Paginas Sudamericanas

CAPÍTULO XXXI

COLOMBIA

PRODUCTOS E INDUSTRIAS

La costa y las tierras calientes de la república producen maíz, caña de azúcar, algodón, caucho, cacao, plátanos, fibras, frutas y legumbres tropicales, mientras que en las montañas y las mesetas crecen café, manzanas, melocotones, bayas, patatas, trigo, cebada y, en efecto, todos los productos de la zona templada. Todo el país es adaptable para el ganado, y en muchas partes las tierras de pastoreo están verdes todo el año.

En el valle del Magdalena se pueden obtener bastantes obreros para las extensas plantaciones de cacao, caucho y bananos. En los valles del Atrato, el León y el Sinú hay mucha tierra rica, adaptada al cultivo de la banana, la naranja, la piña, el aguacate o palta y otras varias frutas tropicales. El valle del Sinú es además la mejor región para el ganado y donde se encuentran grandes cantidades de cedro y caoba.

Una de las industrias crecientes del país es la de marfil vegetal, de que se ha tratado ya y del que se fabrican botones de superior calidad.

En algunos departamentos, notablemente en Antioquia, está bien establecida la industria de la minería, y se dice que los depósitos de oro de los ríos Marmoto y Cucio rivalizan con los del Transvaal. Parece que la costa entera del Pacífico está formada de aluvión aurífero; pero donde más se ha explotado es en las sierras entre el Magdalena y el Cauca. Centenares de millas cuadradas de esta región no han sido exploradas sino por el cazador indio.

El cobre es abundante en Colombia pero, debido a la cantidad de los metales preciosos, se han explotado poco los inferiores.

Rusia es el único país del mundo cuya producción de platino excede a la de Colombia. Este metal, que se encuentra siempre mezclado con oro, viene principalmente del cascajo de los ríos de Choco, de Platina y de Condota. Hay depósitos de petróleo, semejantes a los de Beaumont, Tejas, como los hay de carbón y hierro.

Casi todas las esmeraldas, que entre las piedras preciosas son consideradas como las más valiosas, se extraen hoy en Colombia.

Los conquistadores españoles comenzaron en 1540 la explotación de las minas de Muzo, de Coscuez, y las del grupo de Somondoco, cerca de Bogotá. Las últimas permanecieron perdidas durante un período de más de cien años, habiendo estado envueltas en una maleza impenetrable, y sólo volvieron a descubrirse hace unos quince años.

El gobierno de Colombia dirige la explotación de esmeraldas y arrienda los distritos mineros a compañías explotadoras.

El grupo de minas de Coscuez, nombre de una princesa india, y que producían la variedad de esmeraldas llamadas canutillo, está ahora en la categoría de minas perdidas, ya que no se sabe su situación exacta. Se supone que el grupo de Somondoco, que no se explota actualmente, posee una matriz que daría el valor de 500,000 dólares en esmeraldas al año.

CUESTIONARIO

1. ¿Qué diferencia hay entre los productos de las tierras bajas y los de la meseta?

2. ¿Por qué son utilizables las tierras de Colombia para el ganado?

3. ¿Qué ventaja tiene el valle del Magdalena en cuanto a la agricultura?

4. ¿Qué ventaja tiene en este sentido el valle del Atrato?

5. ¿Cuáles son las industrias del valle del Sinú?

6. ¿Qué árbol produce el marfil vegetal?

7. ¿Para qué se usa?

8. ¿Dónde se encuentra el oro?

9. ¿Se ha explotado mucho el oro?

10. ¿Por qué no se ha explotado mucho el cobre?

11. ¿Dónde se obtiene platino?

12. ¿Es Colombia el primer país del mundo en la producción de platino?

13. ¿Cuál es el mineral más importante de Colombia?

14. ¿Cuándo comenzó la explotación de esmeraldas en Colombia?

15. ¿Por qué dejaron de trabajar las minas de Somondoco?

16. ¿Se están explotando actualmente?

17. ¿Cómo se dirige la explotación de esmeraldas?

18. ¿Qué grupo de minas está perdido actualmente?

19. ¿Cuánto probablemente producirían las minas de Somondoco, si se explotan?

VOCABULARY

ABBREVIATIONS

adj. adjective
adv. adverb
Amer. American usage (i.e., Latin-American)
Arg. Argentine word or usage
conj. conjunction
Cub. Cuban
f. feminine (noun)
Fr. French
inf. infinitive
interj. interjection
Lat. Latin
m. masculine (noun)
part. participle
pl. plural
Port. Portuguese
pr. proper noun
prep. preposition
pres. present
pron. pronoun
sing. singular
v. verb
—— keyword repeated

