Footnotes
- 1.
- Der Zeit-geist.
- 2.
- It is ever to be borne in mind that at the time of the Council of Ephesus the Council of Constantinople in 381 ranked only as a local council of Eastern bishops, partially confirmed by Pope Damasus.
- 3.
- Orbis dominus: ὁ Δεσπότης τῆς οἰκουμένης.
- 4.
- Photius, i. 193.
- 5.
- Döllinger, Muhammed's Religion, p. 1.
- 6.
- Gregorovius, ii. 112-3, first edition (afterwards a little altered), p. 102.
- 7.
- As such she has merited and received the scoffs of Gibbon in full Voltairian foulness.
- 8.
- Gregorovius, ii. 112, 3rd edit.
- 9.
- See the article on this writer's adventurous life by Card. Hergenrölher in the Kirchen-lexicon, i. 788.
- 10.
- Gregorovius ii. 113, referring to Pagi, upon Baronius, year 625, sec. 17.
- 11.
- See Gregorovius, ii. 105.
- 12.
- Hist., iii. 7.
- 13.
- See Hefele, iii. 267.
- 14.
- See Rohrbacher-Rump, x. 247.
- 15.
- I have shortened this from the original in Mansi, x. 1003, as read at St. Martin's Council.
- 16.
- Noted by Hefele, iii. 159.
- 17.
- Gregorovius, ii. 128. 3rd Ed. From Anastasius, Mansi, x. 675.
- 18.
- From the Liber Pontificalis.
- 19.
- From the contemporaneous letter of St. Maximus to the Abbot Thalassius. Mansi, x. 677. Rohrbacher-Rump, x. 249.
- 20.
- Stabiles illi et firmæ revera et immobilis Petræ ministri.
- 21.
- See Hefele, iii. 154, 160.
- 22.
- Gallandi, Bibliotheca veterum Patrum, Tom. xiii. 33.
- 23.
- Gregorovius, ii. 130.
- 24.
- Sta. Maria Maggiore.
- 25.
- Photius, i. 202-3.
- 26.
- See the whole as read in the Lateran Council of Pope Martin, in Mansi, x. 1019-1025.
- 27.
- Gregorovius, ii. 138.
- 28.
- Hefele, iii. 189; Muratori, Annali d'Italia, anno 649.
- 29.
- Mansi, x., 785-8.
- 30.
- These facts are taken from the words of Pope Martin himself, in the Lateran Council.
- 31.
- Hefele, iii, 188. Translated to “cruelty”.
- 32.
- Inferno, xix. 69. Sappi ch'io fui vestitio del gran manto.
- 33.
- As the Pope's speech occupies six columns in Mansi, I have taken from Hefele, iii. 190-1, the above, which, he says, contains its chief import.
- 34.
- See Mansi, x. 891-901. I have selected parts and omitted redundancies.
- 35.
Ταχέως οὐν ἀπὸ περάτω εἰς πέρατα δίελθε, μέχρις ἂν εἰς τὸν ἀποστολικὸν κὸν ἀπαντήσειας θρόνον, ἔνθα τῶν εὐσεβῶν δογμάτων εἰσὶν αἱ κρηπίδες. Μὴ ἅπαξ, μὴ δὶς, ἀλλὰ πολλάκις γνωρίζων τοῖς ἐκεῖσε πανιέροις ἀνδράσιν πάντα δί ἀκριβείας τὰ ἐνταῦθα κεκινημένα, καὶ μὴ ἐνδόσης ἐντόνως παρακαλῶν καὶ δεόμενος, ἔως ἂν ἐξ ἀποστολικῆς θεοσοφίας εἰς νεῖκος τὴν κρίσιν ἀγάγωσι, καὶ τῶν ἐπεισάκτων δογμάτων τελείαν ποιήσονται κανονικῶς τὴν κατάργησιν.
The Pope thus solemnly addressed was Honorius. Mansi, x. 895, c.
- 36.
- Hefele, iii. 190.
- 37.
