WeRead Powered by ReaderPub
Physical Geography cover

Physical Geography

Chapter 76: INDEX.
By Mary Somerville
Open in WeRead

Explore more books like this:

Science - Earth/Agricultural/Farming

About This Book

A systematic survey of the planet’s physical features and the processes that made them, beginning with the earth’s place in the solar system and the geological and geodetic methods used to measure its form and interior. It proceeds to characterize major landforms—continents, mountain chains, plateaus, plains, coasts, islands, and reefs—and explains volcanic and glacial activity, sea-level change, and the structure of soils and rocks. Chapters treat climate and atmospheric circulation, the distribution of plants and animals, and how human action interacts with natural forces. Frequent cross-references between structure, climate, and biological distribution emphasize causes as well as descriptive geography.

INDEX.

  • A.
  • Abyssinia, 89;
    • dimensions of, ib.;
    • table-land, ib.;
    • mountains, ib.;
    • geological structure, ib.
  • Acidulous springs, 153.
  • Admiralty, its encouragement of science, 463.
  • Afghanistan, flora of, 320.
  • Africa, extent and area, 85;
    • height of table-land, ib.;
    • interior of continent, 86;
    • width at the Cape of Good Hope, ib.;
    • western mountains, 87;
    • the koroos, ib.;
    • western coast, ib.;
    • fertile tract across the continent, 89, 90;
    • deserts, 90, 91;
    • analogy of Southern Africa to the Deccan, 92;
    • earthquake, 154.
  • Africa, rivers of, 218-224;
    • the Gariep, or Orange River, 218;
    • the Zambesi, 219;
    • the Haines, ib.;
    • the Hawash, ib.;
    • the Zaire, ib.;
    • the Nile, ib.-223;
    • the White Nile, 220;
    • its affluents, ib.;
    • the Blue Nile, ib.;
    • its tributaries, ib.;
    • the Takkazie, ib.;
    • Abyssinian rivers, 221;
    • course of the Nile, ib.;
    • its basin, 222;
    • velocity, ib.;
    • inundations, ib.;
    • ancient renown of, ib.;
    • the Niger, 223;
    • barbarous state of its nations, ib.;
    • its sources and course, 223;
    • its affluents, ib.;
    • its branches, ib.;
    • inundations, 224;
    • the Gambia, ib.;
    • the Senegal, ib.
  • Africa, flora of, 330;
    • quadrupeds of, 423;
    • birds of, 402.
  • Agassiz, M., on a former glacier in Chamouni, 53.
  • Agouti, 432.
  • Aconcagua, volcano of, 95.
  • Ai, species of sloth, 429.
  • Airy, Mr., 16; 462.
  • Alector, genus of birds, 407.
  • Alleghanies, chain of, 128, 129;
    • area, ib.;
    • scenery, ib.;
    • branches, 129;
    • vegetation on, 342.
  • Alligators, 389.
  • Alpaca or Paco, 431;
    • on naturalization of, in Europe, ib.
  • Alpine vegetation, 318.
  • Alps, the, 49;
    • higher Alps, their extent, ib.;
    • elevation of central ridge of, ib.;
    • width of the chain, 50;
    • ice in, 52;
    • flora of, 313.
  • Altai Mountains, 65;
    • length and breadth of the chain, ib.;
    • form, ib.;
    • geology of, 66.
  • Alluvial deposits by rivers, 33.
  • Amblyrhinchus, genus of reptiles, 391.
  • Amboyna, its vegetation, 325.
  • America, length and form of the continent, 93;
    • its natural divisions, ib.;
    • climate, ib.;
    • mountains, ib.;
    • mean height of, 135.
  • America, rivers of, 234-244;
    • the St. Lawrence, 235;
    • Arctic streams, ib.;
    • the Mississippi, 235, 236;
    • its sources, 235;
    • its tributaries, ib.;
    • the Missouri, ib.;
    • the Arkansas, ib.;
    • the Red River, ib.;
    • the Ohio, 236;
    • length of the Mississippi, ib.;
    • floods, 237;
    • rivers of the Alleghany chain, ib.;
    • of the Rocky Mountains, ib.;
    • Mexican rivers, ib.;
    • rivers of the Andes, 238;
    • the Orinoco, its rise and course, 239;
    • tributaries, ib.;
    • area of its basin, 240;
    • floods, ib.;
    • the Amazons, its rise and course, ib.;
    • its basin, ib.;
    • tributaries, 241;
    • floods, ib.;
    • branches, ib.;
    • colour of American rivers, 242;
    • the Rio de la Plata, its rise, ib.;
    • tributaries, ib.;
    • length, ib.;
    • floods and inundations, 243;
    • the Colorado, 243;
    • the Rio Negro, ib.;
    • the Essequibo, ib.;
    • navigation of South American rivers, ib.;
    • the Parà, 244;
    • the San Francisco, ib.
  • America, continental islands of, 139.
  • American quadrupeds, 426;
  • America peopled from Asia, 448.
  • America, Central, its dimensions, 114;
    • mountains, ib.;
    • climate and vegetation, 116;
    • volcanos, ib.;
    • geology, 118.
  • America, Central, flora of, 344.
  • America, North, its dimensions and structure, 119;
    • mountains, 119-123, 128-129;
    • plains, 123, 130;
    • progressive extinction of aborigines, 131;
    • geological notice, 131-133;
    • volcanic action, 131; fossil mammalia, ib.; analogy
    • of the geology of North America with that of Europe, 132-133;
    • mean height of the continent, 135;
    • coalfields, 184, 185;
    • flora of, 341.
  • America, South, length and width, 93;
    • its mountains, 94-105;
    • low lands, 105-114;
    • their extent and area, 105;
    • geology, 109-114;
    • volcanic remains, 109, note;
    • upheavings and subsidences, 112;
    • mean height of the continent, 134;
    • earthquakes, 154;
    • tropical flora of, 346.
  • Ammonia, its use in vegetation, 301.
  • Amphiuma, 386.
  • Amucu, lake, 104.
  • Anatolia, table-land and mountains of, 56.
  • Andes, chain of, 93-103;
    • Patagonian Andes, 94;
    • Chilian Andes, 95;
    • Peruvian Andes, 96;
    • fertility and populousness of, ib.;
    • ancient civilization, ib.;
    • Bolivian Andes, ib., 97;
    • three ranges of the chain, 98;
    • Andes of Cundinamarca and Merida, 100;
    • passes of the Andes, elevations of, 101;
    • climate and temperature, 102;
    • development of volcanic force in the Andes, 109, 110;
    • geology of, 111, 113;
    • coal found in, 111;
    • volcanic products, 112;
    • sea-shells in, ib.;
    • alternate elevation and depression of, 112, 113;
    • volcanos in eruption in 1835, 112;
    • Andes of Central America, 114, 115.
  • Aneroid barometer, 261.
  • Angara, a Siberian river, 250.
  • Angora goat, 418.
  • Animated beings, new races of, accompany great geological changes in the strata, 34;
    • their ancient geographical distribution, 35.
  • Anjou, Lieutenant, his voyage, 76, note.
  • Anoa, the, 422.
  • Anolis, genus of reptiles, 390.
  • Antarctic lands, 165-167.
  • Ant-eaters, 420.
  • Antelopes of Asia, 420;
    • of Africa, 424.
  • Antelope Saiga, 419.
  • Antelope, Prongbuck, or American, 427.
  • Anti-Libanus, height of, 83.
  • Ants, 367.
  • Ants, white, their ravages, ib.
  • Antuco, vegetation at, 350.
  • Apennines, their extent, 51.
  • Aptenodytes, southern penguin, 408.
  • Apteryx, anomalous bird, 410.
  • Arabia, peninsula of, 81, 82;
    • elevation of table-land, 81;
    • mountains, 82.
  • Arabia Felix, 82.
  • Arabia Petrea, 83.
  • Arabia, flora of, 329.
  • Arabians, 437.
  • Arago, M., on polarized light, 284.
  • Aral, lake of, 248, 249.
  • Ararat, Mount, 56, 418.
  • Araucari, a bird, 407.
  • Araucaria, genus of plants, 349.
  • Arctic lands, 159-167.