A

ABAJO adv. under, below; downstairs
ABANICO m. fan
ABARCAR v. to comprise, to embrace
ABASTECER v. to supply
ABIERTO see ABRIR
ABONO m. fertilizer
ABRIR v. to open
ACABAR v. to finish; —— DE (followed by inf.) to have just
ACARREO m. carriage, transportation
ACASO adv. perhaps
ACAUDALADO -A adj. abundant, copious, of great volume; wealthy, opulent
ACAUDILLAR v. to lead
ACEBO m. holly
ACEITE m. oil
ACERCA prep. about, concerning; —— DE about, in regard to
ACERCAR v. to draw near; to bring together
ACERO m. steel
ACONTECER v. to happen
ACONTECIMIENTO m. event
ACORDAR v. to agree; ——-SE DE to remember, to keep in mind
ACORDE adj. conformable, according
ACRECENTAR v. to increase
ACTO m. act; ceremony, function
ACTUAL adj. present, actual
ACTUALMENTE adv. at present
ACUERDO m. accord, resolution; DE —— CON in harmony with, according to
ACUÑAR v. to coin
ADAGIO m. proverb, adage
ADECUADO -A adj. adequate, fit, suitable
ADELANTAR v. to advance; to make progress
ADELANTO m. advance, progress
ADEMÁS adv. besides, moreover
ADMIRACIÓN f. surprise, wonder
ADQUIERE see ADQUIRIR
ADQUIRIR v. to acquire, to obtain
ADUANA f. custom-house, DERECHO DE —— customs duty
ADVERTIR v. to observe, to note, to warn
AFAMADO -A adj. famous, noted
AFICIÓN f. affection, liking
AFILADO -A adj. sharp
AFLUENTE m. tributary (of a river)
AFLUIR v. to flow into
AFORTUNADAMENTE adv. fortunately
AGOBIAR v. to oppress, to overwhelm
AGOTAR v. to exhaust
AGRADABLE adj. pleasant, agreeable
AGREGAR v. to collect, to add
AGRÍCOLA adj. agricultural
AGRIMENSOR m. surveyor
AGUA f. water; ——S ARRIBA up the stream
AGUACATE m. alligator pear
AGUANTE m. endurance
AGUDO -A adj. sharp, keen; brisk, active
AGUJERO m. hole, opening
AHORA adv. now
AHUYENTAR v. to put to flight
AISLAR v. to isolate; to insulate
AJEDREZ m. chess; PIEZA DE —— chessman
ALAMEDA f. walk, promenade, mall
ALBA f. dawn
ALBO -A adj. white
ALCANZAR v. to reach, to attain, to acquire; to overtake, to catch up with
ALDEA f. village
ALEGRE adj. happy, gay
ALEMÁN, ALEMANA adj. German
ALGODÓN m. cotton
ALIMENTO m. food, nourishment
ALMA f. soul
ALMENDRA f. almond; —— DE CACAO cocoa bean
ALMIAR m. haystack
ALMIRANTE m. admiral
ALMORZAR v. to breakfast; to lunch
ALMUERZO m. breakfast, luncheon
ALOJAR v. to lodge, to house
ALPISTE m. canary seed
ALQUILER m. rent, rental
ALREDEDOR adv. around; ——ES m. pl. environs, suburbs
ALTERAR v. to change, to affect
ALTIPLANICIE f. tableland
ALTO -A adj. high; loud; EL —— O AMAZONAS the upper Amazon; m. height; PASAR POR —— to overlook, to pay no attention to
ALUMBRAR v. to light, to illuminate
ALUMNO -A m. and f. pupil, student; —— INTERNO -A boarding of pupil
ALUVIÓN m.. alluvium
ALZAR v. to raise; ——SE to rise, to tower
ALLÁ adv. there; MÁS —— DE beyond
ALLÍ adv. there
AMARILLENTO -A adj. yellowish
AMBOS -AS adj. pl. both
AMBULANTE adj. traveling, itinerant
AMENO -A adj. pleasant, delicious
AMISTOSO -A adj. friendly
AMORFO -A adj. amorphous
AMPLIAR v. to enlarge, to increase
AMPLIO -A adj. plentiful, extensive, large, ample
AMUEBLAR v. to furnish
ANCA f. haunch
ANCHO -A adj. broad, large
ANCHUROSO -A adj. wide
ANGOSTO -A adj. narrow, close
ANHELO m. zeal, eagerness; anxiety
ANIMAR v. to animate, to encourage
ANIQUILAR v.to annihilate
ANTERIOR adj. former, previous
ANTES adv. before, beforehand
ANTIGÜEDAD f. antiquity; ——ES relics
ANTIGUO -a adj. antique, ancient, old
ANTRACITA f. anthracite coal
ANULAR v. to annul
AÑADIR v. to add to, join
AÑIL m. indigo plant; indigo blue
AÑO m. year
APADRINAR v. to act as godfather to; to patronize, to protect
APARECER v. to appear
APARIENCIA f. appearance
APARTE adv. apart, separately; —— DE besides
APENAS adv. scarcely, hardly
APETECER v. to long for, to seek
APILAR v. to heap, to pile up
APLICAR v. to apply, to attribute
APOGEO m. zenith, highest point of power
APRECIAR v. to appreciate, to prize
APRESAR v. to seize, to grasp, to capture
APROVECHAR v. to use; to become useful; to progress; ——SE to profit by, to take advantage of
APROXIMAR(SE) v. to approach
AQUÍ adv. here
ARAÑA f. spider
ARBITRAJE m. arbitration
ÁRBITRO m. arbiter
ÁRBOL m. tree
ARBUSTO m. shrub
ARDIENTE adj. ardent, hot, fiery
ARDUO -A adj. arduous, difficult
ARENA f. sand
ARENAL m. sandy tract
ARMADA f. fleet, navy
ARRABAL m. suburb; ——ES environs
ARRANCAR v. to root out, to draw out; to wrench; to begin
ARREGLAR v. to regulate, to settle, to arrange
ARREGLO m. rule, arrangement; CON —— A according to
ARRENDAR v. to lease
ARRIBA adv. above, up, upstairs
ARRIBAR v. to arrive, to reach
ARRIENDA see ARRENDAR
ARROZ m. rice
ÁRTICO, -A adj. arctic, glacial
ASAMBLEA f. assembly, meeting
ASEAR v. to clean
ASEGURAR v. to assure
ASEMEJAR(SE) v. to resemble
ASERRADERO m. sawmill
ASÍ adv. thus, so; —— COMO as well as
ASIENTO m. seat
ASIGNATURA f. subject, study, course of study
ASIMILABLE adj. adaptable, capable of assimilation
ASIMISMO adv. likewise
ASISTIR v. to be present; to assist
ASSUCAR (Port.) m. sugar
ASUMIR v. to assume
ATACAR v. to attack
ATAQUE m. attack
ATAVIAR v. to dress, to adorn
ATENAS pr. Athens
ATENEO m. athenaeum
ATENERSE v. to abide by; to stick to
ATRACTIVO, -A adj. attractive; m. attraction
ATRAVESAR v. to cross, to go through; to go near
ATRAVIESA see ATRAVESAR
ATRAYENTE adj. attractive
ATREVER(SE) v. to dare, to venture
ATRIBUIR v. to attribute
ATRIBUYE see ATRIBUIR
AULA f. lecture hall, classroom
AUMENTAR v. to increase, to augment
AUN adv. yet, still; —— CUANDO although
AURÍFERO, -A adj. gold-bearing
AUTÓNOMO, -A adj. free, autonomous
AUXILIO m. aid, help
AVANZAR v. to advance, to attack
AVENA f. oats
AVENIDA f. avenue
AVIADOR m. aviator
AYUDAR v. to aid, to help
AZÚCAR m. sugar
AZUFRE m. sulfur

B

BAHIA (Port.) f. bay
BAHÍA f. bay, harbor
BAJO, -A adj. low; -O adv. and prep. under, below
BALDE m. bucket; EN —— IN vain
BALNEARIO m. watering place; beach (Amer.)
BALUARTE m. bulwark
BAMBÚ m. bamboo
BANANA f. banana (the fruit)
BANANO m. banana (the plant)
BANDA f. band, strip
BANDERA f. flag, banner
BAÑAR v. to bathe
BAÑO m. bath
BARNIZ m. varnish
BARRENO m. drill; blast-hole
BARRER v. to sweep
BARRERA f. barrier
BARRIL m. barrel
BARRIO m. district, ward
BASE f. basis, base
BASTANTE adj. enough, considerable; adv. enough, considerably
BATALLA f. battle
BAYA f. berry, fruit
BEBIDA f. drink
BECA f. fellowship, pension, scholarship
BECERRO m. calf; calfskin
BELGA adj. Belgian
BELICOSO, -A adj. warlike
BELLEZA f. beauty
BELLO, -A adj. handsome, fine; -AS ARTES fine arts
BENEFICIAR v. to benefit, to cultivate; to accommodate
BENEFICIO m. benefit; profit
BERILO m. beryl
BESTIA f. beast; —— DE CARGA beast of burden
BETÚN m. bitumen; —— PARA ZAPATOS shoe-blacking
BIBLIOTECA f. library BIEN adv. well; SI —— although; ——ES m. pl. property, estate
BIENESTAR m. well-being
BISMUTO m. bismuth
BLANCO -A adj. white
BLANDO -A adj. soft
BLANQUEAR v. to bleach, to whiten
BOCA f. mouth
BOLSA f. purse; stock exchange
BOLSILLO m. pocket, purse
BOMBERO m. fireman
BOMBILLA f. small tube
BONAERENSE adj. of Buenos Aires
BONDADOSO -A adj. kind, bountiful
BORDE m. border
BORDO m. board
BORRICO m. donkey
BOSQUE m. forest
BOSQUEJO m. sketch, outline
BOTELLA f. bottle
BOTÓN m. button
BRANCO (Port.) adj. white
BRAZO m. arm
BREA f. pitch
BREVE adj. brief
BRINDAR v. to offer; to toast; to invite
BRISA f. breeze
BRITÁNICO -A adj. British
BRONCE m. bronze
BUQUE m. ship; —— TRANSPORTE transport
BUSCAR v. to seek, to look for
BUSQUE see BUSCAR

