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Photographs of Nebulæ and Clusters, Made with the Crossley Reflector cover

Photographs of Nebulæ and Clusters, Made with the Crossley Reflector

Chapter 3: LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.
By James Edward Keeler
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About This Book

A director’s observing program used the Crossley reflector to photograph brighter nebulæ and star clusters, producing negatives for most of a planned set and reproducing sixty-eight larger subjects as plates. The images revealed many previously unrecorded nebulæ and indicated that spiral structure is common; a catalogue of new objects with accurately measured positions is included. The volume also describes the telescope and observing methods, discusses the technical challenges of photographic reproduction and plate making, and provides lists of subjects, positions, illustrations, and explanatory notes to support technical study and further astronomical work.

 

No. α 1900.0 Precession. δ 1900.0 Precession. Description.
  h m s s ° ′ ″ ″  
699 15 3 54.2 +1.6479 +55 59 40 -13.932 17 vS bM E135°
699 15 3 54.22 +1.64792 +55 59 40 -13.932 17 vS bM E135°
700 15 3 56.82 2.72422 +19 54 41 13.929 vS F
701 15 4 23.72 2.72812 +19 40 23 13.901 F pL gbM Spiral?
702 15 4 28.22 2.72482 +19 50 25 13.896 pB S E90°
703 15 4 31.92 1.65632 +55 46 6 13.892 18 vS E35°
704 15 5 45.52 1.62772 +56 20 45 13.815 17 vS R N
705 15 5 52.12 1.64012 +55 55 5 13.807 18 vS R N
706 15 6 37.42 1.62632 +56 5 17 -13.760 18 vS R bM
707 22 29 41.02 2.72142 +34 22 53 +18.513 F S E90°
708 22 30 38.12 2.72992 +33 58 36 18.544 F S R
709 22 30 54.82 2.73062 +34 0 21 18.552 F pS vmbM
710 22 31 3.12 2.73442 +33 44 58 18.557 pB vS m E90° vmbM
711 22 31 17.62 2.73032 +34 8 35 18.566 vF vS m E160°
712 22 31 43.92 2.73342 +34 1 32 18.579 F pL i* inv
713 22 32 1.52 2.73942 +33 42 15 18.588 vF S m E140°
714 22 32 29.82 2.73242 +34 19 13 18.603 pB vS gmbM
715 22 32 33.22 2.73542 +34 6 5 18.605 vF pL gbM
716 22 32 46.22 2.73932 +33 51 20 18.612 D* inv set on p*
717 22 32 50.32 2.73472 +34 13 53 18.614 pB S E0° vmbM
718 22 33 1.32 2.74062 +34 19 38 18.620 vB S l E50° vmbM
719 22 33 37.72 2.73612 +34 21 1 18.640 pF pL l E90°
720 22 33 50.52 2.74482 +33 43 16 18.647 Neb*
721 22 33 58.12 2.74102 +34 4 9 18.651 vF pS E45°
722 22 34 0.62 2.74422 +33 49 6 18.652 F S E20°
723 22 34 10.82 2.74532 +33 46 59 18.658 F pL gbM
724 23 8 29.32 3.05142 + 4 0 38 19.543 B vS E135°
725 23 8 49.62 3.04992 + 4 20 26 19.549 vvF S R
726 23 9 42.02 3.05152 + 4 5 43 19.566 B S vE 170°
727 23 10 1.12 3.0529 + 3 49 42 19.572 B S neb*
728 23 10 24.42 3.05042 + 4 21 20 19.580 B neb*
729 23 10 28.12 3.05012 + 4 25 14 19.581 pS vF i
730 23 11 11.52 3.05212 + 4 5 19 19.594 S l E90°
731 23 47 4.62 3.06202 + 7 50 21 20.016 F pL N Spiral?
732 23 48 15.72 3.06322 + 7 35 32 20.021 vF BN E100° Spiral
733 23 49 39.32 3.06402 + 7 49 26 20.027 F vS mbM l E45°
734 23 56 13.32 3.06612 +15 55 34 20.045 vvF vS
735 23 56 16.02 3.06632 +15 43 36 20.045 pB vS
736 23 56 36.92 3.06682 +15 45 12 20.045 F vS
737 23 56 40.12 3.06692 +15 45 59 20.045 F vS E60°
738 23 56 52.92 3.06572 +20 25 57 20.046 S vF F* sp
739 23 57 4.82 3.06762 +15 49 9 20.046 vF pS
740 23 58 4.02 3.06922 +15 24 34 20.046 B m E135° N
741 23 58 18.12 3.06862 +20 47 8 20.047 vS vF E45°
742 23 58 53.32 3.07052 +15 27 48 20.047 F vS
743 23 59 20.82 3.07132 +15 25 32 20.047 vvF vS
744 23 59 23.22 +3.07102 +20 9 40 +20.047 S F E170°


Abbreviations Used in Description.