- ὅθεν εἰς τὴν τοῦ παναγίου Πέτρου τιμὴν, ὦ πάτερ πατρῶν, αὐτὸς ὁ ὑμετέρος ἀποστολικὸς θρόνος ἰδιοτρόπως ἤτοι μονογενῶς κατὰ θεῖον κεκλήρωται θέσπισμα τὰ ἰερὰ τῆς ἐκκλησίας δόγματα διερευνᾶσθαι καὶ ἀναψηλαθᾷν. Mansi, x. 920.
- 38.
- Mansi, x. 797-804.
- 39.
- Ep. 186. Quoted in “Formation of Christendom,” vol. v., p. 335.
- 40.
- See Mansi, x. 827-832.
- 41.
- Mansi, x. 834-843, and 843-850.
- 42.
- Mansi, x. 1169.
- 43.
- See the 15th and 14th letters of Pope Martin, written in his imprisonment at Constantinople. Mansi, x. 849-853.
- 44.
- By this we learn that the imperial palace on the Palatine was still habitable, and occupied by the exarch when he came to Rome.
- 45.
- Quia nos eum voluimus adorare sed cras—cras omnimodis occurremus et adorabimus sanctitatem vestram. The same word “adorare” is used to express the Pope's acknowledgment of the exarch, and the exarch's acknowledgment of the Pope.
- 46.
- See Mansi, x. 853-862.
- 47.
A similar outrage upon another Pope suggests to Dante a similar identification of the Disciple with the Master—both speak of contemporaneous events; as Constans II. is to Pope Martin so Philippe-le-bel is to Pope Boniface VIII.
Veggio in Alagna entrar lo fiordaliso,
E nel Vicario suo Cristo esser catto.
Veggiolo un' altra volta esser deriso;
Veggio rinnovellar l'aceto e il fele,
E tra nuovi ladroni essere anciso.
Veggio il nuovo Pilato si crudele,
E cio nol sazia, ma, senza decreto,
Porta nel tempio lo cupide vele.—Purgatorio, xx, 85.
- 48.
- Letters 16 and 17, Mansi, x. 861, 862.
- 49.
- So called in allusion to the Council at Chalcedon having been held in her church.
- 50.
- See Rump, x. 121-6.
- 51.
- Hefele, iii. 119.
- 52.
- Vol. i. 110.
- 53.
- Hefele, iii. 120.
- 54.
- Letter of Sergius to Honorius, read in the 6th Council. Mansi, xi. 532.
- 55.
- Hefele, iii. 138.
- 56.
- The synodal letter of Sophronius occupies 24 folio columns in Mansi, xi. 461-508. Its chief points are compressed by Hefele, iii. 139-145, into six pages. I have drawn my quotation partly from Hefele, and partly from the original text.
- 57.
- μήτραν εἰσδὺς ἀπειρόγαμον Μαρίας τῆς ἁγίας καὶ φαιδρᾶς καὶ θεόφρονος καὶ παντὸς ἐλευθέρας μολύσματος τοῦτε κατὰ σῶμα καὶ ψυχὴν καὶ διάνοιαν.—Mansi, xi. 473.
- 58.
- St. Leo's doctrine is contained in his words to S. Flavian, accepted and made its own by the Council of Chalcedon:—“Agit enim utraque forma (i.e. natura) cum alterius communione quod proprium est”.
- 59.
Compare A. de Vere, Legends and Records, p. 125—
Arias since then hath died;
Since then God's Church is cloven. Since then, since then
My empire too is cloven, and cloven in five.
No choice remained. I never was the man
To close my eyes against unwelcome truth.
My sons, my nephews, these are each and all
Alike ambitious men, and ineffectual.- 60.
- See the letter of St. Basil quoted above in vol. v., 231, Throne of the Fisherman.
- 61.
- These may be found drawn out in eleven papers of the Civiltà Catholica termed “La Chiesa e l'Impero,” 1855-6.
- 62.
- See the letter in the 13th session of the Sixth Council, Mansi, xi. 561, D.
- 63.
- Damberger, ii. 11.
- 64.
- Daniel, ix. 27.
- 65.
- Damberger, ii. 18-20. Weiss, ii. 517-519-521, for the narrative. See also Weil, die Chalifen, Omar, 144.
- 66.
- Damberger, ii. 22, for the following paragraph.
- 67.
- Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen, i. 139-141.
- 68.
- Weil, Geschichte der Chalifen, i. 144.