C

CABALLERO m. gentleman
CABALLO m. horse; A —— on horseback; —— DE FUERZA horse-power
CABER v. to be able to contain, to be contained; to have room
CABEZA f. head
CABO m. end, handle; cape
CABRA f. goat
CABRITILLA f. kid; kid-skin
CABRITO m. kid
CACAHUAL m. cacao plantation
CADA adj. each; —— VEZ MÁS more and more
CADENA f. chain
CAFEÍNA f. caffeine
CAFETAL m. coffee plantation
CAFETO m. coffee tree
CAJA f. box, case
CALABAZA f. squash
CÁLCULO m. calculation
CALICHE m. sodium nitrate
CALIDAD f. quality, condition, character
CÁLIDO -A adj. warm, hot
CALIENTE adj. warm, hot
CALIFICAR v. to qualify, to discriminate, to describe
CALIFIQUE see calificar
CALOR m. heat
CALUROSO -A adj. warm; vehement
CALZADA f. road, highway
CALZADO m. footwear
CALLE f. street
CÁMARA f. chamber, legislative body
CAMBIAR v. to change
CAMBIO m. change, exchange; EN —— on the other hand
CAMELLO m. camel
CAMINAR v. to travel
CAMINO m. road, way
CAMISA f. shirt
CAMPAÑA f. campaign
CAMPESTRE adj. country, rural
CAMPO m. field, country
CANOA f. canoe
CANSANCIO m. fatigue
CANTIDAD f. quantity
CAÑA f. cane, reed; —— DE AZÚCAR sugar-cane
CAÑONERO m. gunboat
CAOBA f. mahogany
CAOLÍN m. kaolin, china-clay
CAPA f. covering, layer, stratum
CAPILLA f. chapel
CAPITANÍA f. captaincy, military province
CÁPSULA f. capsule, pod
CAPULLO m. bud
CARA f. face; LOS CARAS a tribe of Indians
CARBÓN m. coal; —— DE PIEDRA anthracite coal
CARECER v. to lack
CARENAR v. to careen; to careen and calk
CARGA f. load, freight, cargo
CARGAMENTO m. cargo, shipment
CARGO m. load, weight; office, honor; A —— DE in charge of
CARIÑO m. affection
CARNE f. meat, flesh
CARNERO m. sheep
CARRERA f. race; course; profession, career
CARRETA f. long, narrow cart
CARRUAJE m. vehicle, carriage
CASA f. house, building, edifice
CASACIÓN f. repeal; CORTE DE —— court of appeals
CASCAJO m. gravel
CASI adv. almost
CATACAO f. headdress
CAUCHO m. rubber, caoutchouc
CAUDAL m. property, stock, fortune, treasure; abundance
CAUDALOSO -A adj. abundant, copious
CAVAR v. to dig, to excavate
CAZADOR m. hunter
CEBADA f. barley
CEDER v. to cede, to yield
CEDRO m. cedar
CÉDULA f. charter CEIBA f. ceiba, silk-cotton tree
CEILÁN pr. Ceylon
CENTAVO m. hundredth part (of a dollar); cent
CENTENAR m. hundred
CERCA f. inclosure, hedge, fence; adv. near, close by; —— DE near, nearly
CERDO m. pig, hog
CERRO m. hill, mount
CERVEZA f. beer, ale
CIENCIA f. science
CIENTO adj. hundred; POR —— per cent
CIERTO -A adj. certain, sure, true
CIMA f. summit, peak, top
CINEMATÓGRAFO m. cinematograph, motion-picture show
CIRCUNDAR v. to surround
CISPLATINO -A adj. cisplatine, beyond the Plata
CITAR v. to quote; to summon; to make an appointment
CIUDAD f. city
CIUDADANO m. citizen
CLARO -A adj. clear, bright, light, transparent
CLIMA m. climate
CLIMATOLÓGICO -A adj. climatic
COBRAR v. to recover; to collect; to receive
COBRE m. copper
COCA f. coca (the shrub, the leaves, or the juice)
COCO m. coconut; coconut palm
COCHE m. coach, carriage
COGER v. to take
COLECTIVIDAD f. group
COLEGA m. colleague
COLEGIO m. school, college
COLGAR v. to hang, to suspend
COLINA f. hill, height
COLINDANTE adj. adjacent, bordering on
COLMILLO m. eye tooth, tusk
COLOCAR v. to place
COLONIZAR v. to colonize
COLONO m. colonist, settler, planter
COLORADO -A adj. red
COMARCA f. district, territory
COMENZAR v. to commence, to begin
COMER v. to eat; to dine
COMERCIANTE m. merchant, trader
COMESTIBLE adj. edible; m. pl. food, eatables
COMIENZA see COMENZAR
COMISARÍA f. commissariat
COMO conj. and adv. as, like; —— QUIERA QUE although, however, since
CÓMO adv. how
COMODIDAD f. convenience, comfort
COMPENSAR v. to compensate for
COMPETENCIA f. competition
COMPONER v. to mend; to compose; ——SE to be composed
COMPRAR v. to buy
COMPRENDER v. to embrace, to comprise, to comprehend
COMPRIMIR v. to compress
COMPUESTO, -A adj. compound, composed (of); also see COMPONER
CONCEBIR v. to conceive
CONCIBIÓ see CONCEBIR
CONCURRIDO, -A adj. well attended, frequented
CONDENAR v. to condemn
CONDUCIR v. to conduct, to convey, to guide
CONDUJERA see CONDUCIR
CONFERIR v. to confer, to grant
CONFIAR v. to confide, to trust
CONFINAR v. to confine; —— CON to border upon
CONFIRIÓ see CONFERIR
CONFORME adj. alike, corresponding; —— A consistent with
CONGELAR v. to freeze
CONGENIAR v. to be congenial, to sympathize
CONJUNTO, -A adj. connected; m. whole; EN —— as a whole
CONOCEDOR m. connoisseur, expert
CONOCER v. to know, to be acquainted with
CONQUISTAR v. to conquer, to subdue
CONSAGRAR v. to consecrate, to devote
CONSEGUIR v. to attain, to obtain; to succeed
CONSEJO m. counsel, advice; council
CONSERVAR v. to maintain, to preserve, to keep
CONSIGUIENTE m. consequence; POR —— consequently
CONSTAR v. to be clear, to be evident
CONSTITUIR v. to constitute, to establish, to make
CONTADO, -A adj. rare
CONTAR v. to count, to relate; —— CON to count upon; to possess
CONTENDIENTE m. disputant
CONTENER v. to contain
CONTENGA see CONTENER
CONTESTAR v. to reply, to answer
CONTIENDA f. struggle
CONTORNO m. environs, vicinity
CONTRA prep. against, across
CONTRIBUCIÓN f. tax
CONVENIENTE adj. suitable, adaptable; proper; advisable
CONVENIR v. to suit, to agree; CONVIENE QUE it is advisable that
CONVERTIR v. to convert
CONVIENE see CONVENIR
CONVIERTE see CONVERTIR
CONVOCAR v. to convene, to call together
COQUE m. coke
CORAZÓN m. heart
CORDEL m. cord, rope; A —— in a straight line
CORDILLERA f. chain of mountains
CORDÓN m. cord, line; girdle
CORONAR v. to crown, to cap
CORREO m. post, mail, postoffice
CORRER v. to run, to flow
CORRESPONDER v. to correspond (to), to suit, to fit
CORRIENTE f. stream, current; adj. current
CORTANTE adj. sharp, cutting
CORTAR v. to cut
CORTE m. cut, cutting; sugar-cane harvest; court
CORTEZA f. bark
CORTO, -A adj. short
CORVO, -A adj. crooked, curved
COSA f. thing, object
COSECHA f. crop, harvest
COSTA f. coast, shore
COSTEAR v. to skirt, to go along the coast of
COSTO m. cost, price
COSTUMBRE f. custom, habit; DE —— usual
CREAR v. to create
CRECER v. to increase, to grow
CRECIENTE adj. growing, increasing
CRECIMIENTO m. growth, increase
CREER v. to believe
CREMA f. cream
CREPÚSCULO m. twilight (of either morning or evening)
CRÍA f. breeding, raising; —— DE GANADO cattle-raising
CRIADERO m. bed, deposit
CRIAR v. to breed, to raise
CRISTAL m. glass; glassware
CRÓNICA f. record, chronicle
CRUCERO m. cruiser
CRUZ f. cross
CRUZAR v. to cross; to cross the breed
CUADRADO, -A adj. square
CUADRO m. square; flower-bed; small park
CUAL pron. which, what; EL ——, LA ——, LOS ——ES, LAS ——ES who, which
¿CUÁL? pron. which? what?
CUALQUIER, CUALQUIERA pron. any one, any; whoever, whatever
CUANDO adv. when; AUN —— even though; —— MENOS at least
CUANTO, -A adj. as much, so much; -OS, -AS as many, so many; -O adv. as much; EN —— A as for
CUARENTENA f. quarantine
CUARTO, -A adj. fourth; m. room
CUBIERTA f. cover; deck of a ship
CUBIERTO see CUBRIR
CUBRIR v. to cover
CUCHARA f. spoon, ladle
CUCHILLO m. knife
CUELGAN see COLGAR
CUELLO m. neck, collar
CUENCA f. basin
CUENTA f. count, account; DAR —— DE to relate; also see CONTAR
CUERDA f. cord, string
CUERO m. skin, leather, rawhide
CUERPO m. body
CUESTA f. hill
CUIDAR v. to take care; to care for
CULTO m. worship; MINISTRO DE —— secretary of religious affairs
CUMBRE f. summit
CUNA f. cradle
CURAR v. to cure, to heal; to cure meat
CURTIR v. to tan
CURVO, -A adj. bent, crooked
CÚSPIDE f. summit, peak
CUYO, -A pron. whose