  • Ardea helias, 408.
  • Areca tree and nut, 324.
  • Argali sheep, 418.
  • Armadilloes, 429.
  • Armenia, plains of, 56.
  • Arrow-root, 347.
  • Artesian wells, 152, 210.
  • Asia, mean height of, 134;
    • volcanos of, 152;
    • earthquakes in, 153.
  • Asia, rivers of, 224, 234;
    • system of the Euphrates and Tigris, area of its basin, 224;
    • rise and course of the Euphrates, 225;
    • of the Tigris, ib.;
    • their junction, ib.;
    • ancient and present state of their banks, ib.;
    • the Indus, its sources, 226;
    • its tributaries, ib.;
    • its navigation, 227;
    • its delta, ib.;
    • length and area, ib.;
    • the Ganges and Brahmapootra, sources of, 228;
    • their tributaries, ib.;
    • length, 228, 229;
    • inundations, 229;
    • branches, ib.;
    • drainage, ib.;
    • the Irawady, 230;
    • the Menam, ib.;
    • the Cambodja, ib.;
    • the Saüng, 231;
    • the Hoang-Ho, ib.;
    • the Yang-tse-Kiang, ib.;
    • the Hong-Kiang, 232;
    • the White River, ib.;
    • the Amur, ib.;
    • the Lena, ib.;
    • the Yenessei, 233;
    • the Oby and Irtish, ib.;
    • great difference in the inhabitants of the basins of Asiatic rivers, 234.
  • Asia, flora of, 319; quadrupeds of, 417;
    • birds of, 400.
  • Asp, Egyptian, a snake, 387.
  • Ass, wild, or onagra, 418.
  • Assal, lake of, 250.
  • Assam, Upper, its mountains, 64.
  • Assam, tea-plant in, 322.
  • Assyrian wilderness, 84.
  • Atlantic Ocean, volcanic islands of, 140;
    • its size, 189.
  • Atlantic Plain, 130.
  • Atlantic Slope, 130.
  • Atlas mountains, 46.
  • Atmosphere influential in modifying the distribution of light and heat, 15.
  • Atolls, 142-145; description of, 143;
    • diameter, 144;
    • atolls of the Pacific, ib.;
    • of the China Sea, ib.;
    • of the Indian Ocean, 145;
    • great extent of atolls, 148.
  • Auchenia, genus of llamas, 430.
  • Auckland Islands, flora of, 353.
  • Aurochs, or wild ox, 416.
  • Aurora, the, 290;
    • form and height of, 291;
    • effect on the magnetic needle, ib.
  • Australia, continent of, 136-139.
  • Australia, rivers of, their insignificance, 244;
          • the Murray, ib.;
          • the Macquarrie, ib.;
          • Swan River, ib.
  • Australia, flora of, 336;
          • quadrupeds of, 344;
          • birds of, 309;
          • human races, 438.
  • Axolotl, a Mexican reptile, 386.
  • Azerbijan, 418.
  • B.
  • Babbage, Mr., on age of peat-mosses, 358.
  • Babiroussa hog, 421.
  • Back, Sir George, 463.
  • Bahama Islands, 118.
  • Bahr-el-Abiad, or White Nile, 251. See Nile.
  • Bahr-el-Azrek, or Blue Nile. See Nile.
  • Baikal mountains, 99.
  • Baily, Mr., 19; and note.
  • Balkan, 50.
  • Baltic Sea, its area, 207;
    • basin, ib.;
    • depth, ib.;
    • climate, ib.;
    • influence on European civilization, 449.
  • Baratra, the, 403.
  • Barbican, a genus of birds, 403.
  • Baring, Sir Francis, 463.
  • Barley, origin and cultivation of, 356.
  • Barometer, use in determining heights, 261;
    • how affected by storms, 269;
    • horary visitations of, 262;
    • aneroid, 261, note.
  • Barren Ground, the, of North America, 129.
  • Barrier-reefs, 145;
    • notice of a reef off the north-east coast of Australia, 146.
  • Batrachians, an order of reptiles, 384;
    • their distribution, 385.
  • Bear, 417, 419.
  • Bear, the grizzly, 427.
  • Beaufort, Admiral Sir Francis, 463.
  • Beaumont, M. Elie de, extension of Von Buch’s views, 39, note; parallelism of contemporary chains, 43.
  • Beechey, Captain, his measurement of the height of the Nevado of Aconcagua, 95.
  • Bees, distribution of, 366.
  • Beke, Dr., travels in Africa, 89.
  • Beloot Tagh, or Cloudy Mountains, 59.
  • Benguela, 88.
  • Ben Nevis, its elevation, 71.
  • Besborough, Earl of, 463.
  • Bessel, M., his measurement of the earth’s radii, 16;
    • his results compared with those of Mr. Airy, 17;
    • with Colonel Sabine’s, 17, note.
  • Birds, classification of, 392;
    • geographical distribution of, 393; migration of, ib.;
    • gregarious, 397;
    • British, 398;
    • European, 394;
    • Asiatic, 400;
    • African, 402;
    • North American, 404;
    • South American, 405;
    • Australian, 409;
    • of New Zealand, 410;
    • fossil from New Zealand, 410.
  • Bison, the, a species of ox, 427.
  • Black Sea, its area, 207;
    • basin, ib.;
    • depth, ib.
  • Blue Mountains, 117.
  • Boa, a genus of serpents, 388.
  • Boar, wild, 416.
  • Bombon, plain, its height, 98.
  • Borax, lakes of, in Tibet, 250.
  • Borneo, general features, products, and climate of, 143;
    • population of, 438.
  • Boué, M., his deductions from a comparison of different parts of the land, 42;
    • nature’s fundamental types few, 43;
    • interruptions in continents and mountain-chains, 45;
    • Scandinavian mountain system, 70.
  • ——, Dr., on the influence of chains of mountains on the difference of nations, 448.
  • Brazil, table-land, its form, 104; boundaries, ib.;
  • Brienz, lake of, 247.
  • Britain, flora of, 317.
  • British mountains, geology of, 71.
  • British population, 443.
  • Brooke, Sir J., at Borneo, 460.
  • Buch, Von, the structure of the globe, 39, note;
    • notice of mountains in Germany, 44;
    • classification of islands, 139;
    • boundary of the Australian continent, 141.
  • Bunsen, Chevalier, on the antiquity of the Egyptian dynasties, 444, note.
  • Buphaga, a genus of birds, 403.
  • C.
  • Caama antelope, 424.
  • Cabiai, or myopotamus, 433.
  • Cachalot, or spermaceti whale, 379.
  • Calbongos, 88.
  • Camel, Bactrian, 420;
    • Arabian, or dromedary, ib.
  • Camellia, country of, 321.
  • Campbell’s Island, 354.
  • Campos Parecis, desert of, 105.
  • Canadas, the, products, 127;
    • ice-storms 128;
    • waste-land, ib.
  • Cape Negro, 87.
  • Cape pigeons, or pintadoes, 393.
  • Cariama, a gallinaceous bird, 407.
  • Caribbean Sea, 209.
  • Caroline Archipelago, 144.
  • Carpathian mountains, 49.
  • Carnivorous quadrupeds, 414.
  • Cashmere, flora of, 310.
  • Cashmere, goat, 419.
  • Casius, Mount, height of, 83.
  • Caspian Sea, its depression, 73.
  • Caspian Sea, 248.
  • Cassican, genus of birds, 401.
  • Cassowary, 402.
  • Caucasus, the, 55.
  • Caucasian race of mankind, 436;
    • its distribution, ib.
  • Cavendish, Mr., 19.
  • Cebus, an American monkey, 429.
  • Celtic races of man, 441.
  • Cerealia, geographical distribution of, 355.
  • Cereopsis, a New Holland bird, 410.
  • Cerro Duida, height of, 104.
  • Cetacea, division of, 377.
  • Ceylon, island of, 80;
    • flora of, 329.
  • Chameleons, 390.
  • Chamois, 417, 419.
  • Charpentier, M., his measurement of the base of the Pyrenees, 134, note.
  • Cheiroptera, or bats, 414.
  • Chelonians, or turtles, 392.
  • Chelydæ, 391.
  • Cherokee Indians, 458.