- 69.
- Weil, Geschicte der Chalifen, i. 103-5.
- 70.
- Newman's Theodoret. Page 318.
- 71.
- Card. Newman, Theodoret, p. 340, 342.
- 72.
- Richard II., ii. 1.
- 73.
- Card. Hergenrother's articles in Kirchen-Lexicon i. 946, 7, upon Antioch, and on Alexandria, i. 519-521, have supplied me with the following facts.
- 74.
- Weil, Islamitische Volker, 58.
- 75.
- Weil, die Chalifen, i. 165.
- 76.
- See this letter in Mansi, x. 682-6.
- 77.
- From the letter “ad Petram illustrem,” Gallandi, vol. xii. p. 38.—Rump, x. 267.
- 78.
- S. Maximi confessoris Græcorum theologi, tom. ii., Combefis, 672.
- 79.
- That is by attributing One Will to the Two Natures of Christ.
- 80.
- Anastasius, in Gallandi, tom. xiii. 50.
- 81.
- Gallandi, xiii. 71, translated.
- 82.
- Hefele, iii. 323.
- 83.
- Not from Anastasius, the Librarian, but from another source, in Gallandi, xiii. 74. See the narrative of Maximus in Hefele, iii. 215-224.
- 84.
- Held under the patriarch Peter, Photius, i. 206.
- 85.
- Weil, Islamitische Völker, p. 2. I have taken from this distinguished Orientalist and German historian, who spent thirty years in the study of eastern documents, the chief details concerning the events of Mohammed's life, which follow.
- 86.
- Weil, p. 7-24, from whom I have taken the facts which follow.
- 87.
- Weil, Islamitische Völker, 8.
- 88.
- Weil, p. 10.
- 89.
- Weil, p. 16.
- 90.
- Weil, p. 17.
- 91.
- Sura 33. Sale, p. 317.
- 92.
- Weil, p. 18; see the 33rd Sura.
- 93.
- Weil, p. 18.
- 94.
- Weil, p. 19.
- 95.
- Sale's Koran, Sura 9.
- 96.
- Weil, quoted by Rump, x. 88.
- 97.
- Note in Sale's Koran, 9th Sura, p. 128.
- 98.
- See Sura 33.
- 99.
- St. John Damascene, on the 101st heresy. Vol. I. 114.
- 100.
- Quoted in Mohammed's Religion, p. 23. The annalist is Raima.
- 101.
- From Damberger, i. 394.
- 102.
- Damberger, i. 395.
- 103.
- Weiss, Lehrbuch der Weltgeschichte, ii. 516.
- 104.
- Weil, Islamitische Völker, Abu Bekr, p. 42.
- 105.
- Mohammed's Religion, p. 4.
- 106.
- Nirschl, iii. 612.
- 107.
- Weil, Islamitische Völker, 26-29, der Koran. Translated.
- 108.
- Döllinger, Mohammed's Religion, p. 7.
- 109.
- Döllinger, Mohammed's Religion, 38-40.
- 110.
- Mohammed's Religion, p. 141.
- 111.
- πλὴν ἵνα ἰδῇς κύρι᾽ Ἀββᾶ, ὅτι μικρὰν ἄνεσιν ἐὰν λάβωμεν ἐκ τῆς συγχύσεως τῶν ἐθνῶν, ἀρμόσασθαι ὑμῖν ἔχομεν μὰ τὴν ἁγιαν τριάδα, καὶ τὸν Πάπαν τὸν νῦν ἐπαιρόμενον, καὶ πάντας τοῦς ἐκεῖσε λαλοῦντας, καὶ τοὺς λοιπούς σου μαθητάς καὶ πάντας ὑμᾶς χωνεύομεν ἔκαστον ἐν τῷ ἐπιτηδείῳ αὐτοῦ τόπῳ, ὡς ἐϗωνεύθη Μαρτῖνος.—Gallandi, tom. xiii. 73.
- 112.
- Hefele, iii. 223.
- 113.
- Muratori, Annali d'Italia, a.d. 654.
- 114.
- Muratori, Annali d'Italia, a.d. 655.
- 115.
- Mansi, xi. 13.
- 116.
