christian art, 25
- honored as a restorer of hair, 63
- Monastery of S. Alessio, 235
- Monte Mario, 165
- Monte Testaccio, 181
- Mosaics, in church of S. Paolo alle Tre Fontane, 25
- Mundus muliebris, 204
- Museo delle Terme, 268
- Museums. See Capitoline, Lateran, Vatican
- also dei Conservatori, under Palaces
- Music, religious, school of, established by Gregory, 229
- Naples, church of the Olivetans, 25
- Nemi, the site of a temple of Diana, 60 (cut)
- Neptunium. See Temple of Neptune, 99
- Nereus and Achilleus, martyrs, 337
- Nero, 127, 287
- Nerva, 177
- Nicomachus Flavianus, attempt to restore paganism, 97
- Oaths, 105
- Obelisks, discovered in Rome, 92, 97, 172
- of Rameses the Great, discovered in 1883, 95
- Oils, 218
- Oratories, private, of the early Christians, 109
- Orientation of churches, 120, 152
- Orpheus, in Christian art, 23 (cut)
- Ossaria, 256
- Ostia, imperial palace at, 25
- granary at, 47 (cut)
- Otho II., his tomb, 136
- Pacuvius, 69
- Pætus, Lucilius, tomb of, 283
- Pagan rites and customs adopted by the Church, 23
- Paintings, fresco in S. Clemente, translation of Cyril's remains, 32 (plate)
- in a patrician house in the Farnesina gardens, 263, 264 (plate), 265 (cut)
- in the Catacombs, discovered in 1714, 330
- in the Villa Amaranthiana, 335
- of the Saviour with SS. Paul and Peter in the Catacomb ad Duas Lauros, 356
- of the story of Jonah and the Symbolic Supper, 356, 357 (cut)
- illustrations of the Gospel in the Catacombs, 358
- battle between Constantine and Maxentius, frontispiece
- Palaces: Albani del Drago, 30
- Pammachius, 158
- Pantheon, 56
- Parenzo, Dalmatia, basilica of, 30
- Paschal I., Pope, 326
- Passion-plays in Rome, 181
- Paul, the apostle, his friendship with Seneca, 17
- Paul, S., basilica of. See S. Paolo fuori le Mura, under Churches
- Paul and Peter, names on a pagan tomb, 16
- Paul III., tomb, 245
- Paul V., Pope, 48, 136, 144
- Paulinus of Nola, 43
- his epistles to Licentius, 14
- Pavements, basilica of Parenzo, 30
- Pavia, Church of S. Michele Maggiore, 31
- Pelagius II., Pope, 121
- Pentecost, celebration of, 50
- Perpetua, Acts of, 49
- Persecution under Claudius, 310
- Peter, S., celebration of the feast of, 43
- his presence in Rome proved by documents, 123
- by monumental evidence, 125
- the exact place of his execution determined, 127
- his tomb, 129
- his chair, 140 (cut)
- the bronze statue, 141, 142 (cut)
- his body probably still under the altar in his church, 148
- portrait head, 212 (cut)
- his body transferred temporarily to the Catacombs, 345
- Peter and Paul, houses connected with their stay in Rome, 110, 112
- Petronilla, 3, 200
- Phaon, Nero's flight to villa of, 186
- remains of villa of, 188 (map)
- Philip the Arab, Emperor, a Christian, 13
- Philip the Younger, son of Philip the Arab, bust, 13 (cut)
- Piacenza, church of S. Sevino, 31
- votive tablet to Minerva found at, 63
- Piazza di S. Maria Maggiore, 172, 182
- Pilate, house of, 180
- Pincian Hill, palace of the Acilii Glabriones, 5
- Piso Frugi Licinianus, L. Calpurnius, 277
- Platorinus, C. Sulpicius, his tomb, 265, 268 (plate)
- Poetical contests on the Capitol, 282
- Polla, Lucilia, tomb of, 283
- Polla, Minasia, 267 (plate)
- Pompeius Magnus, son of Licinius Crassus, 277
- his epitaph, 279
- Pomponius Lætus, 246
- his academy, 359
- Ponderaria, in churches, 39
- Pons Vaticanus, 126
- Ponte Nomentano, 187 (cut)