  • Chile, its climate, 95;
    • group of volcanic vents, 110;
    • rise of the coast, 113;
    • vegetation of, 349.
  • Chimpanzee, 422, 425.
  • China, great productiveness of, 78;
    • area of its alluvial plain, ib.;
    • extent of great canal of, ib.;
    • climate, ib.;
    • fire-hills and fire-springs of, 152;
    • flora of, 321.
  • Chinchilla, 432.
  • Chinese empire, extent of mountains in, 59.
  • Chinese population, 437.
  • Chionis, an antarctic bird, 409.
  • Chious, 410.
  • Chiquisaca, 97.
  • Chitta, the hunting leopard, 421.
  • Chlamyphores, 429.
  • Choco, chain of, 100.
  • Cinchona, or Peruvian-bark tree, 311; 347.
  • Circassians, 436.
  • Civilization, effects of, 439;
    • greatest in the vicinity of the sea, 457.
  • Climate during the Eocene period, 29;
    • excessive cold of the Pleiocene period, 31.
  • Climate altered by cultivation, 451.
  • Clouds, formation and height of, 274;
    • different names given to, ib.
  • Coal, diffusion of, 181-186;
    • quantity consumed and exported annually by Great Britain, 184, note;
    • quantity
    • produced in France in 1841, ib.;
    • quantity raised in one year, ib., note;
    • annual value of coal, 184.
  • Coalfields, great extent of, 36.
  • Coasts, extent and form of, 40;
    • comparative extent of, in the four quarters of the globe, 41.
  • Cobra capello, or hooded snake, 387.
  • Coca (Erythroxylon), 350.
  • Coccineal insect, 366.
  • Cæciliæ, genus of reptiles, 386.
  • Coffee-plant, and history of, 330.
  • Cold, regions where greatest, 258.
  • Colima, volcanic cone, 121.
  • Colobus, genus of Lemuridæ, 425.
  • Colombian Archipelago. See West Indian Islands.
  • Condor, the, 406.
  • Coniferæ, family of plants, 362.
  • Continent, the great, form of, 45;
    • its high lands, 46, 69;
    • European portion of its mountains, 47;
    • extent and breadth of high lands between the Mediterranean and the Pacific, 55;
    • area of its high land, 73;
    • southern low lands, 77;
    • great extent of desert, 92;
    • continental islands of, 140.
  • Continents, forces that raised them, their mode of action, 37;
    • area of the great continent, 38;
    • relative extent of continents and islands, ib.;
    • elevation of continents, 41;
    • interruptions in, 45;
    • mean height of, 133;
    • height of their centres of gravity, 135.
  • Continental islands described, 139.
  • Copper, diffusion of, 178.
  • Coral formations, four kinds of, 143.
  • Coral reefs, 146.
  • Cotopaxi, height of, 99.
  • Coucals, genus of birds, 401.
  • Coucou, 407.
  • Couroucou, species of bird, 401.
  • Crater of elevation, definition of, 48, note.
  • Crax alector, 407.
  • Crime, decrease of, by education, 471.
  • Crocodiles in general, 389;
    • of the Nile, ib.;
    • of the Ganges, ib.
  • Cryptogamia, 306.
  • Cuba, area and coast-line, 118;
    • height of its mountains, ib.
  • Culture, its influence on the human form, 447.
  • Currents, causes of, 197;
    • direction and velocity, ib.;
    • great oceanic currents, 198;
    • Gulf-stream, 199;
    • breadth of currents, ib.;
    • counter-currents, 200;
    • periodical currents, ib.;
    • effect of currents on voyages, 201.
  • Cusco, city, 98;
    • reliques of the Incas, ib.
  • Cush, or land of Ethiopia, 443.
  • Cutch, river of, 81.
  • Cuvier, Baron, 30, 32, 463.
  • Cuyo, a province of South America, 430.
  • D.
  • Daman, or Hyrax, 425.
  • Dangerous Archipelago, 144.
  • Daouria mountains, 66.
  • Daouria, flora of, 316.
  • Darwin, Mr., his speculations on perfect animals found buried in Siberia, 32;
    • his ‘Travels in South America’ quoted, 112;
    • on red water on the coast of Chile, 370;
    • on reptiles of Galapagos, 391;
    • on Aconcagua Peak, 272.
  • Dasyurus, a genus of carnivora, 434.
  • Da Vinci, Leonardo, his hydraulic operations, 217, note.
  • Davy, Sir Humphry, his discovery of metalloids, 168;
  • Day and night, unequal duration of, 15.
  • Dead Sea, depression of, 84, note.
  • Dead Sea, 247.
  • de Candolle, M., on botanical regions, note, 308;
    • on growth of trees, 358.
  • Deccan, table-land of, 79;
    • its height and composition, 80;
    • structure, ib.;
    • soil, ib.
  • Deer, Asiatic, 421.
  • De la Beche, Sir Henry, on metalliferous deposits, 170, 463.
  • Dembia lake, 251.
  • Deodora pine, 320.
  • Desaguadero, table-land or valley of, its dimensions, 96;
    • its area, 97.
  • Dinornis, a fossil bird, 410.
  • Dip of the horizon, 17.
  • Distance estimated from known height of an object, 17.
  • Dodo, an extinct bird, 410.
  • Dogs, American, 427.
  • Dolphins, 378.
  • Domestic animals, number of species, 452.
  • Donny, M., his experiments with boiling water, 163.
  • Douglas, Mr., his account of an eruption of the volcano of Kirawah in 1834, 151.
  • Dove, Professor, on mean temperatures, 259.
  • Dragon lizard, 390.
  • Dry River, 86.
  • Dugong, the, 377.
  • Dzeran goat, 419.
  • Dziggetai, the, 418, note.
  • E.
  • Earth, the, its insignificance in space, 13;
    • instability of its shell, 14;
    • its internal fires, ib.;
    • changes which have brought about its present state, ib.;
    • its future destruction, ib.;
    • its distance from the sun, 15;
    • its annual and diurnal revolutions, ib.;
    • its position in the solar system, ib.;
    • inclination of the axis, ib.;
    • its relative magnitude, ib.;
    • its oblateness, note, ib.;
    • its figure and density deduced from the perturbations in the motions of the moon, ib.;
    • its curvature, 16;
    • modes of determining its form and size, ib.;
    • its radii, ib.;
    • its circumference and diameter, ib.;
    • experiment to ascertain the value of its mass, 18;
    • its mean density, 19;
    • increase in density towards the centre, ib.;
    • constitution of its surface, ib.;
    • an idea of its structure obtained from mining, ib.;
    • its antiquity, 34;
    • unequal arrangement of land and water, 37, 38;
    • ancient internal action, 135.
  • Earthquakes, 153-157;
    • causes of, 154;
    • propagation of the shocks ib.;
    • effect on the sea, 155;
    • elevation of the ground, ib.;
    • sound of the explosion, rate of progression of, ib.;
    • velocity of the great oceanic wave, 156;
    • comparative destructiveness of earthquakes, 157;
    • frequency of small shocks, ib.;
    • extent of undulations, ib.;
    • rapidity of destruction, ib.;
    • partial shocks, ib.;
    • effects of earthquakes on the configuration of the country, 158.
  • Eagles, 395.
  • East India Company, its encouragement of science, 463.
  • Echidna, 435.
  • Edentata, 414;
    • South American, 429.
  • Egede, M., on sea-serpents, 381.
  • Ehrenberg, M., microscopic shells discovered by, 35.
  • Eider duck, the, 407.
  • Eocene period, the globe and its inhabitants during, 29.
  • Elburz, elevation of, 56.
  • Electricity in general, 285;
    • of the atmosphere, 286.
  • Elephants, fossil, multitudes of, in Siberia, 36.
  • Elephants, Asiatic, 421;
    • African, 424.
  • Elk, the, 416.
  • Elliot, Mr. Alexander, his expedition to the sources of the Ganges, 228.
  • El-Teh, desert of, 82.
  • Eltonsk, lake of, 248.
  • Emigration, its effects in Great Britain, 459.
  • Emu, Australian cassowary, 410.
  • Emys, fresh-water tortoise, 391.
  • Encircling reefs, 145.
