8. He conducted his late employer's (jefe) business quite satisfactorily.
9. Had I feared he would not conduct his own affairs properly (bien) I should not have financed (comanditado) him.
10. He puts a wrong construction to my words (interpreta mal).
11. He owes us some money and keeps putting us off (y nos va dando largas).
12. He has put off his journey (diferido, aplazado).
13. If you wish me to do business with your goodselves (su estimada casa) you must put me on (concederme) the best possible terms.
14. The alarming news from India has put our market out of gear (descompuesto).
15. Mr. Nunez was dreadfully put out (terriblemente desconcertado) by the news that the revolution had broken out in Ecuador.
16. We must put up with (soportar) some inconvenience.
17. We shall put an end to (acabaremos) this exercise.
LESSON XXXVIII.
(Leccion trigesima octava.)
THE PRONOUN. (contd.).
Such expressions as "I did it myself," "You write it yourself," "we spoke to him himself," are translated "Yo mismo lo hice," "V. mismo lo escribe," "Le hablamos a el mismo."
Notice the following idiomatic uses of Lo, La, Los, Las with the verbs haber and hacer—
?Hay dinero? Is there money?—Si, lo hay: Yes, there is some.
?Hay pasividades? Are there any liabilities?—Si, las hay: Yes, there are some.
?Hace dos dias? Is it two days ago?—No, no los hace: No, it is not.
?Hace una semana? Is it a week ago?—Si, la hace: Yes, it is.
?Hace falta escribir? Is it necessary to write?—La hace, mucho: Yes, very necessary.
In the case of two verbs governing each other as "ir a ver" (to go and see), "mandar hacer" (to have made), etc., a conjunctive pronoun, occurring, may be taken by either verb, as—
Irle a ver or ir a verle: To go and see him.
Mandarlo hacer or Mandar hacerlo: To have it made.
An object pronoun after a preposition may often be either ordinary or reflexive as in English, as—
Los abogados han zanjado el asunto entre si or entre ellos: The lawyers compromised the matter amongst themselves (or them).
Of course el, ella, ellos, ellas, cannot be used with reference to
"V." "Vs."—
Vs. lo han arreglado entre si or entre Vs. (but not entre ellos):
You have arranged it between yourselves.
=Demonstrative Pronouns=.
Old Spanish forms now obsolete or seldom used—
Aqueste, etc., aquese, etc., for este, ese, etc.
Estotro, esotro, etc., for este otro, ese otro, etc.
The English expressions "I have not seen him these three months," etc., should be translated "Hace or ha tres meses que no le veo," "Hace or ha tres meses que no le he visto," "No le he visto (or no le veo) desde hace tres meses," "Hace (or ha) tres meses desde que le vi la ultima vez."
"I have been writing these three hours," is translated "Hace tres horas que escribo (estoy escribiendo)," "Escribo" (estoy escribiendo) desde hace tres horas.
=Relative Pronouns=.
Cuyo in reality a relative possessive pronoun is often used as a pure relative instead of el cual followed by a noun, as—
Lo di a un cliente, cuyo cliente lo paso a un amigo de el:
I gave it to a customer which customer handed it to a friend of his.
The correct grammatical construction would be "el cual cliente"; but however much some grammarians disclaim this employment of cuyo, it is in the language and found in the best books and therefore must be accepted.
=Indefinite Pronouns=.
The Indefinite Pronouns algo and nada followed by an adjective, generally (but not necessarily) take =de= before the adjective, as—
Tengo algo (de) bueno: I have something good.
No tengo nada (de) bueno: I have nothing good.
Un nada is used as a noun, as—
Un nada le asusta: A nothing frightens him.
La nada—nothingness.
+———————————————————————————————————+ | =Sentir= (to feel, to regret). | |Pres. Part., |Sintiendo. | |Pres. Indic.,|Siento, sientes, siente … sienten. | |Pres. Subj., |Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos, sintais, sientan. | |Past Def., | — — — sintio — — — sintieron.| +———————————————————————————————————+ | =Pediz= (to ask, to request). | |Pres. Part., |Pidiendo. | |Pres. Indic.,|Pido, pides, pide — — — — piden. | |Pres. Subj., |Pida, pidas, pida, pidamos, pidais, pidan. | |Past Def., | — — — pidio — — — pidieron. | +———————————————————————————————————+ | =Dormir= (to sleep).[187] | |Pres. Part., |Durmiendo. | |Pres. Ind., |Duermo, duermes, duerme … duermen. | |Pres. Subj., |Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos, durmais, duerman. | |Past Def., | — — — durmio — — — durmieron.| +———————————————————————————————————+
[Footnote 187: "Morir" is conjugated like "dormir," but has its past part. "muerto." N.B.—"Muerto" is also a double form of the past part. of "matar" (to kill), as—Le han muerto: They have killed him.]