- Pontius, Bishop, 167
- Popes, their portraits in the basilicas of Rome, 209
- their tombs, 213
- Porta Sanqualis, 104
- Portico of the Argonauts, 99
- Poseidonion. See Temple of Neptune
- Præsens, Bruttius, 10
- "Preaching of Peter," 124
- Priscilla, wife of Abascantus, tomb of, 300
- Pudens, 110
- Pudens, L. Valerius, 282
- Pyramids on the Via Triumphalis, 271
- Quadragesima Sunday, 50
- Quietus, Postumius, 9
- Quindecemviri, call for the celebration of the Secular games, 75
- Ravenna, church of S. Vitale, 31
- Regilla, Annia, wife of Herodes Atticus, 290
- her supposed tomb, 291 (cut)
- Renaissance, the interest in archæology, 101
- Renzo di Maitano, 32
- Rhodismos, 49
- Ricci, Lorenzo, 252
- Rienzi, 155
- Robigalia, 165
- Roma Quadrata, 70
- Rome, its transformation to a Christian city, 1
- early Christian buildings, 3
- the freedom enjoyed by the church, 11
- the change gradual, 19
- evidences of it, 20
- artistic feeling among the lower classes, 32
- substitution of chapels and shrines for the aræ compitales, 33
- monumental crosses, 35
- warehouses, 44
- the calamities of the year 605, 46
- pagan shrines and temples, 51
- capture by the Gauls, b. c 390, 73
- the conflagration under Nero, 83
- occupation by the Saracens in 846, 149
- the author's archæological map of, 163 n.
- population under Augustus, 175
- public improvements in his time, 176
- the city in the time of Gregory the Great, 226
- the charming surroundings of the city, 286
- the invasions of the Goths in the 5th and 6th centuries, 324
- the itineraries of pilgrims, 327
- Rosaria, 48
- Rosationes, 49
- Rose, symbolism of, 49
- the golden rose of Quadragesima Sunday, 50
- Rossi, De, discovers the crypt of the Acilii Glabriones, 4
- Rousalia, 49
- Rues de Jerusalem, 31
- Rusalky, 49
- Rusticus, Junius, 40
- Sabinianus, Pope, sold the grain in the church's granaries, 47
- Sabinus, Flavius, 337
- Sacellum Sanci, 104
- Sacrifices, right to perform, granted to civilians, 57
- tariff for, 57
- Saint-Omer, church at, labyrinth, 31
- Sallust, gardens of, 276
- Sancus, worship of, 104
- Sannazzaro, tomb of, 25
- Saracens in Rome, in 846, 149
- defeated off Cape Circeo, by John VIII., 154
- Sarcophagi of the Calpurnii, 279, 280 (cut)
- from the cemetery of Cyriaca, 352
- Sarcophagus, of the empress Helena, 198 (plate)
- of S. Constantia, 198
- Saturus, martyr, 49
- Scholæ, 42, 116
- Scirtus, charioteer, 260
- Seasons, the four, in Christian art, 25
- Secular games, the inscription describing them found in 1890, 73 (cut)
- Semo Sancus, worship of, 104 statue, 105 (cut)
- Senate, resolutions relating to the Secular games, 80
- Senate house, 163
- Seneca, his friendship for Paul, 17
- Septimius Severus, 12
- Sergius II., Pope, 149
- Serræ, citizens of, their banqueting-hall, 41
- Severus Alexander, relation to Christianity 11, 13
- Shoemakers, 274
- Shrines, in Rome, 33
- of Semo Sancus, 104
- See also Altars
- Sibyls in Christian art, 24
- Siena, Duomo, 25, 32
- Silvio Antoniano, an improvvisatore, 283
- Simon the Magician, confused with Semo Sancus, 104, 161
- Simplicius and Faustinus, martyrs, 332
- their bodies translated to S. Biviana, 333
- Siricius, Pope, 112, 152
- Sindextus II., Pope, 117
- Sindextus V., Pope, the dome of St. Peter's, 146
- Skeletons found in tombs, 273, 286
- Solomon, Judgment of, represented in a Roman tomb, 270, 271 (cut)
- Sponges, found in tombs, 303 n.
