Perpetual Peace: A Philosophical Essay

A

• Absolutism; of Hobbes, 43, 44;
  • of Schopenhauer, 43;
  • according to Kant, 43, 44, 125-128;
  • to Locke, 44.

• Alexander I. of Russia; 80.

• Alexander the Great; 31, 103.

• Alsace-Lorraine; annexation of, 90, 92, 95.

• Ambrose, Saint; 15.

• Amphictyonic League; 16, 22.

• Aquinas, Thomas; on fighting clergy, 18;
  • on war, 18, 19.

• Arbitration; as a substitute for war, 79, 81, 87;
  • difficulties settled by, 80;
  • where it is useless, 82, 83, 86.

• Aristotle; on war, 7, 8;
  • and rights of an enemy, ib., 31;
  • on the relation between politics and ethics, 162.

• Assyrians; war among the, 9.

• Augustine, Saint; 16.

B

• Balance of power; 26, 95.

• Bentham, Jeremy; 26, 79, 92.

• Bluntschli, J. K.; 41, 73, 74, 80.

C

• Caird, Edward; 3, 51.

• Calvin, John; 19.

• Carnegie, Andrew; 100.

• China; a danger to Europe, 92, 93, 140, 141.

• Cicero; on the conduct of war, 22, 41.

• Clement of Alexandria; 15.

• Clergy, fighting; Origen on, 14, 15;
  • Wycliffe, 18;
  • Erasmus, ib.;
  • Aquinas, ib.

• Cobden, Richard; 64.

• Corvinus, Matthias; 109.

• Cowper, William; 5, 38, 123.

• Crusades, wars of the; 16, 103.

D

• Dante, Alighieri; on mediation, 46;
  • on universal monarchy, 68, 69.

• Disarmament; 88-93;
  • Czar’s proposal of, 90;
  • practicability of, 90-93.

• Dubois, Cardinal; 36.

E

• Empire; of Rome, 9, 20, 68;
  • world-, spiritual, 23, 32, 69;
  • of Alexander the Great, 31, 68;
  • Frankish, 69;
  • Holy Roman 69;
  • of Napoleon I., 69.

• Erasmus, Desiderius; and European peace, 17;
  • on war, 18, 19;
  • on fighting clergy, 18, 32.

F

• Farrar, J. A.; 18.

• Federation; Kant’s idea of, 60, 68, 69, 128-137; 88, 92, 93, 95, 97;
  • probable results of, 98, 99, 100, 134.

• Fichte, J. G.; 69, 99.

• Finland; 92, 95.

• Fischer, Kuno; 62, 67.

• Fleury, Cardinal; 55.

• Frederick the Great; 66, 126.

G

• Gentilis, Albericus; 21, 32.

• Golden Age; 3, 41.

• Government; origin of, according to Plato, 5;
  • according to Hume, 5, 52;
  • to Cowper, 5, 6;
  • to Hobbes, 40-42, 118, 119;
  • to Kant, 51-54, 152-154;
  • to Rousseau, 52;
  • to Locke, 53;
  • representative, 65-68, 120, 121, 124-128.

• Greeks; their attitude to other nations, 7;
  • to an enemy, ib.;
  • their Sacred Wars, 16;
  • the Amphictyonic League, 16.

• Grotius, Hugo; his De Jure Belli et Pacis, 24-27;
  • and the Jus Gentium, 24, 25;
  • and the Law of Nature, 25;
  • on peace, 27, 32, 40, 131.

H

• Hague Conference (1899); 86, 90.

• Hegel, G. W. F.; 57;
  • on war, 71, 72, 75.

• Henry IV. of France; 30, 32, 33, 36.

• Hobbes, Thomas; his theory of the state of nature and origin of government, 4, 40-42, 51, 118, 119, 133; 6, 26, 27, 28, 37;
  • his influence on Kant, 40, 46;
  • his views on revolution, 41, 188;
  • of the relations between states, 43-46, 128, 131;
  • on the conduct of war, 45, 89, 120, 124, 159.