Ch

CHARRÚAS m. pl. tribe of Indians
CHISTOSO, -A adj. funny, witty
CHIVO m. goat

D

DA (Port.) prep. of the
DAMA f. lady
DANÉS, DANESA adj. Danish
DANZAR v. to dance
DAÑAR v. to damage
DAÑO m. damage, harm
DAR v. to give; —— A to open toward; —— A CONOCER to make known; ——SE to be produced, to grow
DATO m. datum
DEBAJO adv. under, underneath
DEBER v. to owe; ought; DEBIDO A owing to; required
DEBIDAMENTE adv. duly, justly
DECENIO m. decade
DECIR v. to say
DECLIVE m. declivity, slope
DECRETO m. decree
DEDO m. finger
DEJAR v. to leave
DELEITE m. delight
DELGADO, -A adj. thin, delicate
DELICIOSO, -A adj. delightful, delicious
DEMÁS adj. remaining; LO ——, LOS —— the rest, the others
DEMOSTRAR v. to prove, to show, to demonstrate
DEMUESTRA see DEMOSTRAR
DENOMINAR v. to denominate, to call, to name
DENTRO adv. within, inside; POR —— inside
DEPONER v. to depose
DEPUSIERON see DEPONER
DERECHO, -A adj. right (hand); m. right, duty; law
DERRAMAR v. to shed, to spill
DERREDOR m. circumference; circuit; AL ——, EN —— around, about
DERRETIR v. to melt
DERROTAR v. to defeat
DESAGÜE m. drainage; watershed
DESALOJAR v. to dislodge
DESAPARECER v. to disappear
DESARROLLO m. development
DESAVENENCIA f. disagreement
DESCANSO m. rest
DESCASCARAR v. to peel, to shell, to hull
DESCONOCIDO, -A adj. unknown
DESCRIBIR v. to describe
DESCRITO see DESCRIBIR
DESCUBIERTO see DESCUBRIR
DESCUBRIMIENTO m. discovery
DESCUBRIR v. to discover
DESDE prep. since
DESEAR v. to desire, to wish
DESECACIÓN f. desiccation, drying
DESEMBARCADERO m. dock, quay
DESEMBOCADURA f. mouth (of a river)
DESEMBOCAR v. to flow out, to empty
DESENVOLVIMIENTO m. development
DESGRACIA f. misfortune
DESHABITADO, -A adj. uninhabited
DESHACER v. to undo, to destroy; ——SE to dissolve; to crumble
DESLUMBRADOR, -A adj. dazzling, brilliant
DESLUSTRAR v. to tarnish
DESPACHAR v. to send, to dispatch
DESPARRAMAR v. to scatter, to disseminate
DESPEDIR v. to dismiss; ——SE DE to take leave of
DESPEÑAR v. to precipitate; ——SE to slope
DESPERTAR v. to awaken
DESPIDE see DESPEDIR
DESPOJAR v. to deprive, to strip
DESPRENDER v. to unfasten, to separate; ——SE to extricate one's self; —— DE to flow from
DESPUÉS adv. after, next
DESTACAR v. to detach
DESTIERRO m. exile
DESTILERÍA f. distillery
DESTITUIR v. to dismiss; to overthrow
DESTRUIR v. to destroy
DESVANECER v. to vanish, to disappear
DETALLE m. detail
DETENIDO, -A adj. slow; careful
DETERIORAR v. to damage; to deteriorate
DETRITUS m. detritus, débris
DEVOLVER v. to return, to restore
DEVUELVA see DEVOLVER
DÍA m. day; AL —— up to date
DIARIO, -A adj. daily; m. daily newspaper
DIBUJO m. drawing, design
DICTADURA f. dictatorship
DICTAR v. to dictate, to command; to draw up
DICHO, -A adj. said, aforementioned; also see DECIR
DIERON see DAR
DIFERIR v. to differ; to defer
DIFÍCIL adj. difficult, improbable
DIFIERE see DIFERIR
DIGNO, -A adj. worthy
DILIGENCIA f. stage, stage-coach
DIÓCESIS f. diocese
DIOS m. God
DIOS m. deity, god
DIPUTADO m. deputy, representative
DIQUE m. dock
DIRIGIR v. to direct, to guide; ——SE to go; to address
DISCÍPULO m. disciple, pupil
DISCUTIR v. to discuss
DISEMINAR v. to disseminate, to spread
DISEÑO m. design, pattern
DISIPAR v. to scatter, to dissipate
DISMINUIR v. to diminish
DISMINUYE see DISMINUIR
DISPUESTO, -A adj. disposed, ready, fit; also see DISPONER
DISTAR v. to be distant
DISTINGUIR v. to distinguish
DISTINTO, -A adj. distinct, different
DISTRITO m. district, region
DIVERSIFICAR v. to diversify, to vary
DIVISAR v. to descry, to make out
DOBLAR v. to double, to fold, to bend
DOM (Port.) m. Mr. (title used with the Christian name)
DOMINGO m. Sunday
DONAIRE m. grace, elegance
DONDE adv. where
DOTAR v. to endow
DUDA f. doubt
DUEÑO m. owner
DULCE adj. sweet; m. candy
DUPLICAR v. to duplicate, to double
DURANTE prep. during
DURAR v. to last
DURMIENTE m. sleeper, cross-tie (of a railroad)
DURO, -A adj. hard