  • England, earthquakes in, 154;
    • its coalfields, 182.
  • Equator, protuberant matter at, influences and is influenced by the moon’s motion, 17, note.
  • Erebus, Mount, 166.
  • Erie, lake, 251.
  • Erman, M., on evaporation, 273.
  • Espenhaço, chain of, 105.
  • Esquimaux, 437.
  • Ethiopian races, 438.
  • Etna, manner of its explosions, 153.
  • Europe, mean height and area of, 134.
  • European mountains, frequency of deep lakes in, 50;
    • geological notice, 53.
  • Evaporation in different regions, 272.
  • F.
  • Factory labour, 412, note.
  • Falkland Islands, vegetation of, 352.
  • Famel, 425.
  • Faraday, Dr., on auroras, 291;
    • on magnetic properties of matter, 296.
  • Feroe Islands, 70.
  • Fichtelberge, area of, 48.
  • Finns, the, 442.
  • Fire, subterranean lakes of liquid, 14;
    • volcanic, its agency in the formation of rocks, 20.
  • Firefly, the, 366.
  • Fishes, geographical distribution, 373;
    • migration of, 375;
    • fresh-water, ib.
  • Fitzroy, Captain, 447; note, 459.
  • Floras of different countries, 312.
  • Fogs, how produced, 273.
  • Fonseca Bay, 252.
  • Forbes, Professor E., on British fauna and flora, 31, note;
    • on glaciers, 53;
    • on primary floras, 310;
    • on Egean fuci, 360;
    • on the influence of depth on marine animals, 370;
    • on the Mediterranean, 371.
  • Formosa, population of, 438.
  • Fossil remains, immense quantity of, 35.
  • Foulahs, an African nation, 438.
  • Fourier’s theory of central heat, 256.
  • Fox, the, 416.
  • Fox, Mr., on metalliferous deposits, 170.
  • France, its high lands, 48;
    • mean height of its flat provinces, 73;
    • mean elevation of, 134.
  • Franklin, Sir John, 464.
  • Fringillæ, genus of birds, 398.
  • Frogs, 384.
  • Fuci, or sea-weeds, 361.
  • Fuegians, 392.
  • Fuego, volcano del, 115.
  • Future state, a universal belief in, 448.
  • G.
  • Galago, genus of Lemuridæ, 426.
  • Galapagos islands, flora of, 341;
    • birds of, 408;
    • mollusca of, 372.
  • Ganges, valley of the, 79;
    • soil, ib.;
    • flatness, ib.
  • Gardner, Mr., his computation of the extent of dry land, 38, note.
  • Gecko, a species of lizard, 390.
  • Gems, diffusion of, 186.
  • Geneva, lake of, 247.
  • Geography, Physical, definition of, 13;
    • effects of the intellectual superiority of man among its most important subjects, ib.;
    • connection between it and geological structure of countries, 42.
  • Geology, outline of, 19-36.
  • Georgian race, 436.
  • Gerard, Captain, his estimate of the mean height of the Himalaya, 61;
    • notices of its vegetation, 63;
    • snow-line, ib.;
    • height of the snow-line on mountains of Middle Asia, 135, note.
  • Gerboa, or Jerboa, 419.
  • Geysers, 162;
    • Great Geyser, 163;
    • Strokr, ib.
  • Giant petrel, 408.
  • Gibbon, a genus of monkeys, 422.
  • Gibraltar, Strait, depth of, 46.
  • Gipsies, number of, 442.
  • Giraffe, 423.
  • Glaciers, 52;
    • their rate of motion in the Alps, ib.;
    • their composition, ib.;
    • their enormous pressure, ib.
  • Glutton, 417.
  • Goatsuckers, 398.
  • Gobi, Great, area and elevation of, 69;
    • climate, ib.;
    • mean height, 134.
  • Gobi, desert of, 250.
  • Gold, diffusion of, 174.
  • Gonung-Api, volcanic island of, 149.
  • Gothard, St., pass of, 50.
  • Guasacalco river, 252.
  • Gough’s Islands, 282.
  • Grampian hills, 71.
  • Grampus, 379.
  • Gran Chaco, desert of, 107.
  • Gran Sasso d’Italia, height of, 51.
  • Gravitation, variations in its intensity, 18.
  • Great Central Plain of North America, see Mississippi, valley of.
  • Great Northern Plain, 73;
    • its soil, ib.;
    • geology, 77.
  • Grecian mountains, 51.
  • Greeks, 436.
  • Greenland, 159;
    • flora of, 341.
  • Greenwich Observatory, 462.
  • Guachero, the, 406.
  • Guan, a gallinaceous bird, 407.
  • Guanáco, 431.
  • Guatemala, table-land of, 115;
    • fertility, ib.;
    • elevation, ib.;
    • volcanos, ib.
  • Guinea, flora of, 348.
  • Guinea, North, 88.
  • Guinea, New, its size, 141;
    • height of its mountains, 142.
  • Gulf of Mexico, 209.
  • Gurla, mountain of, 249.
  • H.
  • Hail, how formed, 280.
  • Haiti (San Domingo), dimensions, 117;
    • its mountains, ib.
  • Halos, 283.
  • Haudramaut, depth of loose sand in, 82;
    • tradition concerning, ib.
  • Hebrides, 71.
  • Heckla, mount, 161.
  • Heights of places, table of, 475.
  • Helena, St., 295.
  • Hermit Island, 352.
  • Herschel, Sir John, on cause of revolving storms, 264.
  • Himalaya, chain, general structure, 60;
    • mean height, ib.;
    • height of its peaks, ib.;
    • passes of, 62;
    • climate, 63;
    • range of vegetation, ib.;
    • geology of, 64.
  • Hindoo Coosh, 60, 296;
    • passes of, 62.
  • Hindostan, plains of, their extent, 79;
    • peninsula, ib.
  • Hippelaphus of Aristotle, 422.
  • Hippopotamus, 424.
  • Holland, depression of, 73.
  • Holland, New, length and breadth, 136;
    • climate, ib.;
    • coasts, ib.;
    • mountain-chain, 137;
    • length and average height of mountains, ib.;
    • rivers, 138. See Australia, rivers of.
  • Hooker, Sir William J., 463, note.
  • Hooker, Dr. J. D., on marine plants, 359, note;
    • on Antarctic Algæ, 362.
  • Hopkins, Mr., his theory of fissures, 44.
  • Horizon, its dip, 17.
  • Horse, 421;
    • varieties of, ib., 427.
  • Houtias, a gnawing animal, 433.
  • Human races, 436;
    • permanency of type, 444;
    • discrepancy of their colour, 445.
  • Human constitution, its flexibility, 445.
  • Humboldt, Baron, his ‘Cosmos,’ 5;
    • on the inclination of the Peak of Teneriffe, 42;
    • estimate of the mean
    • height of the Himalaya, 61;
    • on the silvas of the Amazons, 107;
    • on the influence of table-lands and mountains on the mean height of continents, 133;
    • estimate of height of mean crest of the Pyrenees, 134, note;
    • measurements of highest peaks and mean heights of several mountain-chains, 135, note;
    • notice of an earthquake at Riobamba in 1797, 157;
    • his statement of the quantity of the precious metals brought to Europe from America, 176;
    • on river-floods, 215.
  • Humming birds, 406.
  • Hunter, John, 463.
  • Huron, lake, 250.
  • Hurricanes, 267.
  • Hydraulic systems of Europe, 216;
    • divisions, ib.;
    • system of the Volga, ib.;
    • Danube, ib.;
    • origin of the application of hydraulics to rivers, 217;
    • system of Britain, 218.
  • Hydrogen, influence on vegetation, 301.
  • Hydrographic Office, Admiralty, 463.
  • Hyæna, Asiatic species, 431;
    • African species, 425.
  • Hyla, or tree-frog, 385.
  • Hyrax, or Daman, 425.
  • Hyrcanian mountains, 48.
  • I.
  • Ibex, or wild goat, 417.
  • Ibis, the red, 408.
  • Ice, quantity in the Alps, 52;
    • rivers of, ib.
  • Ice, polar, 203;
    • area of, in the Arctic Ocean, ib.;
    • north polar ice, ib.;
    • packed ice, 204;
    • icebergs, ib.;
    • colours of ice, 205.