- See Muratori, a.d. 665, who quotes from Paulus Diaconus, lib. 5, ch. xi. p. 336 and 366.
- 117.
- The words in which Pope Felix III. addressed Zeno, the first who became sole ruler after the cessation of the western empire. See above Vol. vi. p. 80.
- 118.
- Hist., iv. 1-2.
- 119.
- The facts from Photius.
- 120.
- Jaffé, p. 167, who refers to Mansi, xi. 179.
- 121.
- See Hergenröther, Kirchengeschichte, i. p. 365.
- 122.
- Translated from Hergenröther's Kirchengeschichte, i. 365-8.
- 123.
- Letter of the Sixth Council in answer at its conclusion to the Pope. Mansi, xi. 684-688.
- 124.
- Address of Council to emperor, Mansi, xi. 665, C. ὁ δὲ κορυφαιότατος ἡμῖν συνηγωνίζετο πρωταπόστολος; τὸν γὰρ ἐκείνου μιμητὴν καὶ τῆς καθέδρας δίαδοχον εἴχομεν ὑπαλείφοντα.
- 125.
- Theophanes had been put in the place of Macarius, deposed by the Council.
- 126.
- Mansi, xi. 697-712.
- 127.
- Mansi, xi. 716 B.
- 128.
- προτρέπομεν τὴν ὑμετέραν πανίερον κορυφὴν.
- 129.
- See Mansi, ii. 725, etc.
- 130.
- τοὺς τῆς ἐκκλησίας κωνσταντινουπόλεως ὑποκαθιστὰς μᾶλλον ἠπερ καθηγητάς.
- 131.
- Mansi, xi. 1050-1055.
- 132.
- Rump, x. 465.
- 133.
- Muratori, Annali d'Italia, a.d. 681.
- 134.
- Hergenröther, Kirchengeschichte, i. 369.—Jungmann, de Causa Honorii Romani Pontificis, p. 430.
- 135.
- Gregorovius, ii. 112 (3rd edition).
- 136.
- St. Maximus, vol. ii. p. 106.
- 137.
- Theophanes, see the passage p. 506-511; ending with the words quoted. It has inaccuracies which prevent citing the whole passage; but the spirit of it is both true and of great importance.
- 138.
- Döllinger, Lehrbuch der Kirchen-geschichte, sec. 69, quoted by Hergenröther.
- 139.
- Photius, i. 217.
- 140.
- Hefele, iii. 313.
- 141.
- The pretention shown in this by the emperor Justinian II. is noted by Le Quien, Oriens Christianus, i. 140.
- 142.
- Hefele, iii. 300-331.
- 143.
- Photius, i. 221.
- 144.
- Photius, i. 223.
- 145.
- From Anastasius and Gregorovius.
- 146.
- Gregorovius, ii. 205 (1st edition).
- 147.
- Gregorovius, i. 209, 1st edition translated: in the 3rd edition he has made omissions and alterations.
- 148.
- Anastasius.
- 149.
- Theophanes, 574.
- 150.
- Muratori, Annali d'Italia, a.d. 709. Niehues, i. 485.
- 151.
- Anastasius, Life of Pope Constantine.
- 152.
- Anastasius, Life of Gregory, iv.
- 153.
- Anastasius, in his letter to Pope John VIII., prefixed to the Seventh General Council, quoted by Photius, i. 223.
- 154.
- From Theophanes, p. 574-584. I have shortened as much as possible a narrative in its details too horrible to repeat.
- 155.
- Gregorovius, ii. 198.
- 156.
- Theophanes p. 688.
- 157.
- Mansi, xii. 196.
- 158.
- τούτοις δὴ τὰ κατὰ τὴν ὑμετέραν ἀποστολικὴν προεδρίαν ἔχομεν παραβάλλειν, ἁγιώτατοι, καὶ κεφαλὴν τῆς κατὰ Χριστὸν ἱερωσύνης κανονικῶς ὑμᾶς λογιζόμενοι.
- 159.
- Rex Theodoricus hereticus hoc audiens, exarsit in iram, et totam Italiam voluit gladio extinguere.—Book of the Popes, Mansi, vii. 599.
- 160.
- Book of the Popes given in Mansi, viii. 845.
- 161.
- Gregorovius, ii. 240 (1st edition).