The number denotes magnitude,—estimated from the negative.

vS very small, < 30″
S small, 30″ to 2′ or 3′
L large, > 2′ or 3′
B bright
D double
E elongated
F faint
iF irregular figure
M middle or in the middle
N nucleus
R round
b brighter
bn brighter toward the north side
bs brighter toward the south side
bp brighter toward the preceding side
bf brighter toward the following side
bsw brightest toward the south-west
bM brighter toward the middle
dif diffused
diffic difficult
eF extremely faint
g gradually
i irregular
l little
m much
p pretty
pB pretty bright
pF pretty faint
sc scattered
stell stellar
sbM suddenly brighter toward the middle
v very
vbM very much brighter toward the middle
vS very small
F*inv faint star involved
◯ planetary

 

Positions of Known Nebulæ Determined from the Crossley Negatives.

N.G.C. α 1900.0 Precession. δ 1900.0 Precession. Remarks.
  h m s s ° ′ ″ ″  
185 0 33 27.9 +3.2866 +47 47 8 +19.840  
247 0 42 11.0 2.9770 -21 18 21 19.708  
253 0 42 38.6 2.9526 -25 50 4 19.701  
509 1 18 9.6 3.1429 + 8 54 40 18.894  
516 1 18 53.2 3.1444 + 9 1 46 18.876  
518 1 19 3.0 3.1428 + 8 48 32 18.871  
522 1 19 30.6 3.1486 + 9 28 19 18.857  
524 1 19 33.0 3.1414 + 9 1 2 18.856  
525 1 19 37.9 3.1464 + 9 10 54 18.854  
532 1 20 2.5 3.1430 + 8 44 35 18.841  
... 1 21 7.3 3.1493 + 9 23 21 18.810 N. G. C. Sup. 114
628 1 31 24.8 3.2141 +15 16 22 18.473  
891 2 16 17.7 3.7447 +41 53 44 16.609  
906 2 18 59.5 3.7502 +41 38 10 16.476  
1023 2 34 8.1 3.7387 +38 37 42 15.681  
1055 2 36 37.5 3.0739 + 0 0 48 15.545  
1068 2 37 33.7 3.0658 -  0 26 23 15.493  
1072 2 38 23.7 3.0715 -  0 7 8 15.447  
1084 2 41 4.5 2.9513 -  7 59 56 15.300  
1638 4 36 33.4 3.0287 -  2 0 6 7.139  
1931 5 24 48.7 3.9695 +34 10 7 + 3.067  
2366 7 18 19.3 6.4249 +69 24 51 - 6.718  
2371-2 7 19 16.4 3.7891 +29 41 13 6.797  
2403 7 27 11.7 5.8367 +65 49 13 7.445  
2624 8 32 24.2 3.4566 +20 4 24 12.370  
2683 8 46 27.6 3.7417 +33 47 51 13.317  
2841 9 15 7.8 4.1755 +51 24 3 15.080  
2903, 5 9 26 30.4 3.4065 +21 56 15 15.716 N. G. C. 2903 and 2905
3003 9 42 39.1 3.5786 +33 53 9 16.553  
3021 9 45 1.0 3.5735 +34 1 14 16.670  
3031 9 47 17.9 5.0430 +69 32 14 16.785  
3079 9 55 11.4 4.1050 +56 9 34 17.147  
3115 10 0 15.1 2.9877 -  7 14 6 17.372  
3156 10 7 30.5 3.1107 + 3 37 29 17.680  
3166 10 8 34.9 3.1143 + 3 55 11 17.724  
3169 10 9 4.2 3.1154 + 3 57 41 17.744  
3184 10 12 17.4 3.6158 +41 55 27 17.874  
3198 10 13 47.9 3.6919 +46 3 3 17.933  