E

EBANISTERÍA f. cabinet-work
ECUADOR m. equator; —— TERMAL heat belt
ECHAR v. to throw, to pour, to send out, to cast; —— FLORES to bloom
EDAD f. age; SER MAYOR DE —— to become of age
EDIFICAR v. to build; to edify
EDIFICIO m. building
EFECTO m. effect; EN —— in fact
EFECTUAR v. to effect; to complete; ——SE to take place
EFICAZ adj. effective
EJECUTAR v. to execute, to perform, to make, to do
EJEMPLO m. example; sample
EJERCICIO m. exercise
EJÉRCITO m. army
ELABORAR v. to work, to manufacture
ELEGIR v. to elect, to choose
ELOGIO m. praise
EMBARCACIÓN f. embarkation; boat
EMBARCAR v. to embark, to ship
EMBARQUE m. shipping, embarkment
EMBETUNAR v. to cover with pitch
EMBRUTECER v. to stultify, to make stupid
EMPACAR v. to pack
EMPAQUE m. packing
EMPEÑAR v. to pledge; ——SE EN QUE to be determined to, to persist in
EMPEZAR v. to begin
EMPIEZA see EMPEZAR
EMPLEAR v. to employ, to use
EMPORIO m. emporium
EMPRENDER v. to undertake
EMPRESA f. enterprise
ENCAJE m. lace
ENCANTADO, -A adj. enchanted
ENCANTO m. charm
ENCARGAR v. to charge, to commit; ——SE DE to take charge of
ENCERRAR v. to confine, to include, to inclose, to contain
ENCIERRA see ENCERRAR
ENCIMA adv. above, over
ENCINA f. oak
ENCOGER v. to shrink
ENCONTRAR v. to meet, to find, to encounter; ——SE to be, to find one's self
ENCORVADO, -A adj. crooked, bent
ENCUENTRA see ENCONTRAR
ENDURECER v. to harden
ENFERMO, -A adj. sick
ENMIENDA f. amendment
ENROLLAR v. to roll
ENSANCHAR v. to widen, to extend
ENSEÑANZA f. instruction; —— SECUNDARIA intermediate instruction
ENSEÑAR v. to teach
ENSERES m. pl. implements
ENTENDER v. to understand, to comprehend
ENTERO, -A adj. entire, whole
ENTERRAR v. to bury
ENTONCES adv. then
ENTRADA f. entrance
ENTRAR v. to enter
ENTRE prep. between, among
ENTUSIASTA adj. enthusiastic
ENVIAR v. to send
ENVOLTURA f. wrapping
ENVOLVER v. to wrap, to envelop
ENVUELTO see ENVOLVER
EPICURO pr. Epicurus
EQUIPO m. equipment
EQUIVALER v. to be equivalent, to equal
ERGUIR v. to erect; ——SE to rise
ERIGIR v. to erect
ESCALA f. scale; ladder; port of call
ESCASO, -A adj. scarce
ESCLAVO m. slave
ESCOGER v. to choose, to select
ESCRIBIR v. to write
ESCRITO see ESCRIBIR
ESCRITURA f. writing, handwriting
ESCUADRA f. squadron, fleet; square
ESCUELA f. school
ESENCIAL adj. essential
ESFERA f. sphere
ESFORZAR(SE) v. to endeavor
ESFUERZO m. effort, courage
ESMERALDA f. emerald
ESPACIO m. space, room, capacity
ESPAÑOL, ESPAÑOLA adj. Spanish; m. and f. Spaniard
ESPARCIR v. to scatter
ESPEJO m. mirror
ESPERAR v. to hope; to wait, to await
ESPESO, -A adj. thick, dense, close
ESPINA f. thorn
ESTABLECER v. to establish, to found
ESTACIÓN f. season; railway station; situation
ESTADISTA m. statesman
ESTADÍSTICO, -A adj. statistical; f. sing. statistics
ESTADO m. state, nation; condition
ESTALLAR v. to break out, to burst
ESTANCIA f. room; farm, plantation, ranch (Amer.)
ESTAÑO m. tin; HOJA DE —— tinfoil
ESTE, -A, -O, -AS, -OS pron. this, this one (accented when used without a substantive or directly after one); m. sing. east
ESTÉRIL adj. sterile
ESTERLINO, -A adj. sterling; LIBRA ——A pound sterling
ESTERO m. small estuary, canal
ESTIMULAR v. to stimulate
ESTRATO m. stratum, layer
ESTRECHO, -A adj. narrow
ESTRIBACIÓN f. prop, support
ESTUARIO m. estuary
ESTUDIANTE m. and f. student
EUROPEO, -A adj. European
EVITAR v. to avoid
EX PROFESO (Lat.) adv. on purpose, expressly
EXENTO, -A adj. exempt
EXIGENTE adj. exacting
ÉXITO m. success, outcome, result
EXPATRIACIÓN f. exile
EXPEDIR v. to issue, to send; to grant
EXPIDE, EXPIDIÓ see EXPEDIR
EXPLICAR v. to explain
EXPLOTAR v. to exploit
EXPONER v. to expose
EXPUESTO see EXPONER
EXPULSAR v. to expel
EXTENDER v. to extend
EXTENSO, -A adj. extensive
EXTIENDE see EXTENDER
EXTRAER v. to extract
EXTRANJERO, -A adj. foreign; EN EL ——O in foreign countries; m. and f. foreigner

F

FABRICANTE m. manufacturer
FABRICAR v. to build, to construct; to manufacture
FACILITAR v. to supply; to facilitate
FACULTAD f. faculty, power
FACHADA f. façade, front
FAJA f. band, strip, belt
FALDA f. skirt; slope (of a mountain)
FALTA f. lack, need
FALLO m. decision, judgment
FANTASÍA f. fancy; BOTONES DE —— fancy buttons
FASE f. phase, aspect
FECHA f. date
FELIZ adj. happy
FERIA f. market, fair
FERROCARRIL m. railroad; —— SUBTERRÁNEO subway
FERROVIARIO, -A adj. railway
FESTIVO, -A adj. festive; DÍA —— holiday
FESTÓN m. festoon
FIBRA f. fiber
FICHA f. chip, counter, domino
FIESTA f. feast, festivity, holiday
FIJAR v. to fix
FIJO, -A adj. fixed, firm, permanent
FILOSOFÍA f. philosophy
FIN m. end, purpose; boundary
FINANCIERO, -A adj. financial
FINCA f. real estate; estate, plantation
FÍSICA f. physics
FLOR f. flower, bloom
FLORECER v. to bloom, to flourish
FLOTA f. fleet, squadron
FLUIR v. to flow
FLUVIAL adj. river
FLUYE see FLUIR
FOMENTAR v to encourage, to promote, to foment
FOMENTO m. patronage, support; MINISTERIO DE —— department of public works, agriculture, commerce, etc.
FONDO m. bottom; background; -S funds, resources
FORRO m. lining
FORTALEZA f. fortitude; fortress, stronghold
FORTIFICANTE adj. bracing, strengthening
FÓSFORO m. match
FRACASAR v. to fail
FRANCÉS, FRANCESA adj. French
FRENTE m. and f. front, fore part; HACER —— A to face, to meet
FRESCO, -A adj. cool
FRIGORÍFICO m refrigerating plant, packing house
FRÍO, -A adj. and m. cold
FRONDA f. frond
FRONDOSO, -A adj. leafy
FRONTERA f. frontier, boundary
FRUCTÍFERO, -A adj. fruitful
FRUCTIFICAR v. to bear fruit, to produce
FUEGO m. fire; —— FATUO will-o'-the-wisp
FUENTE f. fountain; source, origin
FUERA adv. out, outside; POR —— outside; —— DE outside of, besides
FUERTE adj. strong
FUERZA f. force, power
FUNCIONAR v. to function, to operate
FUNDAR v. to found; ——SE EN to base one's claims upon
FUNDICIÓN f. fusion, casting; reduction works; foundry
FUNDIR v. to melt; to smelt