  • Ice mountains, 67.
  • Iceland, 166;
    • ice mountains, 161;
    • glaciers, ib.;
    • desert, ib.;
    • volcanos, ib.;
    • eruptions, ib.;
    • geysers, 163;
    • fiords, 164;
    • products, ib.;
    • climate, ib.;
    • storms, ib.
  • Ichneumon, a carnivorous quadruped, 417.
  • India, flora of, 320.
  • Indian Archipelago, islands of, 141;
    • their importance, 142;
    • surveys of their coasts, ib.;
    • flora of, 326.
  • Indian desert, 81.
  • Indo-Chinese peninsula, 78;
    • its population, 437.
  • Insects, geographical distribution of, 363;
    • number of, ib.;
    • migration of, 367.
  • Iran, plateau of, see Persia.
  • Ireland, its scenery, 71;
    • coal districts, 183.
  • Iron, diffusion of, 182;
    • quantity manufactured in Britain in 1844, 183, note;
    • uses, 184, note;
    • value of, in France, in 1838, ib., note.
  • Isatis fox, 427.
  • Islands, their relative extent to that of the continents, 38;
    • classification of, 139.
  • Isothermal lines, 258.
  • Itambe, mountain, height of, 105.
  • J.
  • Jackal, 425.
  • Jaguar, or American tiger, 428.
  • Jamaica, its area, 117;
    • mountains, ib.;
    • extent of coast, 118;
    • temperature, ib.
  • Jan Mayen’s Land, 164.
  • Japan, flora of, 321.
  • Japanese, 437.
  • Java, volcanos of, 149;
    • height of volcanic mountains, ib.;
    • destruction of a mountain in 1772, ib.;
    • character of the coast, ib.;
    • “Valley of Death,” 153.
  • Jebel Houra, 82.
  • Jebel Okkdar, height of, 82.
  • Jewish population of Europe, 442.
  • Johnston, Mr. Keith, his Physical Atlas, 5; 43, note.
  • Jordan, valley of, its fertility, 84;
    • its depression, ib.
  • Jordan, river, 247.
  • Jorullo, volcanic cone, its sudden appearance, 121.
  • Jukes, Mr., his description of the rolling of the billows along the great Australian barrier-reef, 146.
  • Jura, elevation of, 50.
  • K.
  • Kailas Peak, 249.
  • Kalmuks, 437.
  • Kamichi, a gallinaceous bird, 407.
  • Kamtchatka, flora of, 315.
  • Kangaroo, 434.
  • Kangaroo rat, 434.
  • Kelat, elevation of, 58.
  • Kerguelen’s Land, vegetation of, 355.
  • Keyserling, Count, 67, note.
  • Khing-han mountains, 59.
  • Kiang, wild ass of Tibet, 419.
  • Kingfishers, 398.
  • Kinkajou, the, 428.
  • Kirawah, volcano of, 151;
    • eruption in 1834, ib.
  • Kirghiz, steppes of, 75.
  • Koko-nor lake, 250.
  • Kombst’s ethnographic map, 443, note.
  • Kosciusko, mount, height of, 137.
  • Kourdistan mountains, 56.
  • Kuen-lun (or Chinese) mountains, 59.
  • Kurile Islands, volcanic vents of, 151.
  • L.
  • Laccadive Archipelago, 145.
  • Ladak, 317.
  • Ladoga, lake of, 246.
  • Lagoons and Lagoon Islands, 143;
    • described, 146;
    • theories of their formation, ib.; and note, 147.
  • Land, dry, its area, 37;
    • its proportion to the ocean, 38, note;
    • relative quantity in the northern and southern hemispheres, 38;
    • and in the various quarters of the globe, ib.;
    • unexplored, ib.;
    • polar lands, ib.;
    • tendency of land to assume a peninsular form, 39;
    • outline of the land, ib.;
    • changes in its level, 158.
  • Languages varying, 440;
    • number of, ib.;
    • derivation and comparison of, ib.;
    • spoken in Britain, 443.
  • La Paz, city, 97.
  • Lapland, flora of, 315.
  • Lasistán mountains, 57.
  • Latitude, sine of, 17, note.
  • Layard, Mr., his antiquarian researches, 225, note.
  • Lead, diffusion of, 176.
  • Lebanon, mountains of, 83.
  • Leithart, Mr., 169, note.
  • Lemurs, 422, 426.
  • Leon or Managua, lake of, 252.
  • Leopard, 421.
  • Life, duration of, in different classes of society, 450, note.
  • Light, composed of different rays, 280;
    • its properties, 281;
    • absorbed by the atmosphere, 282;
    • polarized, 284;
    • influence on vegetation, 301.
  • Lightning, 288.
  • Lion, the, 425.
  • Litako, in South Africa, 459.
  • Lizards, 390.
  • Llama, 430;
    • on its naturalization in Europe, 431, note.
  • Llanos of the Orinoco and Venezuela, 108;
    • area of, ib.;
    • character, ib.;
    • climate, ib.;
    • floods and conflagrations, 109;
    • temperature, ib.
  • Locusts, flights of, 367.
  • Locks on canals, early use of, 217;
    • their application by Leonardo da Vinci, ib.
  • Lophophorus, a bird, 401.
  • Lop lake, 250.
  • Loudon, Alex., Esq., account of the “Valley of Death,” in Java, 153.
  • Lourie, a genus of parrots, 402.
  • Loxa, mountain-knot of, 98.
  • Lucerne, lake of, 247.
  • Lyell, Sir Charles, his theory of the formation of rocks, 20;
    • division of tertiary strata, 28;
    • on the Alleghany mountains, 128;
    • on the fossiliferous rocks of northern Europe and America, 132;
    • on the coal fields of North America, 185;
    • on mollusca in the temperate zones, 372;
    • on the number of existing species of animals, 381.
  • Lynch, Lieut., relative height of Dead Sea and Jerusalem;
  • Lynch, Lieut., expedition to the Dead Sea, 84, note.
  • Lynx, the, 416.
  • M.
  • MacCormick, Robert, Esq., his description of the first view of Victoria Land, 165.
  • Mace plant, 325.
  • Madagascar, 87;
    • fauna of, 426;
    • inhabitants of, 438.
  • Mageroe Island, 279.
  • Maggiore lake, 247.
  • Magnetism, 291.
  • Magnetic poles of the earth, 292.
  • Magnetic intensity, force of, 293.
  • Magnetic needle, hourly variation of, ib.
  • Magnetic variation or declination, 294.
  • Magnetic storms, 295.
  • Magnetic force, lines of equal, 296.
  • Magnolias, region of, 343.
  • Maize, or Indian corn, origin and culture of, 345.
  • Malabar, extent and height of its mountains, 80.
  • Malayan races of man, 438.
  • Maldive Archipelago, its dimensions, 145;
    • size of its atolls, ib.
  • Malurus Africanus, 403.
  • Mammalia, division into groups, 413;
    • geographical distribution, 414;
    • migration of, 415;
    • instinct of, ib.
  • Man, division into races, 436;
    • his influence on the material world, 450.
  • Manasa, or Manasarowar, lake of, 67;
    • height of, 418.
  • Manatus, or lamantin, 377.
  • Mandshur, its aspect, 78.
  • Mandshuria, 321.
  • Manfredi on the rate of rise in the bed of the ocean, 34.
  • Mango, a fruit, 327.
  • Manis, 421, 425.
  • Mankind, numbers of, 436.
  • Marabous crane or stork, 404.
  • Marine animals in general, 370.
  • Marine mammalia, classification of, 376.
  • Marine vegetation, 358.
  • Marriage, average number of, annually, 455.
  • Marsupial, or pouched quadrupeds, 434.
  • Martineau, Miss, her ‘Journey to Egypt and Syria’ quoted, 152.
  • Mediterranean Sea, volcanos of, 152;
    • its area, 207;
    • sources of supply, ib.;
    • depth, ib.;
    • tides and currents, 208;
    • bed, ib.;
    • coasts, ib.;
    • its influence on European civilization, 449.
  • Miocene period, the globe and its inhabitants during, 29.
  • Mekram, desert of, 81.