• Holls, Fred. W.; 86.

• Hooker, Richard; 52;
  • on the depravity of man, 173.

• Hume, David; on the origin of government, 5, 52;
  • on the state of nature, 40, 41;
  • on the original contract, 52, 108, 109, 162.

I

• International Law; the development of, 20-24;
  • its connection with the Reformation, 21, 24;
  • in Greece and Rome, 22, 23.

• Intervention; 64, 93, 94, 112, 113.

J

• Jews; war among the, 9-11;
  • their dream of peace, 32.

• Justin; 15.

K

• Kant, Immanuel; 26, 37;
  • his indebtedness to earlier political writers, 40, 46;
  • his theory of human development, 47-49;
    • and how this is possible, 49-51, 54;
  • on the foundation of the state, 51-54, 152-154;
  • the relations between states and individuals, 54, 55, 117-120, 128, 173, 174;
  • the necessity for reform within the state, 55, 56, 168;
  • the political and social conditions of his time, 57-59;
  • his attitude to war, 58, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149-151;
  • on the growing power of commerce, 59, 65, 142, 157;
  • his idea of federation, 60, 68, 69, 128-137, 192;
    • and ideal of perpetual peace, 61, 129, 196;
  • the conditions of its realization, 62-69;
  • on representative and other constitutions, 65-68, 120-128, 152, 153, 167;
  • his opinion of the English constitution, 66;
  • his disapproval of universal monarchy, 68, 69, 155, 156; 79, 83, 89, 100, 105;
  • on the right of way, 137-142;
  • on nature’s guarantee of a perpetual peace, 143-157;
  • on the relation between politics and morals, 161-196;
  • on revolution, 167, 168, 186-188.

L

• Laveleye, Émile de; 81.

• Lawrence, T. J.; 9, 78, 81.

• Leibniz, Gottfried W.; 36;
  • his criticism of St. Pierre, 37, 38, 58, 106.

• Locke, John; and the golden age, 3, 4;
  • on the original contract, 53;
  • on revolution, 53, 188; 67, 133.

• Lorimer, James; 34, 80.

• Louis Philippe; 76.

• Luther, Martin; on war, 19.

M

• Machiavelli, Nicolo; 162.

• Maine, Henry; on Grotius and the Jus Gentium, 24, 25.

• Maistre, Joseph de; 71.

• Martineau, James; 102.

• Mennonites; and war, 14.

• Military service; of Christians, 14, 16, 18, 19;
  • compulsory, 89;
  • voluntary, 111.

• Mill, John Stuart; 80.

• Moltke, Graf von; 71, 73-75.

• Monarchy, universal; the ideal of Dante, 68, 69;
  • disapproved by Kant, 68, 69, 155, 156;
  • and Fichte, 69.

• Montesquieu, Baron de; on self-preservation, 83;
  • on armed peace, 88, 159.

• More, Thomas; 32.

• Morley, John; 3.

N

• Napoleon Bonaparte; Empire of, 69, 71, 72, 76, 77.

• Napoleon, Louis; 80.

• National Debt; 63, 64, 111, 112.

O

• Origen; on military service, 14, 15.

• Original Contract; 40;
  • as understood by Rousseau, 52;
  • by Hobbes, 52, 53;
  • by Hooker, 52;
  • by Hume, ib.;
  • by Kant, ib.;
  • by Locke, 53.

P

• Paris Congress (1856); 86.

• Paulsen, Friedrich; 43, 52, 53, 66, 78.

• Peace, perpetual; the dream of, 29-33;
  • projects of, by Penn, 30;
  • by Henry IV., 30, 33, 34;
  • by St. Pierre, 30, 32, 34-37;
  • Rousseau’s attitude to, 38-40, 106;
  • for Kant an ideal, 61, 129;
  • the articles of, 62-69, 107-142, 158-160;
  • the guarantee of, 143-157.