G

GABINETE m. cabinet
GANADO m. livestock, cattle; —— VACUNO cattle; —— LANAR sheep
GANANCIA f. gain, profit
GANAR v. to win, to gain
GANGA f. gangue, vein-stone, mineral bed
GASTO m. expense, expenditure
GAUCHO m. herdsman, cowboy (Arg.)
GENTE f. people
GIGANTE m. giant
GIRO m. turn, course, draft
GOBERNADOR m. governor, ruler
GOBERNANTE m. ruler
GOBIERNO m. government
GOCE see GOZAR
GOMA f. gum; —— ELÁSTICA India rubber
GOZAR v. to enjoy
GRADO m. degree, grade, step
GRAN, GRANDE adj. great, large
GRANADO, -A adj. select, choice
GRASA f. grease, fat
GRATO, -A adj. pleasing, pleasant
GRATUITO, -A adj. free (of charge)
GRIEGO, -A adj. Greek
GRITO m. cry, shout
GRUESO, -A adj. thick, plump, large
GUANTE m. glove
GUARANÍ m., a tribe of Indians; also their language
GUARDAR v. to keep, to maintain, to guard, to protect
GUARNICIÓN f. garrison; harness; trimming
GUERRA f. war
GUÍA m. and f. guide
GUISAR v. to cook
GUSTO m. pleasure; taste, flavor

H

HÁBIL adj. capable, skilful, qualified
HABLA m. speech
HACENDADO m. planter, landowner
HACER v. to make, to do; ——SE to become
HACIA prep. toward
HACIENDA f. plantation, ranch, estate; MINISTRO DE —— secretary of the treasury
HACHA f. ax, hatchet
HAGA see HACER
HALLAR v. to find; ——SE to be
HARINA f. flour, meal
HASTA prep. and adv. till, until, even
HATO m. herd
HAZAÑA f. feat, exploit
HEBRAICO, -A adj. Hebrew
HECTÁREA f. hectare
HECHO m. fact; also see HACER
HELADA f. frost
HELECHO m. fern
HERBAJE m. grass, pasture, herbage
HERMANO m. brother
HERMOSO, -A adj. beautiful, handsome
HERVIR v. to boil
HICIERON see HACER
HIDROCARBURO m. hydrocarbon
HIDROGRÁFICO, -A adj. hydrographic
HIERBA f. grass, herb; MALA —— weed; —— MATE Brazilian holly
HIERRO m. iron
HIJO m. son; —— DEL PAÍS native
HILERA f. row, line, file
HILO m. thread, fiber, wire; TELEGRAFÍA SIN ——S wireless telegraphy
HIRVIENDO see HERVIR
HISPANO, -A adj. Hispanic
HIZO see HACER
HOJA f. leaf; sheet (of paper); blade (of a knife); —— DE LATA tin
HOLANDÉS, HOLANDESA adj. Dutch
HOMBRE m. man
HORA f. hour
HORNO m. furnace, kiln, oven
HOY adv. today
HOYA f. hole, cavity, valley
HUECO, -A adj. hollow; m. hole
HUERTA f. garden
HUESO m. bone; stone, core
HUÉSPED m. guest; host
HUGONOTE, -A adj. Huguenot
HULLA f. pit-coal
HÚMEDO, -A adj. damp, humid
HUMO m. smoke

I

IBÉRICO, -A adj. Iberian
IDIOMA m. language
IGLESIA f. church
ÍGNEO, -A adj. igneous
IGUAL adj. alike, equal
IMPERIO m. empire, dominion; command
IMPERMEABLE adj. waterproof
ÍMPETU m. impetus
IMPLICAR v. to imply
IMPONENTE adj. imposing
IMPRENTA f. printing; printing plant
IMPUESTO m. tax, duty
INCIPIENTE adj. incipient
INCLUIR v. to include
INCLUYE see INCLUIR
INCORPORAR v. to incorporate, to unite; to raise
INCREMENTO m. increase, increment
INDICIO m. indication, index
INDÍGENA adj. native, indigenous; m. or f. native
INDIO, -A adj. Indian
INDOMABLE adj. indomitable, unconquerable
INDUDABLE adj. unquestionable
INESPERADO, -A adj. unexpected, unforeseen
INFANTE m. and f. infant; title given to the children of the Spanish and the former Portuguese Royal Families
INFATIGABLE adj. indefatigable
INFLUIR v. to influence, to modify
INFORME m. report, statement
INFRUCTUOSO, -A adj. fruitless
INGENIERÍA f. engineering
INGENIO m. sugar mill; sugar plantation
INGENTE adj. enormous (Amer.)
INGLÉS, INGLESA adj. English
INGRESO m. entrance, -S receipts
INHERENTE adj. inherent
INICIAR v. to begin, to initiate
INNEGABLE adj. undeniable
INSCRIBIR v. to inscribe
INSCRITO see INSCRIBIR
INSOLACIÓN f. sunstroke
INSTALACIÓN f. equipment, installation
INTEGRANTE adj. integral
INTENDENCIA f. territory or office of an intendant
INTENDENTE m. intendant; —— DE EJÉRCITO quartermaster-general
INTERNO, -A adj. interior, domestic m. and f. boarding-pupil
INTERRUMPIR v. to interrupt
ÍNTIMO, -A adj. intimate; exact
INTRANSITABLE adj. impassable
INVERNAR v. to spend the winter; LUGAR DE —— winter resort
INVERTIR v. to invest (money); to invert
INVESTIR v. to invest (with office), to confer (a dignity)
INVIERNO m. winter
IR v. to go
IRRITANTE adj. irritating
ISLA f. island
ISLEÑO, -A adj. island
ISTMO m. isthmus
IZQUIERDO, -A adj. left (hand)

J

JACTAR(SE) v. to boast
JAMÁS adj. never
JARABE m. syrup
JARDÍN m. garden
JEFE m. chief, leader
JIPIJAPA f. fine straw
JORNADA f. journey
JOVEN adj. young
JOYA f. jewel
JUEGO m. play, game
JUEVES m. Thursday
JUEZ m. judge
JUGO m. sap, juice
JUNCO m. rush
JUNTA f. meeting, convention, council
JUNTAMENTE adv. jointly, together
JUNTO adj. near, together
JURISPRUDENCIA f. jurisprudence, law
JUSTIFICAR v. to justify
JUZGAR v. to judge