3222 10 17 6.5 3.2879 +20 23 30 18.062  
3227 10 17 59.1 3.2864 +20 24 14 18.094  
3226 10 18 2.8 3.2859 +20 22 13 18.097  
... 10 20 55.2 4.5248 +68 55 14 18.204 Coddington’s Neb. in Ursa Major.
3556 11 5 36.8 3.5420 +56 13 0 19.485  
3587 11 9 0.1 3.5029 +55 33 47 19.553  
3623 11 13 42.8 3.1374 +13 38 23 19.639  
3627 11 15 2.2 3.1352 +13 32 18 19.662  
3726 11 27 55.4 3.2764 +47 34 50 19.851  
4226 12 11 28.2 2.9995 +47 34 53 20.024  
4231 12 11 51.1 2.9956 +48 0 46 20.022  
4232 12 11 51.2 2.9957 +47 59 39 20.022  
4244 12 12 29.4 3.0148 +38 24 34 20.017  
4248 12 12 53.1 2.9890 +47 57 52 20.016  
4254 12 13 45.0 3.0509 +14 58 19 20.011  
4258 12 14 0.8 2.9821 +47 51 35 20.010  
4292 12 16 10.3 3.0639 + 5 9 1 19.997  
4303 12 16 48.7 3.0637 + 5 1 42 19.993  
4321 12 17 51.0 3.0418 +16 22 36 19.986  
4379 12 20 11.2 3.0382 +16 9 43 19.970  
4382 12 20 21.3 3.0321 +18 44 45 19.968  
4394 12 20 53.0 3.0310 +18 46 7 19.964  
4501 12 26 56.6 3.0304 +14 58 21 19.909  
4516 12 28 5.1 3.0282 +15 7 38 19.898  
4527 12 29 2.2 3.0629 + 3 12 19 19.886  
4533 12 29 15.6 3.0638 + 2 52 39 19.884  
4536 12 29 20.6 3.0642 + 2 44 22 19.883  
4565 12 31 23.3 2.9812 +26 32 20 19.859  
4627 12 37 7.3 2.9316 +33 7 22 19.784  
4631 12 37 14.4 +2.9315 +33 5 19 -19.783  
4712 12 44 40.3 +2.9475 +26 0 55 -19.667  
4725 12 45 33.0 2.9434 +26 2 44 19.652  
4736 12 46 10.5 2.8344 +41 39 54 19.641  
4747 12 46 52.4 2.9381 +26 19 8 19.629  
4826 12 51 49.1 2.9499 +22 13 30 19.538  
5055 13 11 20.5 2.6965 +42 33 28 19.083  
5194 13 25 40.1 2.5358 +47 42 43 18.663  
5247 13 32 38.6 3.2368 -17 22 28 18.431  
5457 13 59 40.4 2.1264 +54 49 44 17.375  
5857 15 2 54.8 2.7244 +19 58 56 13.993  
5859 15 3 2.2 2.7245 +19 58 1 13.986  
5866 15 3 45.3 1.6405 +56 8 54 13.941  
5870 15 3 48.5 1.6556 +55 51 50 -13.938  
7315 22 30 53.4 2.7270 +34 17 8 +18.552  
7331 22 32 24.5 2.7374 +33 53 55 18.600  
7333 22 32 40.1 2.7380 +33 55 44 18.609  
7336 22 32 42.6 2.7377 +33 57 47 18.610  
7340 22 33 4.7 2.7399 +33 53 28 18.622  
7537 23 9 29.3 3.0521 + 3 57 14 19.562  
7541 23 9 38.7 3.0520 + 3 59 21 19.565  
7778 23 48 12.9 3.0635 + 7 18 55 20.021  
7779 23 48 20.0 3.0636 + 7 19 12 20.021  
7780 23 48 25.5 3.0633 + 7 33 44 20.021  
7781 23 48 39.2 3.0638 + 7 18 17 20.022  
7782 23 48 47.1 3.0638 + 7 24 52 20.023  
7814 23 58 7.5 3.0693 +15 35 20 20.046  
7817 23 58 51.2 3.0699 +20 11 46 20.047  

 

 

LIST OF ILLUSTRATIONS.