- Statues, their immense number in ancient Rome, 52
- ---- to Acilius Glabrio, 5
- of Antinous, 240, 241 (cut)
- of Constantine, 164 (cut)
- of Gregory the Great, 225 (cut)
- of Hercules, 69
- of Hippolytus, 141, 143 (cut)
- of Isis, 55
- of Jupiter, 56
- of Marcia Furnilla, 267
- of S. Paul, 26
- of S. Peter, 141, 142 (cut)
- of Semo Sancus, 105 (cut)
- the sphinx of Amasis, 94 (cut)
- of Tiberius, 268
- of Vortumnus, 104
- Stephen III., Pope, 48
- Street-shrines in Rome, 33
- Streets (ancient): Alta Semita, 190, 191 (cut)
- Streets (modern): Bocca della Verità, 181
- Borgo Nuovo, 271
- Coronari, 35
- Corso, 180, 182
- Corso d' Italia, 276
- Corso Vittorio Emanuele, 75, 78
- Ferratella, 293
- SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 229
- S. Ignazio, 92, 94
- S. Lucia in Selci, 35
- Marmorata, 181
- Minerva Medica, 62
- Porta S. Paolo, 181
- Quattro Cantoni, 35
- Quirinale-Venti Settembre, 190
- Salara, 181
- Strada di Monte Mario, 127
- Vigne Nuove, 188
- Sublician bridge, 33
- Sulla, reconstructed the Capitolium, 87
- his body burned, 253
- Sulpicius Maximus, Q., his tomb, 280, 282 (plate)
- his story, 281
- Sutores, 274
- Sylvester I., 221
- Sylvester II., his tomb, 236
- Symmachus, Pope, 37, 135
- Syringes, 321
- Tablinum, 114
- Tabularium, 53
- Tarpeian Rock, 89
- Tempietto del Bramante, 128
- Temples, standards of weights and measures kept in, 40, 51
- the art treasures collected in them, 52
- commonly ornamented with hangings, etc., 56
- evidence obtained from their vaults or favissæ, 58
- invariably turned into Christian churches, 160.
- of Antoninus and Faustina, 163
- of Apollo, 56, 71
- its treasures of art, 52
- Augusteum at Aneyra, 173
- of Augustus, 101, 163
- of Bacchus (so called), 199 (cut)
- of Ceres and Faustina, 292, 294 (cut)
- of Claudius, 160
- of Concord, 53 (cut), 163
- of Diana, 70
- of Diana Nemorensis, 59
- an inventory of its works of art discovered, 54
- of the God Rediculus, 291 (cut)
- of Health, 69
- of Hercules, 69
- of Hercules, near Porta S. Lorenzo, 59
- of Isis and Serapis, 92
- of Janus Quadrifrons, 163
- of Juno, at Veii, 64
- of Jupiter Optimus Maximus, 56, 80, 84
- literature, 84 n.
- architecture of the old temple, 86
- destroyed by fire, 86
- its restorations, 87
- its platform and foundation walls, 87, 88 (cut)
- plan, 86 (plate)
- early notices of its remains, 89
- plundered by the Vandals, 90
- represented in pictorial reliefs, 90 (plate)
- public acts, etc., posted here, 91
- of Jupiter Tonans, 80
- of Malakbelos, 57
- of Minerva Medica, 62
- of Neptune, 99, 161
- its bas-reliefs, 100 (cut)
- of Peace, 56
- of Piety, 5
- Sacræ Urbis, 28 (cut), 162
- of the Sibyl at Tivoli, 161
- of Venus, 161
- of Venus and Rome, 56
- Terebinth of Nero, 27
- Terentum, the pool, 74
- Thebes, the tombs of the kings, 321
- Theresa, Empress of Brazil, excavations at Veii, 65, 66
- Tiber, ex-votos probably to be found in, 62
- Tiberius, Emp., 11, 96
- statue, 268
- Tiles of the roof of S. Peter's, 139
- Tivoli, mensæ ponderariæ found at, 40
- temple of the Sibyl, 161
- Toilet-box, in the sarcophagus of Crepereia Tryphæna, 303
- Tombs of Christians of high rank in Rome, 10
- of Christian prætorians, 18
- inscriptions on, 42, 261
- the word meta applied to, 128
- discovered in 1614-16, in the vicinity of S. Peter's, 129
- occasion of their destruction, 131
- in S. Peter's, 145
- of Christian emperors, 196, 200 (cut)
- of the popes, 213
- the pontifical crypt, 269