- 162.
- The letter Consideranti mihi, Mansi xi. 234.
- 163.
- Photius, i. 207.
- 164.
- Muratori, Annali d'Italia, anno 726.
- 165.
- Beserem tot malorum auctorem atque incitamentum. Historia Concilii Nicæni II.—Mansi, xii. 955, a.
- 166.
- See Reumont, ii. 101.
- 167.
- Mansi, xii. 960-974, as read in the Seventh Council.
- 168.
- The reading here is doubtful.
- 169.
- Mansi, xii. 975-981. This letter also was read in the Seventh Council.
- 170.
- See Brunengo Origini, p. 32, Mansi, xii. 227.
- 171.
- See Photius. i. 234, for the authorities presently quoted.
- 172.
- Πέτρου τοῦ κορυφαίου σύνθρονος. Theophanes, p. 628.
- 173.
- St. John Damasc., de Imaginibus Orat., ii. c. 12. Vol. I. p. 335.
- 174.
- See Renmont, ii. pp. 104-5.
- 175.
- Mansi, xii. 244.
- 176.
- Baronius, anno 731, 1.
- 177.
- Reumont, ii. p. 106.
- 178.
- See Rohrbacher Kellner, vol. xi. p. 175.
- 179.
- Theophanes, p. 631. τότε ὁ θεομάχος, ἐπὶ πλεῖον ἐκμανεὶς, Ἀραβικῷτε φρονήματι κρατυνόμενος ... ὅπερ οὐδ᾽ αὐτοί ποτε οἵ διδάσκαλοι αὐτοῦ Ἄραβες ἐποίησαν εἰς τοὺς κατὰ τὴν ἑῶαν χριστιανόυς.
- 180.
- See above, vol. vi, p. 302.
- 181.
- See Reumont, ii. 108.
- 182.
- From the Liber Carolinus, quoted by Mansi. xii. 184.
- 183.
- Brunengo, Le Origini della Sovranità temporale dei Papi, p. 106, quoting inscriptions recorded by Troya, Codice diplomatico.
- 184.
- Litteræ divales.
- 185.
- Anastasius, Vita Stephani Papæ. Mansi, xii. 521-532, from which the following quotations are taken.
- 186.
- Mansi, xii. 524.
- 187.
- Muratori, Annali d'Italia, 753.
- 188.
- Brunengo, Le Origini, etc., p. 135.
- 189.
- Reumont, ii. p. 115.
- 190.
- Mansi, xii. 543. This letter I have much shortened: but nothing important is omitted.
- 191.
- Reumont resumed, ii. p. 116.
- 192.
- Vita Stephani Papæ II. Mansi, xii. 531.
- 193.
- See Reumont, ii. 118.
- 194.
- “De manu gentium.”
- 195.
- Epis. xiii.; Mansi, viii. 60.
- 196.
- A. de Vere, Legends and Records, Amalasunta, p. 278.
- 197.
- Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, vol. viii. 42-44.
- 198.
- Niehues, vol. i. p. 434.
- 199.
- Niehues, vol. i. p. 436.
- 200.
- Niehues, Kaiserthum uud Papstthum, vol. i. 437.
- 201.
- Niehues, p. 446.
- 202.
- Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, viii. p. 48. Die Regierungen und die Papstwahl.
- 203.
- Vita Pelagii Papæ, ii.—Mansi, ix. 879.
- 204.
- From the Liber diurnus Romanorum Pontificum, Tit. iii.
- 205.
- Niehues, vol. i. 462-3.
- 206.
- Ep., v. 42.
- 207.
- The statue called Ἀντιφωνήτης, the Answerer, as having miraculously answered the appeal of a friendless stranger.
- 208.
- Kellner, vol. ii. p. 363, in the German edition of Rohrbacher's History.
- 209.
- The following four pages are taken from Kellner, p. 407, who has drawn the facts from Theophanes, p. 371.
- 210.
- Photius, p. 242, with note 97 from George Hamartolus.
- 211.
- Photius, i. 295.
- 212.
- ἡ οἱκουμένη.
- 213.
- Photius, i. p. 295.
- 214.