  • Menopoma, genus of reptiles, 386.
  • Menura, or lyre-bird, 409.
  • Meridian, terrestrial, 16;
    • area of, measured by M. Bessel, ib.;
    • length of a degree of, ib.;
    • measurement of an arc at Quito, 99.
  • Metals, list of, 168, note;
    • diffusion of, 174.
  • Metalliferous Deposits, 169, &c.;
    • direction of, 170;
    • peculiar to particular rocks, 171.
  • Metalloids, list of, 168, note.
  • Mexico, table-land and mountains, 120;
    • dimensions, ib.;
    • city of, ib.;
    • volcanos, 121;
    • Barancas, 122;
    • vegetation, ib.;
    • flora, 344.
  • Midas Leonina, a genus of monkeys, 429.
  • Middendorf, M., 67, note.
  • Millet, its cultivation, 356.
  • Mindanao, population of, 438.
  • Mines, mode of opening, 172;
    • drainage, ib.;
    • ventilation, 173;
    • access, ib.;
    • depth, ib.
  • Mineral produce of Europe, value of, in 1829, 183, note;
    • proportion furnished by England, ib., note.
  • Mineral veins, parallelism of, 43;
    • filling of, 169;
    • richest near the surface, 170, note.
  • Mirage, 282.
  • Mississippi, valley of the, its area, 123;
    • table-land, ib.;
    • general character, 124;
    • southern desert, ib.;
    • marshes, ib.;
    • the Grand Saline, ib.;
    • prairies, ib.;
    • forests, 125;
    • [Upper Valley of the, 126, 177;]
    • new states, 125;
    • principal lakes, ib.
  • Mitchell, Mr., on the causes of earthquakes, quoted, 155.
  • Mongol Tartar races, 437.
  • Mongolia, its situation, 60;
    • little known, 69.
  • Monitor, genus of reptiles, 389;
  • Monkeys, American, 428;
    • African, 425.
  • Monocotyledonous plants, 306.
  • Monsoons, 266.
  • Mont Blanc, its height, 49;
    • quantity of ice on, 52.
  • Moon, the, its influence on, and distance from the earth, 15;
    • its perturbations show the compression at the poles, ib.;
    • inequality in its motions produced by matter at the earth’s equator, 17, note.
  • Moon, the, mountains of, 88.
  • Moorcroft, Mr., elevation of the sacred lake Manasa, 67.
  • Moose-deer, or elk, 425.
  • Moraines, 52.
  • Mosasaurus, 390, note.
  • Moscow, height of, 73.
  • Mosquito, the, 365.
  • Mountains, forms of, 41;
    • their declivity, 42;
    • contemporaneous upheaval of parallel mountain-chains, 43;
    • interruptions in, 45;
    • table of the heights of the principal mountains of the globe, 475.
  • Mountain-chains, assumed form of, 129, note;
    • a barrier to insects, 364.
  • Mouflon, 416.
  • Mowna Roa mountain, 269.
  • M’Quhae, Capt., 382.
  • Murchison, Sir Roderick J., on the geology of the Altai chain, 66;
    • observations on Siberia, 67, note;
    • researches in the Ural mountains, 72;
    • on the geology of Northern Europe, 77.
  • Museum, British, improved state of, 462.
  • Museum, of Practical Geology, 463.
  • Museum, Hunterian, 463.
  • Musk-deer, Moschus, 420.
  • Musk-ox, 427.
  • Musk-rat, or musquash, 427.
  • Mycetus, or Beelzebub monkey, 429.
  • Mysore, table-land of, height, 80;
    • soil, ib.
  • Myvatr, 365.
  • N.
  • Narwhals, or Monoceros, 379.
  • Negro tribes, 438.
  • Nejed, province of Arabia, 420.
  • Newfoundland, population of, 130;
    • distance from Ireland, ib.
  • New Ireland, people of, 438.
  • New Siberian Islands, 165.
  • New Zealand, flora, 338;
  • Nevado of Aconcagua, height of, 95.
  • Nevado of Cayambè, height of, 99.
  • Niagara, lake and fall of, 251.
  • Nicaragua, plain and lake, area of, 115;
    • lake and isthmus, 252.
  • Nile, valley of, 91;
  • Nilgherry mountains, height of, 80.
  • Niti or Netee Pass, 62.
  • Nitrogen contained in the air, 300;
    • in plants, ib.
  • Nitrùn, valley of, its convents, 91.
  • Norway, character of its coast, 70.
  • Notornis, fossil bird, 411.
  • Nova Zembla, flora of, 314.
  • Nutmeg, the plant, 325.
  • N’yassi, lake, 86.
  • O.
  • Ocean, the proportion it bears to the land, 37;
    • mean depth of, 135;
    • its bed, 188;
    • size, ib.;
    • sandbanks, 189;
    • pressure, 190;
    • colour, ib.;
    • saltness, 191;
    • tides, ib.;
    • waves, 192;
    • currents, 197;
    • temperature, 201;
    • polar ice, 203;
    • inland seas, 206;
    • agency of the ocean in changing the surface of the earth, 209.
  • Oitz, lake of, 250.
  • Okhotsk, sea of, 263.
  • Oman, height of its mountains, 81.
  • Onega, lake, 246.
  • Ontario, lake of, 251.
  • Opossum, 428, 429.
  • Orange River, 85.
  • Orang-outang, 422.
  • Oriental plateau. See Tibet.
  • Orinoco, river, 103;
    • its cataracts, ib.;
    • region of Upper Orinoco, its fertility, 104.
  • Ornithorhynchus, 435.
  • Oscillations of the Pendulum. See Pendulum.
  • Ostrich, the African, 404;
    • the American, 410.
  • Otaheite, 145.
  • Otter, the, 417.
  • Owen, Professor, his discoveries as a geologist, 30;
    • on sea-serpent, 382;
    • on British fossil quadrupeds, 417, 463.
  • Owhyhee, its volcanos, 151.
  • Owls, 398.
  • Ox, varieties of, 420.
  • Oxygen, its influence on vegetation, 301.
  • P.
  • Paca, 433.
  • Pacayo, Volcano de, 115.
  • Pachydermata, 413.
  • Pacific Ocean, islands of, 140;
    • volcanic islands in, 148;
    • great volcanic zone in, 149;
    • areas of elevation and subsidence in its bed, ib.;
    • its size, 189.
  • Palapteryx, fossil bird, 411.
  • Palms, distribution of, 333.
  • Palte, lake of, 249.
  • Pamer, table-land, 420.
  • Pampas of Buenos Ayres, 106;
    • their elevation, ib.;
    • floods, 107;
    • conflagrations, ib.;
    • geology, 113.
  • Pampéros hurricanes, 271.
  • Panama, plains of, extent, 115.
  • Pandanus, genus of plants, 144.
  • Pangolin, or manis, 421.
  • Panicum, genus of Cerealia, 356.
  • Panthers, 421.
  • Paradise, birds of, 402.
  • Parima, mountain system of, 103;
    • Sierra del Parima, ib.;
    • musical rock in, ib.
  • Parry, Sir Edward, 464.
  • Parry’s Mountains, 166.
  • Passages across the Atlantic, 267.
  • Patagonia, desert of, 106;
    • climate, ib.;
    • geology, 113.
  • Peccari, or South American hog, 428.
  • Pelasgic Islands, description of, 140.
  • Peltier’s experiments on the heat of the earth, 255.
  • Pendulum, 17;
    • its oscillations influenced by gravitation, ib.;
    • variations in, 18;
    • experiments with, for ascertaining compression at the poles, 17;
    • affected by volcanic islands, ib.
  • Penguins, southern (Aptenodytes), 408.
  • Peninsulas, their southward tendency, 40;
    • form, ib.
  • Pentland, Mr. his measurements of Cordilleras and mountains of the Andes, 97, note;
    • and of their passes, 101, note;
    • his discovery of a volcanic crater in the valley of the Yucay, 109, note;
    • and of fossil shells in Bolivia and Peru, 112, note;
    • on measurement of highest peaks and mean heights of several mountain-chains, 135, note;
    • on horary variation of the barometer, 265;
    • on fishes of Lake of Titicaca, 375;
    • on the naturalization of the Llama tribe, 431.