- cost, 257
- the immense number surrounding the city, 260
- on the Via Aurelia, 262
- near the Villa Pamfili-Doria, 269
- on the Via Triumphalis, 270
- on the Via Salaria, 275
- their inviolability under Roman law, 307
- the early Christian tombs not concealed, 315
- See also, Burial Catacombs Cemeteries Sarcophagi
- ---- of Ampliatus, 342
- of M. Anneus Paulus Petrus, 16
- of Annia Regilla, 291 (cut)
- of Augustus, 172, 177, 179, 181
- of Benedict VII., 234
- of Ceadwalla, 232
- of Claudia Ecloge, 190
- of Clement XIII., 249, 250 (plate)
- of S. Constantia, 198, 199 (cut)
- of Pope Cornelius, 215 (cut), 218 (plate)
- of Crepereia Tryphæna, 302 (plate)
- of the Flavians, 190, 316 (cut), 338
- of Geta, 196 (cut)
- of Gregory the Great, 221, 223
- of Hadrian, 227, 228 (cut)
- of Helena, mother of Constantine, at Torre Pignattara, 197 (cut)
- of Helius, the shoemaker, 273, 274 (cut)
- of other shoemakers, 275
- of the horse of Lucius Verus, 272
- of Innocent VIII., 242 (plate)
- of Leo the Great, 223
- of Licentius, 14
- of the Licinii Calpurnii, 276
- of Linus, 130
- of Lucilia Polla, 283
- its vicissitudes, 284
- of Luke, card. of SS. Giovanni e Paolo, 159
- of Maria, wife of Honorius, 203
- of Nero, 189
- of kings Offa of Essex and Coenred of Mercia, 233
- of Otho II., 136
- of S. Paul, 157
- of Paul III., 245, 246 (plate)
- of S. Peter, 129
- of Sannazzaro, 25
- of Q. Sulpicius Maximus, 280, 282 (plate)
- of Sulpicius Platorinus, 265, 268 (plate)
- of Silvester II., 236
- of Urban VI., 146
- Torre Marancia, 335
- Torre Pignattara, 197 (cut)
- Totila, siege of, a. d. 546, 46
- Trajan, instructions in regard to the persecution of Christians, 313
- Triopium, 290
- Tryphæna, Crepereia, her tomb discovered in 1889, 302
- objects found in the sarcophagus, 303
- Tubilustrium, 275
- Tulliola, daughter of Cicero, 300 (plate)
- Tusculum, Roman expedition against, 177
- Urania, daughter of Herodes Atticus, 9
- Urban VI., Pope, desecration of his tomb, 146
- Urbino, Sphæristerion, 97
- Urns, cinerary, 266
- Ustrinum of the imperial family, 170
- Val d' Inferno, 287
- Valle della Caffarella, 286
- Valle dei Morti, 178
- Vases, found in the tomb of Maria, 205
- Vassalectus, an inscription of, 238 (cut)
- candelabrum and other works, 239 (cut)
- Vatican district, its early topography, 127
- Vatican museum, 26, 93, 105, 106, 182, 185, 198
- Vedjovis, shrine of, 85
- Vegetus, Valerius, house of, 192
- Veii, its capture by Camillus, 64
- site of a temple of Juno, 65 (cut)
- Verus, Lucius, tomb of his horse, 272
- Vestal virgins, 33, 81
- Via Appia, 172, 215
- its tombs, 286 (plate)
- the body of a girl discovered in 1485, 295, 298 (cut)
- ---- Ardeatina, 315
- ---- Aurelia, tombs on, 262
- ---- Clodia, 127
- ---- Cornelia, 127, 128
- ---- Labicana, 172, 354
- ---- Latina, 116, 178
- ---- Merulana, 62
- Nomentana, 188, 197
- ---- Ostiensis, 150, 151
- ---- Sacra, 82, 161
- ---- Salaria, 4 (map), 7, 172, 221
- tombs on, 275
- ---- Triumphalis, 127
- tombs on, 270
- Via Dolorosa of Jerusalem, imitated at Rome, 181
- Viatrindex, S., 334 (cut)
- Victor, S., Pomponio's academy placed under his patronage, 359
- Vigilius, Pope, 46
- repaired the damages done by the Goths in the Catacombs, 325
- Vigna Barberini, 162
- Vigne Nuove, 287
- Villa Amaranthiana, 335
- Virgin, immagine di Ponte, 35
- Volesus, founds the Ludi Tarentini, 74
- Volkanalia, 84
- Vortumnus, 104
- Votive head, to Minerva, 63 (cut)
- Votive offerings. See Ex-votos