No. N.G.C.
No.		 Date. Exposure. Enlargement. Orientation
Top.		 Remarks
        h m      
1 224 1899, September 7 3 0 2.0 W Great nebula in Andromeda.
2 253 1902, December 18-20 3 0 2.5 S H V, 1.
3 598 1899, September 12 3 30 2.1 W M 33.
4 628 1899, October 31 4 0 3.4 S M 74.
5 650 1899, September 11 3 0 3.4 S M 76.
6 891 1899, November 6 4 0 3.4 S H V, 19.
7 1068 1899, December 3 3 0 7.2 S M 77.
8 .. 1899, December 28 4 0 2.1 W Pleiades.
9 1952 1899, December 24 2 0 3.4 S Crab nebula.
10 .. 1898, November 16 0 40 2.2 S Great nebula in Orion.
11 .. 1899, February 9 0 5 2.5 S Great nebula in Orion.
12 1977 1900, January 21 2 50 2.4 S H V, 30.
13 2024 1902, January 28 3 0 2.4 S H V, 28.
14 2068 1902, November 26 3 0 2.4 S M 78.
15 2264 1903, February 23 3 0 2.5 S Nebula near 15 Monocerotis.
16 .. 1903, February 26 4 0 2.5 S New nebula in Monoceros (Roberts).
17 2403 1900, February 27 4 0 3.4 S H V, 44.
18 2683 1900, February 23 3 20 3.3 S H I, 200.
19 2841 1901, April 17 3 0 3.4 S H I, 205.
20 2903-5 1900, February 24 3 30 3.4 S H I, 56, 57.
21 3031 1900, March 21 3 55 3.4 S M 81.
22 3115 1901, April 9 2 30 5.0 S H I, 163.
23 3198 1900, March 24 4 0 4.3 S H I, 199.
24 3226-7 1901, April 10 3 0 3.4 S H II, 28, 29.
251 3242 { 1901, April 9 0 1 20 S H IV, 27.
252 1901, April 8 0 10 20 S H IV, 27.
26 3556 1902, May 3 4 0 3.3 S H V, 46.
27 3587 1900, March 28 4 0 3.3 S Owl nebula.
28 3623 1900, April 23 3 30 3.8 S M 65.
29 3627 1900, April 23 3 30 4.3 S M 66.
30A 3726 1900, March 29 4 0 4.9 S H II, 730.
30B 3726 1900, March 29 4 0 4.9 S H II, 730.
31 4244 1900, March 30 3 0 3.7 S H V, 41.
32 4254 1902, June 7 3 19 3.7 S M 99.
33 4258 1903, May 23 3 53 3.8 S H V, 43.
34 4303 1900, April 27 3 0 3.4 S M 61.
35 4321 1901, April 19 3 0 4.2 S M 100.
36 4485-90 1901, April 17 1 45 4.4 S H I, 197-8.
37 4501 1902, June 27-28 3 0 3.9 S M 88.
38 4536 1903, May 27 3 30 3.3 S H V, 2.
39 4559 1901, May 9 3 0 3.4 S H I, 92.
40 4565 1901, April 21 3 0 3.3 S H V, 24.
41 4631 1902, June 6 3 0 3.3 S H V, 42.
42 4725 1902, June 30-July 2 3 32 3.4 S H I, 84.
43 4736 1902, July 7 0 30 3.3 S M 94.
44 4736 1902, July 4 3 0 3.3 S M 94.
45 4826 1900, May 27 2 30 3.8 S M 64.
46 5055 1902, July 5 3 30 3.3 S M 63.
47 5194-5 1899, May 10 4 0 3.3 S M 51.
48 5272 1900, May 22 1 30 3.8 S M 3.
49 5457-8 1899, June 8 4 0 3.2 S M 101.
50 5857-9 1900, May 31 2 30 7.2 S H II, 751-2.
51 5866 1902, July 28 3 0 4.9 S H I, 215.
52 5904 1900, May 24 1 30 3.7 S M 5.
53 6205 1900, June 22 2 0 3.8 S M 13.
54 6218 1899, July 11 2 0 3.7 S M 12.
55 6514 1899, July 6 3 0 4.1 S Trifid nebula.
56 6523 1899, July 7 4 0 2.0 W M 8.
57 6543 1899, August 8 0 5 19 S H IV, 37.
58 6618 1899, July 9 4 0 3.1 S Omega nebula.
59 6720 1899, July 14 0 10 13 S M 57.
60 6853 1899, July 31 3 0 3.8 S Dumb-Bell nebula.
61 6894 1899, August 9 1 0 7.2 S H IV, 13.
62 6946 1899, August 7 4 0 3.9 S H IV, 76.
63 6995 1899, August 29 4 0 2.2 S Network nebula in Cygnus.
64 7009 { 1899, July 28 0 10 }17 S { H IV, 1.
1899, July 30 0 2 H IV, 1.
65 7023 1903, August 19-20 3 0 3.8 S H IV, 74.
66 7217 1899, August 12 4 0 7.1 S H II, 207.
67 7331 1899, August 11 4 0 3.8 S H I, 53.
68 7479 1899, August 9 2 0 4.8 S H I, 55.
69 7662 1899, September 5 { 10s }17 S H, IV, 18.
20s
30s
1m
2m
70 7814 1899, September 30 3 0 4.9 S H II, 240.