  • Pepper-tree, 325.
  • Perfume of flowers, cause of, 304.
  • Persia, table-land of (Plateau of Iran), area and elevation of, 55;
    • extent of Persian mountains, 57;
    • great salt desert, 58;
    • flora, 319.
  • Petra, appearance of its site, 83.
  • Petrel, stormy, the, 397.
  • Petrel, genus, or Procellariæ, 397, 408.
  • Phacochœre, or African hog, 425.
  • Phalanger, 434.
  • Pheasants, different species of, 401.
  • Philedon, genus of birds, 401.
  • Phocæ, or seals, 377.
  • Physalia, 376.
  • Physeters, or cachalots, 379.
  • Pichincha, height of, 100.
  • Planets, their magnitude relative to that of the earth, 15;
    • their influence on the earth’s motion, ib.
  • Plants, division of, 306;
    • propagation of, 305;
    • sleep of, ib.;
    • nourishment of, 300; elements of, 301;
    • geographical distribution of, 306.
  • Pleiocene period, the earth and its inhabitants during, 30;
    • changes during, 31;
    • discoveries of perfect animals buried in this period, 32.
  • Pœppig, Dr., his ‘Travels’ quoted, 94, 176;
    • on red water of the ocean, 370.
  • Pole, North, reasons for the existence of sea at, 203.
  • Poles, compression at, ascertained by perturbations in the moon’s motions, 15;
    • by oscillations of the pendulum, 17.
  • Polynesia, flora of, 401.
  • Polyplectron, genus of birds, 407.
  • Pontoppidan, or sea-serpent, 381.
  • Popocatepetl, mountain, 121.
  • Porcupine, 417.
  • Porpoise, genus of, 379.
  • Porter, G. R., Esq., his ‘Progress of the Nation’ quoted, 184, note.
  • Porto Rico, dimensions and climate, 117.
  • Portugal, flora of, 319.
  • Potato, country of, 350.
  • Potosi, the height of, 97, note;
    • city of, its elevation, 97;
    • its mines, 175.
  • Prairies, N. American, 127, note.
  • Prairie-dog, a marmot, 427.
  • Prairie wolf, 427.
  • Prongbuck antelope, 427.
  • Prongos, 315.
  • Proteus anguinus, 386.
  • Puma, or American lion, 428.
  • Punjab, 80.
  • Pyrenees, flora of, 318.
  • Python, genus of snakes, 388.
  • Q.
  • Quadrumana, or monkeys, 413.
  • Quadrupeds, European, 416;
    • Asiatic, 417;
    • African, 423;
    • American, 426;
    • Australian, 433.
  • Quagga, species of horse, 424.
  • Quebec, summer of, 260.
  • Quicksilver, diffusion of, 178.
  • Quito, valley of, 99;
    • dimensions, ib.;
    • city of Quito, 100;
    • monuments of the Incas, ib.
  • Quotlamba mountains, 87.
  • R.
  • Races of mankind, 436;
    • inhabiting Europe, 441.
  • Racoon, 427.
  • Radii of the earth measured by M. Bessel, 16.
  • Rakastal lake, 249.
  • Rain, cause of, and distribution, 275.
  • Rains, periodical, 275;
    • countries without, 278.
  • Rainbows, 283.
  • Rattle-snakes, 387.
  • Realejo Bay, 252.
  • Redfield, W. C., on storms, 270, note.
  • Reich, M., mean density of the earth as ascertained by the torsion balance, 19, note.
  • Reid, Colonel, on storms, 270.
  • Rein-deer Lake, 252.
  • Reptiles, classification of, 383;
    • geographical distribution of, 385.
  • Rhinoceros of Asia, 422;
    • of Java, ib.;
    • of Africa, 424.
  • Rhyncops, or scissor-bill bird, 408.
  • Rice, cultivation of, 356.
  • Richardson, Dr. Sir J., his account of the fauna of North America quoted, 131, 464.
  • Rivers, origin of, 212; course of, ib.;
    • velocity, 213;
    • junction of rivers, ib.;
    • influence of wind and frost, 214;
    • deltas, ib.;
    • tides, ib.;
    • floods, ib.;
    • inundations, 215;
    • heads of rivers, ib.
  • Rocks, their division into four classes, 19;
    • plutonic rocks, ib.;
    • volcanic rocks, 20;
    • metamorphic rocks, ib.;
    • aqueous rocks, 21;
    • pierced by lava, ib.;
    • Sir Charles Lyell’s theory concerning, 20;
    • forms of, 42;
    • height of calcareous rocks in the Alps, 53.
  • Rocky Mountains, 122.
  • Rodentia, or gnawers, 414;
    • American, 432.
  • Rogers, H. D., Esq., his ‘Physical Geography of North America’ quoted, 130.
  • Rorqual, a species of whale, 381.
  • Ross, Sir James, his account of a gale, 205, 464.
  • Ruminating animals, 413.
  • Russell, J. Scott, Esq., his ‘Theory of Waves’ quoted, 195, note.
  • Rye, cultivation of, 356.
  • S.
  • Sabine, Colonel, experiments with the pendulum, 18, and note;
    • mean height of the Himalaya, 61;
    • on terrestrial magnetism, 294, 464.
  • Saquis, bush-tailed monkeys, 429.
  • Sahama, trachytic dome of, its height, 111.
  • Sahara desert, 90.
  • Salamanders, 386.
  • Salt, diffusion of, 186.
  • Samojedes, 442.
  • Sanders-wood, 327.
  • Sandwich Land, vegetation, 351.
  • Santa Martha, group of, 100.
  • Saratov, 248.
  • Saurians, order of, 389.
  • Saussure, Necker, on direction of stratified masses, 295.
  • Solimaun chain, 59.
  • Scandinavian mountain system, 69;
    • extent and elevation, 70;
    • part of the same system as those of Feroe, Britain, Ireland, and northeastern Ireland, ib.
  • Schomburgk, Sir Robert, on water-communication in South America, 243.
  • Schools, ragged, 473.
  • Sclavonian races, 441.
  • Scorpions, 366.
  • Scotland, its mountains, 71;
    • direction of, ib.;
    • table-land, height of, ib.;
    • lakes, ib.;
    • earthquakes, 154;
    • coal-measures, 183.
  • Scythrops, genus of birds, 409.
  • Sea, its mean depth, 17;
    • rise and fall of, after an earthquake, 155.
  • Sea, Alps of North America, 122.
  • Sea serpents, pretended, 282.
  • Sea snakes, 387.
  • Secretary-bird, the, 402.
  • Sedgwick, Mr., mountains of Westmoreland, 44.
  • Seed, mode of development, 300.
  • Serpents, or ophidians, 386;
    • venomous, ib.;
    • innocuous, 388;
    • tree, ib.
  • Shahee Lake, 248.
  • Siberia, its area, 75;
    • mineral riches, ib.;
    • soil, ib.;
    • climate, ib.;
    • flora, 314.
  • Sicily, plants of, 319.
  • Sierra do Mar, 104.
  • Sierra dos Vertentes, 105.
  • Sierra Madre, 122.
  • Silk-worms, 366.
  • Silvas of the Amazons, 107;
    • dense vegetation, ib.;
    • area of woodland, ib.;
    • Humboldt’s description of, ib.;
    • geology of, 114.
  • Silver, diffusion of, 175.
  • Simayang, a species of ape, 422.
  • Sinai, Mount (Jebel Houra), its height, 82;
    • group of Sinai, ib.
  • Sine of the latitude, 17, note.
  • Sir-i-Kol, lake of, 249.
  • Skaptar Jokull, eruption of, in 1783, 161.
  • Skink, a species of lizard, 390.
  • Skua gull, 396.
  • Slave-lake, 252.
  • Slave-trade, its evil effects, 459.
  • Sleet, nature of, 283.
  • Smyth, Captain, R. N., report of soundings, 46, note.
  • Snae Braen, area of, 70.
  • Snow, how produced, 278;
    • form of its crystals, 279.
  • Snow-line, its height on mountains in different latitudes, 279.
  • Solar system, 15, note.
  • Soudan, 251.
  • South magnetic pole, its situation, 166.
  • Senegambia, 89.
  • South Shetland, vegetation, 352.