L

LABRADO, -A adj. worked, wrought, handwrought
LABRAR v. to work
LADERA f. declivity, slope
LADO m. side, direction
LADRILLO m. brick
LAGO m. lake
LAGUNA f. lake, reservoir
LANA f. wool
LANAR adj. woolen; GANADO —— sheep
LANZAR v. to throw, to issue; to launch
LARGO, -A adj. long; A LO -O DE along
LAVANDERÍA f. laundry; —— AL VAPOR steam laundry
LAVAR v. to wash
LECTURA f. reading
LECHE f. milk
LECHO m. bed; —— DE ROCA bed rock
LECHOSO, -A adj. milky
LEGUA f. league
LEGUMBRE f. legume; vegetable
LEJANO, -A adj. distant
LEJOS adv. far
LENGUA f. tongue; language
LENGUAJE m. language
LENTITUD f. slowness
LENTO, -A adj. slow
LEÑOSO, -A adj. woody
LETRA f. letter; -S letters, learning, the learned professions
LEY f. law
LIBRA f. pound; —— ESTERLINA pound sterling
LIBRAR v. to free; to wage
LIBRE adj. free
LÍCITO, -A adj. lawful, just
LIGA f. alloy
LIGERO, -A adj. light, swift, thin; unimportant
LIMÓN m. lemon
LIMPIO, -A adj. clean
LINAZA f. linseed
LINDO, -A adj. beautiful, pretty, fine
LÍNEA f. line, boundary, track
LINO m. flax, linen
LISTO, -A adj. ready; active; clever
LITORAL m. shore, seaboard
LOCALIDAD f. locality
LOGRAR v. to gain, to succeed, to attain
LOMO m. back
LONGITUD f. length, longitude
LOTE m. lot
LOZANO, -A adj. luxuriant
LUCHAR v. to struggle
LUEGO adv. presently, immediately, then
LUGAR m. place, site, spot
LUJO m. luxury, extravagance
LUZ f. light

Ll

LLAMA m. and f. llama
LLAMAR v. to call
LLANO, -A adj. flat, level; m. plain
LLANURA f. prairie
LLEGAR v. to arrive, to reach
LLENO, -A adj. full
LLEVAR v. to carry, to bring; —— A CABO to carry out
LLOVER v. to rain
LLUEVE see LLOVER
LLUVIA f. rain, rainfall

M

MACHETE m. cutlass, cane-knife
MADEJA f. skein, hank
MADERA f. wood, timber, lumber
MADERERÍA f. lumber yard
MADRUGAR v. to rise early
MADURO, -A adj. ripe, mature
MAESTRO m. teacher
MAGIA f. magic
MAÍZ m. maize, Indian corn
MAJESTUOSO, -A adj. majestic
MALEZA f. thicket, undergrowth
MANDATORIO m. messenger; delegate; ruler
MANDIOCA f. cassava or manioc, tapioca
MANDO m. command, authority, rule
MANIFESTAR v. to show, to manifest
MANIFIESTA see MANIFESTAR
MANIGUA f. jungle (Cub.)
MANO f. hand
MANSO, -A adj. gentle, tame, mild
MANTECA f. lard, fat
MANTEL m. table-cloth
MANTENER v. to support, to keep up, to maintain
MANTIENE see MANTENER
MANZANA f. apple; block (of houses)
MAÑA f. skill, cleverness
MAQUINARIA f. machinery
MAR m. or f. sea
MARAVILLA f. marvel, wonder
MARCADO, -A adj. marked
MARCO m. frame, background
MAREJADA f. surf, swell
MARFIL m. ivory
MARGEN f. margin, bank
MARINA f. fleet; —— DE GUERRA navy
MARTES m. Tuesday
MÁS adv. more; POR —— QUE however much; —— BIEN rather
MASA f. mass; dough
MATAR v. to kill
MATE m. Brazilian holly (from leaves of which Paraguay tea is made); Paraguay tea; gourd or vessel (in which the tea is made)
MATERIA f. material; subject; subject matter
MATIZ m. hue, color
MATRÍCULA f. enrolment
MATRIZ f. matrix
MAUSOLEO m. mausoleum, tomb
MAYOR adj. larger, greater; HIJO —— eldest son
MEDIA f. stocking
MEDIANTE prep. by means of
MEDIDA f. measure, standard; A —— QUE in proportion that, as
MEDIO m. means, medium; middle
MEDIR v. to measure
MEDITERRÁNEO, -A adj. inland, interior
MEJOR adj. better, superior; adv. better
MEJORA f. improvement
MELOCOTÓN m. peach
MENA f. ore
MENOS adv. less
MENTADO, -A adj. celebrated, famous
MENUDO, -A adj. minute, small; A -O often, frequently
MERCADO m. market
MERCED f. grace, mercy; —— A thanks to
MERECER v. to deserve
MERIDIONAL adj. southern
MES m. month
MESA f. table
MESETA f. plateau, tableland
METALÍFERO, -A adj. metalliferous
METER v. to put in, to set in
MEZCLA f. mixture, compound
MEZCLAR v. to mix
MIDE see MEDIR
MIEMBRO m. member
MIENTRAS adv. while
MILLA f. mile
MILLAR m. thousand
MINERO, -A adj. mining
MINISTERIO m. ministry, cabinet, department
MINISTRO m. minister (of state); PRIMER —— prime minister
MIRA f. intention, purpose
MIRAR v. to look, to look at, to face
MISIONERO m. missionary
MISMO, -A adj. same, similar
MITAD f. half
MODA f. style, fashion
MODELO m. model, style
MÓDICO, -A adj. moderate
MODO m. method, mode, manner
MOLER v. to grind, to pulverize
MOLINO m. mill
MONACITA f. monazite
MONEDA f. coin, coinage, money
MONTAÑA f. mountain
MONTAR v. to mount; to equip
MONTÓN m. heap, pile, mass
MORENO, -A adj. brown; swarthy
MORIR v. to die
MORTAL adj. mortal, deadly
MOSTRAR v. to show, to prove, to demonstrate
MOTIVO m. cause, reason, motive
MUEBLE m. piece of furniture
MUELLE m. wharf, pier, quay
MUERTE f. death
MUESTRA f. example, sample
MUJER f. woman
MÚLTIPLO m. multiple
MUNDIAL adj. of the world, worldly
MUNDO m. world, earth

N

NACER v. to be born; to begin
NADA pron. anything, nothing
NAIPE m. playing-card
NARANJA f. orange (the fruit)
NARANJO m. orange tree
NATAL adj. native; DÍA —— birthday
NATURAL adj. natural; native
NAVEGAR v. to navigate
NEGOCIO m. business, occupation; affair
NEVADO, -A adj. snow-covered, snowy
NEVASCA f. snowstorm
NIEBLA f. mist
NIEVE f. snow
NINGÚN, NINGUNO pron. no, none, not one
NIÑO, -A m. and f. child
NÍQUEL m. nickel
NITRATO m. nitrate
NITRERÍA f. saltpeter works
NIVEL m. level
NOCTURNO, -A adj. night, nocturnal
NOMBRAR v. to name, to nominate
NOMBRE m. name, title; fame
NORDESTE m. northeast
NORUEGO, -A adj. Norwegian
NOTAR v. to notice, to take note of; ES DE ——SE it is worthy of note
NOTICIA f. news, information
NUEVO, -A adj. new
NUEZ f. nut
NUNCA adv. never

Ñ

ÑANDUTÍ m. lace (guaraní for TELA DE ARAÑA)