VOCABULARY.
=adeudar=, to debit, to pay (duty) =atrasado=, in arrears, behind =ce por be=, with all particulars, minutely =chapas=, plates *=contar=, to count, to relate =discreto=, sensible, judicious, discreet =dispensar=, to excuse =echar a perder=, to spoil, to wreck =empeoramiento=, turn for the worse *=estar en poco de=, to be within an inch of =grano de anis=, a trifling matter *=hacer de las suyas=, to play one's pranks *=hacer el obsequio=, to do the favour =informe=, report =mandar buscar=, to send for =obligar=, to compel *=obtener=, to obtain, to bring about =pesado=, heavy =quehaceres=, occupations, business =reglamento=, regulation, bye-laws =remesa=, remittance, shipment =revista=, review =rodajas (de goma)=, rubber heels (revolving) =tacones (de goma)=, rubber heels (shaped) =taller=, workshop =tonto=, simpleton, foolish =tornillos=, screws
EXERCISE 1 (75).
Translate into English—
1. Yo mismo escribo al Sr. Mendoza para decirle que puede hacer sus pedidos a Vs. directamente pues, por mi parte no tengo inconveniente en que asi se haga.
2. Si dicho Senor envia pedidos ?hace falta avisarle a V.?
3. Si, la hace, y les ruego tengan la bondad de decirmelo a fin de poner a Vs. en conocimiento de las condiciones en que deben hacerse las remesas, etc.
4. ?Hace ocho dias que Ilego el informe de la comision?
5. Creo que no los hace todavia.
6. Tengo los muestrarios aqui, voy a darselos a V.
7. Se los voy a devolver en seguida.
8. Nuestro agente y los corresponsales arreglaran esto entre ellos (or entre si).
9. Hace tres meses que no recibimos las revistas semanales de ese mercado, las hemos pedido continuamente y siempre en balde.
10. Nuestros aduaneros cobran todo el peso (charge full weight) por sus tacones y rodajas como si fuera goma solamente siendo asi que vienen juntos con sus chapas y tornillos, cuyos hierros, claro es, no debian (deberian) adeudar el mismo derecho.
11. No sucedio nada de extraordinario para justificar su accion que en poco estuvo de echarlo todo a perder.
12. Hagame V. el obsequio de contarmelo todo, pues no es ningun grano de anis.
13. Sentarse[188] pues y se lo contare ce por be.
14. Dispense V. que le haya hecho esperar, tuve que despachar a mi chauffeur.
15. Es V. muy dueno, pero acuerdese V. que primero los quehaceres y despues los placeres.
16. V. es hombre discrete y lo que es yo, soy un pobre ton to.
17. Vamos e ver de que se trata.
18. ?Ha hecho V. alguna de las suyas?
[Footnote 188: Notice the Imperative Infinitive.]
EXERCISE 2 (76).
Translate into Spanish—
1. I regret having left the newspapers at the workshop, but I shall send for them.
2. He regretted the turn for the worse in the market which compelled him to request us to ask our friend for a guarantee.
3. English manufacturers are not asleep.
4. They have been asleep for many years but now they are wide awake (se han despertado bien) to the necessity of adopting up-to-date methods (modernos, a la altura de los tiempos) and adapting themselves to the requirements of the consumers.
5. Manufacturers are selling every day but usually (generalmente) in small lots.
6. Shirting makers want more money and find difficulty in getting it.
7. Dhooties (dhooties) and jacconets are now so well sold that producers (productores) will only book (aceptan ordenes) at good prices.
8. Heavy textiles (telas) are too stiff for general attention (demasiado firmes para atraer a los compradores) but makers are not hungry for (ansiosos de obtener) orders.
9. Indian business was barely (apenas) of normal dimensions (proporciones).
10. Will you set the books on that shelf (estante) and set (colocar) those papers in order?
11. The term you have set me (fijado) is too short.
12. They ought to set a (dar) good example.
13. He set about it (puso mano a la obra) at once.
14. Setting aside the (prescindiendo del) fact that he is behind with his payments, he does us great harm by running down (desacreditando) our goods.