• Peace Societies; 70, 75, 78, 79, 80, 86, 87;
  • and disarmament, 88, 96, 97, 100, 101, 102.

• Penn, William; 30.

• Plato; on the origin of the state, 5;
  • on war, 8, 41;
  • on the relation between ethics and politics, 162.

• Poland; 92, 93, 95.

• Politics; and morals, according to Kant, 161-196;
  • to Plato, 162;
  • to Aristotle, ib.;
  • to Hume, ib.;
  • sophistical maxims of, 170-172.

• Pope, Alexander; 4, 127.

• Puffendorf, Samuel; 27;
  • on intervention, 64, 131.

Q

• Quakers; and war, 14.

R

• Reformation; and military service, 18;
  • and international law, 21, 24.

• Religion; Roman, and war, 9;
  • Jewish, 9-11;
  • Mohammedan, 10;
  • Buddhist, and conversion, 12;
  • Christian, and war, 12-20.

• Revolution, right of; according to Hobbes, 41, 53;
  • and Spinoza, 41;
  • according to Locke, 53;
  • to Rousseau, ib.;
  • to Kant, 167, 186-188.

• Right of way; Vattel on, 65, 138;
  • Kant on, 65, 137-142.

• Ritchie, D. G.; on Rousseau, 3;
  • on Locke and the golden age, ib., 52, 85, 98.

• Robertson, William; 6, 17, 18, 19.

• Romans; and war, 7, 8, 9, 22, 23;
  • and international law, 22, 23.

• Rousseau, J. J.; and the state of nature, 2, 3, 52; 26, 28;
  • his criticism of St. Pierre, 38-40;
  • his views on militarism, 39;
  • on the original contract, 52;
  • on revolution, 53, 188; 61, 67, 100, 132, 134;
  • on democratic and republican governments, 153;
  • on the depravity of man, 173.

• Russia; Alexander I. of, 80;
  • the Czar of, 90;
  • the backward civilization of, 92, 93, 94, 95.

S

• Schiller, Friedrich von; on war and peace, 71, 72, 73, 75.

• Schopenhauer, Arthur; 43.

• Spencer, Herbert; 76.

• Spinoza, Benedict; on the state of nature, 41;
  • and revolution, ib.

• Standing armies; 63, 64, 89, 110.

• State of nature; according to Rousseau, 2, 3;
  • and the golden age, 3;
  • Hobbes’ theory of, 4, 40, 41, 118;
  • according to Hume a philosophical fiction, 41;
  • according to Kant, 117-120.

• States; transference of, 63, 108, 109;
  • marriage between, 109.

• St. Pierre, Castel de; 30, 32, 33;
  • his Projet, 34-37;
  • and Leibniz, 37, 38;
  • and Rousseau, 38-40, 61, 67, 79, 92, 106.

• Sully, Duke of; 30, 32, 33.

T

• Tennyson, Lord; 73, 74.

• Tertullian; 14, 15.

• Treaties of peace; in Greece, 7, 63, 64, 107, 108.

• Treitschke, H. von; 75.

• Trendelenburg, F. A.; 75.

V

• Vattel, Emerich; his Droit des Gens, 28, 29;
  • on intervention, 64, 113, 114;
  • on the right of way, 65;
  • of self-preservation, 83, 89, 103;
  • on treaties, 108; 131.

• Voltaire, François de; 33, 37, 38.

W

• War; religious, 16;
  • private, 17, 20, 29;
  • dynastic, 38, 57, 123;
  • Kant’s attitude to, 58, 133, 135, 136, 137, 149-151;
  • its influence on progress, 70, 96, 103;
  • views of Hegel on, 71, 72, 75;
  • of Schiller, 71, 72, 73, 75;
  • of Moltke, 71, 73, 74, 75;
  • under altered conditions, 76, 77, 78;
  • when just, 84, 85;
  • future probable causes of, 94, 95;
  • honorable conduct of, 114, 115.

• Wycliffe, John; and fighting clergy, 18.