O

O conj. or, either; —— SEA that is, that is to say
OBISPO m. bishop
OBRA f. work OBRERO m. workman
OBSTANTE pres. part. of OBSTAR (to hinder, to withstand); NO —— nevertheless, notwithstanding
OBTENER v. to obtain
OBTENGA see OBTENER
OBTUVO see OBTENER
OCCIDENTAL adj. western
OCULTAR v. to hide
OCULTO, -A adj. hidden
OESTE m. west
OFICINA f. office
OFICIO m. office; HACER EL —— DE to serve as; ARTES Y ——S arts and trades
OFRECER v. to offer
OJEADA f. glance
OLA f. wave
OLVIDAR v. to forget
ONDULADO, -A adj. undulating
ORACIÓN f. sentence
ORBE m. orb; EL —— the earth
ORIGINARIO, -A adj. original, native
ORILLA f. shore, bank; limit
ORO m. gold
ORQUESTA f. orchestra
OTORGAR v. to grant
OVEJA f. sheep, ewe

P

PAGAR v. to pay
PAÍS m. country, region
PAISAJE m. landscape
PAJA f. straw
PÁJARO m. bird
PALABRA f. word
PALMERA f. palm tree
PALMITO m. palmetto, dwarf fan-palm
PALMO m. span, handsbreadth
PALO m. stick, wood; —— DE TINTE dye wood; —— SANTO lignum vitae
PALTA f. alligator pear
PAMPA f. plain, prairie (Arg.)
PAN m. bread
PANADERO m. baker
PANTANO m. reservoir
PANTEÓN m. pantheon
PÃO (Port.) f. bread, loaf; —— D'ASSUCAR sugar-loaf
PAPEL m. paper; HACER UN —— to play a part
PAQUETE m. packet, parcel
PAR adj. equal; A LA —— QUE just as, like
PARA prep. for; conj. in order to, until; ESTAR —— to be on the point of
PARADA f. stop, stopping place, port of call
PARADÓJICO, -A adj. paradoxical
PARAGUAS m. umbrella
PARAR v. to stop; —— MIENTES to notice
PARECER v. to seem; AL —— apparently; ——SE to resemble
PARECIDO, -A adj. similar
PAREZCA see PARECER
PARLAMENTARIO, -A adj. parliamentary
PARQUE m. park
PARTICIPAR v. to inform, to share
PARTICULAR adj. particular; private
PARTIDO m. party
PARTIR v. to split, to separate; to depart
PASAJE m. passage, journey
PASAJERO m. traveler, passenger
PASEO m. promenade, avenue; walk; —— EN COCHE drive
PASILLO m. passage, corridor
PASO m. pass, passing, way
PASTO m. pasture
PASTOREO m. pasturage
PATA f. foot (of an animal); DE —— SEGURA sure-footed
PATATA f. potato
PATIO m. court, courtyard
PATRÓN m. pattern, standard
PAULATINAMENTE adv. slowly
PAVIMENTAR v. to pave
PAZ f. peace
PECUARIO, -A adj. pertaining to cattle
PECHO m. chest, breast
PEDREGOSO, -A adj. stony
PENA f. pain, trouble
PENDIENTE m. slope
PENSAR v. to think
PENÚLTIMO, -A adj. penultimate, next to last
PEÓN m. day-laborer, peasant
PEQUEÑO, -A adj. small
PERDER v. to lose
PÉRDIDA f. loss
PERIÓDICO m. newspaper
PERITO, -A adj. expert, skilled
PERJUICIO m. detriment, injury
PERLA f. pearl
PERMANECER v. to remain
PERMISO m. permission
PERSONAJE m. personage
PERSONAL m. personnel, faculty
PERSPECTIVA f. outlook, prospect
PERTENECER v. to belong, to pertain
PESAR v. to weigh; A —— DE in spite of
PESCUEZO m. neck
PESETA f. silver coin (worth about twenty cents)
PESO m. weight, dollar
PESQUERA f. fishery, fishing grounds
PESQUERÍA f. fishery, fishing grounds
PETITGRAIN (Fr.) m. oil extracted from leaves of the orange tree
PICO m. point, peak, bill
PIE m. foot
PIEDRA f. stone
PIEL f. skin, hide; leather
PIERNA f. leg
PIEZA f. piece, coin; room
PINO m. pine (wood or tree)
PINTOR m. painter
PINTORESCO, -A adj. picturesque
PINTURA f. painting; paint
PIÑA f. pineapple
PIRATA m. pirate
PISO m. floor, story
PLACER m. pleasure
PLANICIE f. plain
PLANO, -A adj. smooth, level; m. plan, design
PLATA f. silver; —— LABRADA wrought silver
PLÁTANO m. banana
PLATINO m. platinum
PLAYA f. beach, shore
PLAZA f. square, market-place
PLOMO m. lead
POBLACIÓN f. population; town
POBLADO m. city, town
POBLAR v. to colonize, to populate
POCITO m. small well
POCO, -A adj. little; -OS -AS few, some
PODER v. to be able; m. power
PODEROSO, -A adj. powerful
PODRIDO, -A adj. decayed
POLICÍA f. police
POLÍTICA f. politics; policy
POMADA f. salve, pomade
PONER v. to place
POR prep. by, for, through; —— CIENTO per cent; —— EXCELENCIA par excellence
PORVENIR m. future
POSEER v. to possess
POSTERIOR adj. later
POTENCIA f. power
POZO m. well; shaft (of a mine)
PRACTICAR v. to perform; to make
PRADERA f. prairie, meadow
PRECIO m. price
PRECOLOMBINO, -A adj. pre-Columbian, antedating Columbus
PREFERIR v. to prefer
PREFIERE see PREFERIR
PREGUNTA f. question
PRELADO m. prelate
PRENDA f. pledge, token; —— DE VESTIR garment
PRESTAR v. to lend; —— ATENCIÓN to pay attention
PREVER f. to foresee
PRIMER, PRIMERO, -A adj. first
PRIMO, -A adj. first; MATERIA -A raw material
PRINCIPIO m. beginning; principle
PRIVADO, -A adj. private
PROBAR v. to try, to test, to prove
PROCEDIMIENTO m. process, proceeding
PRODUCIR v. to produce
PRODUJERON see PRODUCIR
PROEZA f. prowess
PROMEDIO m. average
PRONTO, -A adj. quick, prompt; -O adv. quickly, promptly
PROPAGAR v. to propagate
PROPIAMENTE adv. properly; —— DICHO strictly speaking
PROPICIO, -A adj. propitious, suitable
PROPIO, -A adj. proper, own, same, very, characteristic
PROPORCIONAR v. to furnish, to supply; to adjust
PROPÓSITO m. purpose; A —— DE regarding
PROSEGUIR v. to pursue, to proceed, to prosecute
PROSIGUE see PROSEGUIR
PROTEGER v. to protect
PROTEJA see PROTEGER
PROVEER v. to provide, to supply
PROVENIR v. to proceed, to arise
PROVIENE see PROVENIR
PROVISORIO, -A adj. provisional, temporary
PROVISTO see PROVEER
PRÓXIMO, -A adj. nearest; next
PROYECTO m. project, plan
PRUEBA f. proof, evidence, test; A —— DE proof against
PUDIENDO see PODER
PUEBLO m. town; people, population; nation
PUEDE see PODER
PUERTO m. port; —— DE EMBARQUE shipping port
PUES conj. since, because; adv. then
PUESTO m. position; see also PONER; —— QUE since
PULGADA f. inch
PUNTO m. point, dot, place
PUSO see PONER