- I have in this chapter made continual use of Father Bruneugo's two works, I primi Papi-Re e l'Ultimo dei Re Longobardi, and Le Origini della Sovranitá Temporale dei Papi. They are quoted under the Le Origini, &c., and I primi Papi-Re.
- 215.
- See Gfrörer, Papst Gregorius VII., v. 10-11.
- 216.
- See his visit described in chapter vi. vol. v. p. 243.
- 217.
- Hoensbroech, P. Paul von.—Eutstehung und Entwicklung des Kirchenstaates in the Stimmen aus Maria-Laach, July 1, 1889.
- 218.
- Hoensbroech quoted from the Jew, Samuel Sugenheim, in his history of the rise and formation of the State of the Church, a prize essay crowned at Göttingen in 1854.
- 219.
- By Biachini Giovini, quoted by Hoensbroech, p. 18, who gives 85 German square miles.
- 220.
- Annali d'Italia, anno 752.
- 221.
- Adolf Menzel, Geschichte der Deutschen, Book III. ch. xvi. 448, quoted by von Hoensbroech, p. 34.
- 222.
- Mansi, xii. 546-9. Eleventh letter of the Codex Carolinus.
- 223.
- Anastasius.
- 224.
- I primi Papi-Re, p. 25.
- 225.
- I primi Papi-Re, p. 27.
- 226.
- Ib., p. 39.
- 227.
- Ib., p. 52.
- 228.
- Ib., p. 60-63.
- 229.
- Anastasius, Mansi, xii, p. 686.
- 230.
- Mansi, xii. 695-8.
- 231.
- Kellner, p. 475.
- 232.
- Kellner, p. 475.
- 233.
- I primi Papi-Re, p. 109, 117.
- 234.
- Kellner, p. 467, from Anastasius, who put these words into the mouth of Pope Adrian himself, addressing the ambassadors of Desiderius. Mansi, xii, 726.
- 235.
- Anastasius, Mansi, xii. 726.
- 236.
- From Anastasius, textually. Mansi, xii. 727.
- 237.
- Kellner, p. 479.
- 238.
- Narrative chiefly drawn from I primi Papi-Re, p. 187, etc.
- 239.
- Anastasius, literally.
- 240.
- Totum hiberni temporis spatium multa moliendo consumpsit—Annales, ann., 773.
- 241.
- Anastasius, Mansi xii. 736.
- 242.
- Anastasius, Mansi xii. 737.
- 243.
- Brunengo, I primi Papi-Re, 241-2.
- 244.
- Vita Caroli, M. n. 6. Fasti Carolini, found and quoted by Mai.
- 245.
- Muratori, Annali d'Italia, a. 774, quoted by Brunengo, I primi Papi-Re, p. 260.
- 246.
- For the felicity of Italian subjects of the Lombards, see Troya: Della condizione dei Romani vinti dai Longobardi. Brunengo, p. 260.
- 247.
- Kellner, ii. 487-9.
- 248.
- Origini, p. 317-319.
- 249.
- Codex Carolinus, Ep. (Jaffe) 54.
- 250.
- Rohrbacher-Kellner, p. 489.
- 251.
- From Origini, etc., p. 297.
- 252.
- Origini, p. 271 more or less followed in this page.
- 253.
- Rohrbacher-Kellner, xi. p. 105.
- 254.
- See above, Vol. v. p. 254.
- 255.
- See Vol. v. p. 217.
- 256.
- Kurth, vol. ii. 76.
- 257.
- From Weiss, ii. 537-8.
- 258.
- Reumont, ii. 128-9.
- 259.
- Rohrbacher-Kellner, vol. xi. p. 553.
- 260.
- Phillips, Kirchenrecht, vol. iii. 51.
- 261.
- Anastasius, Mansi, xiii. 930.
- 262.
- Anastasius, Mansi, xiii. 932.
- 263.
- Anastasius.
- 264.
- Jungmann, 15th Dissertation, vol. iii. p. 176, translated.
- 265.
- Reumont, ii. 133.
- 266.
- Kurth, ii. 242.
- 267.
- Kurth, ii. 256-8, drawn from.
- 268.
- Hergenröther, Kirchengeschichte, i. 507-8.
- 269.
- Phillips, sec. 127, vol. iii. p. 202, 205.