  • South Wales, New character of the country, 137;
    • structure, 139.
  • Spain, its mountains, 47;
    • table-land, area of, ib.;
    • plants of, 319.
  • Spiders, numbers of, 367.
  • Spitzbergen, 160.
  • Springs, their origin, 209;
    • intermittent, 210;
    • temperature, 211;
    • hot springs, ib.;
    • medicinal springs, ib.;
    • saline springs, ib.
  • Squalls, arched, 271.
  • Squirrels, flying, 422.
  • Steam-power, amount of, in Great Britain in 1833, 172, note.
  • St. Elias, Mount, height of, 123.
  • Stelvio, pass of, its height, 50.
  • Steppes of Eastern Europe, 74;
    • great extent of, ib.;
    • climate, ib.;
    • soil, ib.;
    • atmosphere, 75.
  • St. Lawrence, river, 12.
  • Stonefield slate, 26.
  • Storms, rotatory, 268;
  • Strata, primary fossiliferous, 21;
    • Cambrian, 21;
    • lower Silurian, ib.;
    • upper Silurian, 22;
    • secondary fossiliferous, ib.;
    • Devonian, ib.;
    • carboniferous, 23;
    • mountain limestone, ib.;
    • magnesian limestone, 24;
    • new red sandstone, 25;
    • oolite, ib.;
    • cretaceous strata, 27;
    • tertiary strata, divided by Sir Charles Lyell into Eocene, Miocene, and Pleiocene, 28;
    • boulder formation, 32;
    • parallel direction of contemporary strata, 43.
  • Strata, tertiary, of the Alps, height of, 53.
  • Strachey, Lieut., journeys, 17.
  • Sudetes, the, 48.
  • Suez, projected canal of, 461.
  • Sulphur, diffusion of, 186.
  • Sumatra, character of the island, 150.
  • Sumbawa, population of, 438.
  • Summa Paz, Sierra de la, 100.
  • Sun, his mass, 15.
  • Superior, Lake, 251.
  • Symonds, Major A., on the depression of the Dead Sea, 84, note.
  • Syren, genus of reptiles, 386.
  • Syria, its soil, 84;
    • deterioration of the country, ib.;
    • shrinking of the strata, ib.
  • Swamps, area of, in Denmark, 74.
  • T.
  • Table-lands, their soil and climate, 45.
  • Table Mountain (Cape Town), its height, 86.
  • Tangaras, American birds, 406.
  • Tapir, Indian or Malayan, 419;
    • American, 414.
  • Targatabai, volcanic range of, 152.
  • Tartary, flora of, 321.
  • Tariyani, tract of, 60.
  • Taurus mountains, 296.
  • Taylor, Mr., description of an ice-storm in Canada, 127.
  • Taylor, John, Esq., on the Cornish mines, 172, note.
  • Tchad, river and lake, 251.
  • Tea, cultivation and varieties of, 321.
  • Tehuantepec, isthmus of, 116, 252;
    • bay, ib.
  • Temperature of the ocean, 201;
    • stratum of constant temperature, 202;
    • line of maximum temperature, ib.
  • Temperature of the earth, 254;
    • mean at any place, 257;
    • highest observed, 258.
  • Terror, Mount, 166.
  • Teutonic races, 442.
  • Thean-Tchan, volcanic chain of, 152.
  • Thian-shan, or Celestial Mountains, 59, etc.
  • Thomas, St., island, 269.
  • Thunder storms, 286;
    • causes of, 287.
  • Tiberias, Lake, 247.
  • Tibet, table-land of (Oriental plateau), its area and altitude, 55;
    • its form and situation, 58;
    • its width, 69;
    • mean height, 134.
  • Tibet, flora of, 316.
  • Tides, influence of the sun and moon upon, 191;
    • spring tides, 192;
    • neap-tides, ib.;
    • frequency of tides, ib.;
    • their succession, ib.;
    • marginal tide, ib.;
    • heights of tides, 193;
    • variation in, ib.;
    • velocity, ib.;
    • stream, 194.
  • Tierra del Fuego, account of, 94, 105;
    • geology, 113;
    • flora of, 352.
  • Tiger, royal, country of, 421.
  • Tin, diffusion of, 178.
  • Tinamous, an American bird, 407.
  • Titicaca, lake of, 97;
    • area and height, 253.
  • Toads, 384.
  • Tobolsk, elevation of, 134.
  • Tomboro, volcanic eruption of, in 1815, 150.
  • Toozla Lake, 248.
  • Tortoises, 391.
  • Trade-winds, 265.
  • Tragopons, an East Indian bird, 401.
  • Trees, growth of, 357;
    • age of, ib.
  • Trigonocephalus, or yellow ape, 387.
  • Tripe de Roche, 314.
  • Tristan d’Acunha, island, 282.
  • Trogon, 401.
  • Troupials, 406.
  • Trüb, lake of, 247.
  • Trionyx, 391.
  • Tui, a New Zealand bird, 412.
  • Tnngut, or Chinese Tartary, its geographical position, 60.
  • Turks, 442.
  • Turtles, 392.
  • Tuscany, earthquakes in, 154.
  • Tussack grass, 353.
  • U.
  • Uleaborg, 275.
  • Ular, lake, 249.
  • Unau sloth, the, 429.
  • United States territory, area of, 130.
  • Ural Mountains, 72; extent, ib.;
    • height, ib.;
    • mineral riches, ib.;
    • geology, 73.
  • Urmiah Lake, 248.
  • V.
  • Valmiki, author of the Ramayana, 439, note.
  • “Valley of Death,” 153.
  • Vampire-bats, 420.
  • Van, lake, 57, 248.
  • Van Dieman’s Land, area of, 138;
    • mountains, ib.;
    • soil, ib.;
    • structure, 139;
    • flora, 337.
  • Vanessa Cardui, a butterfly, 364.
  • Vanilla Epidendron, 345.
  • Variables, the, 265.
  • Vegetation, mode of, 298;
    • effects of, on the atmosphere, 299.
  • Veragua, Cordillera of, its height, 115.
  • Verneuil, M. de, 67, note.
  • Vermejo river, 349.
  • Victoria Land, 165; ice cliffs, ib.;
    • mountains, ib.;
    • its appearance described, ib.
  • Vicuña, 430;
    • its naturalization, ib.
  • Vipers, 387.
  • Vultures, European, 398;
    • American, 404.
  • Volcanic eruptions, frequency of, 153.
  • Volcanic islands, 148.
  • Volcanos, eruptions of, 20;
    • active volcanos, 152.
  • W.
  • Wales, earthquakes in, 154.
  • Waves, causes of, 144;
    • height, 195;
    • ground-swell, ib.;
    • billows, ib.;
    • surf, 196;
    • force of waves, ib.
  • Wealden clay, 27.
  • Weddell, Dr., on Cinchona, 347, note;
    • on breed of alpaca and vicuna, 431.
  • Werner, law of parallelism of mineral veins, 43.
  • Western Asia, its table-lands and mountains, 55.
  • West Indian islands, 116;
    • Lesser Antillas (group), ib.;
    • Greater Antillas, 117;
    • Bahamas, 118;
    • structure, ib.
  • Whales, 380.
  • Wheat, varieties and cultivation, 355.
  • Whirlwinds, 271.
  • [Wilkes, Capt. C., discovery of Antarctic Continent, 167.]
  • Winds, theory of, 264;
  • Winnipeg Lake, 252.
  • Wombat, 434.
  • Wrangel, Admiral, on the climate of Siberia, 76;
    • his attempt to reach the North Pole, ib., note.
  • X.
  • Xarayos Lake, 252.
  • Y.
  • Yablonnoi Khrebet, 66.
  • Yablonnoi Mountains, 296.
  • Yakutsk, “the coldest town on the earth,” 77, 260.
  • Ybera, swamp, its area, 107.
  • Yenesei, flora of, 316.
  • Z.
  • Zambeze, lake, Africa, 250.
  • Zealand, New, its mountains, 141;
    • coast, ib.;
    • general character, ib.
  • Zebra, 424.
  • Zenes, their breadth, 16.
  • Zungary, or Mingolia, its situation, 60.
  • Zurrah, lake, 248.