15. Winter has set in (principiado) and heavy cloths are in great request.
16. I have set my mind on (me he decidido a) this venture.
17. A movement has been set on foot (iniciado) to bring about the revision of the bye-laws.
LESSON XXXIX.
(Leccion trigesima nona.)
THE VERB.
All intransitive verbs in Spanish are conjugated with the auxiliary verb haber, as—
Ha venido: He has or is come.
A verb that governs an infinitive through a certain preposition, as—
Convenimos en hacerlo: We agreed upon doing it.
should drop the preposition when a finite verb follows.
N.B.—Many such verbs, however, may preserve the preposition even before a finite mood, as—
Convenimos que, or en que, lo hiciesen: We agreed that they should do it.
When the subject of a verb is a collective noun, the verb is placed in the singular (see Lesson XXXII for exception).
When a compound subject follows the verb, this may agree in number and person with the first subject only, as—
Nos ha llegado la circular y los impresos que la acompanaban: We received the circular and the printed matter which accompanied it.
The ambiguity between a Reflexive verb plural and a Reciprocal verb is avoided thus—
Se comprometen a si (a si mismos—emphatic): They commit themselves.
Se comprometen el uno al otro, or los unos a los otros: They commit each other.
A Reflexive verb is that in which the second pronoun of the same person as the subject, is the direct object of the action, as—
Ellos se comprometen: They commit themselves.
But when the second pronoun stands for the indirect object, the verb is only intransitive pronominal, as—
El se procuro un empleo: He procured for himself an employment.
=The Passive Voice=.
The Passive voice formed with ser occurs much less in Spanish than in
English.
When the "doer" is not expressed the active voice with se generally takes its place, as—
Los ninos se aman or Se ama[189] a los ninos: Children are loved.
[Footnote 189: Notice Sing. number.]
When the "doer" is mentioned the following construction is often used—
A estos ninos los aman sus padres: These children are loved by their parents.
The English present participle used substantively is rendered in Spanish by a noun or by the infinitive mood of the verb generally preceded by the definite article, as—
El cambio de las condiciones: The changing of the terms.
El cambiar las condiciones: The changing of the terms.
Su comunicacion a las autoridades de la Aduana,
El escribir or el haber escrito el a las autoridades de la Aduana:
His writing to the custom-house authorities.
El vender a credito a largos plazos no es un principio sano:
Selling on credit with long terms is not a sound practice.
Prefiero comprar disponible (or las compras de disponible):
I prefer spot buying.
=_The English gerund following "by" is translated by the gerund without preposition or by the infinitive preceded by con, as—_=
Depositando (or con depositar) sus acciones se puso en perfecta regla:
By depositing his shares, he put himself in order.
The Spanish verbal forms ending in ante and iente, as: Amante (lover), tratante (dealer), dependiente (clerk), etc., used to be termed "present participles," and the analogous forms "amando" (loving), "tratando" (treating), "dependiendo" (depending), etc., "gerunds," but this has now taken the place of both forms, used as verbs, and the forms in ante and iente are classed as other parts of speech, according to their meaning, as—
Amante de la musica (adj.): Fond of music.
Un tratante en trigos (noun): A dealer in wheat.
Un dependiente de comercio (noun): A commercial clerk.
Durante la exposicion (prep.): During the exhibition.
Mediante su ayuda (prep.): By means of his help.
No obstante que vino (conj.): Notwithstanding his coming.
iCorriente! (interj.): All right! done!
=Huir= (to flee).[190]
Pres. Indic., Huyo, huyes, huye … huyen. Pres. Subj., Huya, huyas, huya, huyamos, huyais, huyan.
[Footnote 190: Model for all verbs ending in "uir" (with "u" sounded).]
VOCABULARY.
=acabado=, finish (cloth) =acudir=, to have recourse, to attend, to run to =a las claras=, plainly, clearly =apresto=, size, also finish (cloth) =aprovecharse=, to take advantage =bomba de doble efecto=, double-acting pump =burlarse=, to make fun of, to trifle with =chucherias=, pretty trifles *=convenir en=, to agree to =enganifas=, tricks =escandaloso=, scandalous, shocking =granjearse=, to win over *=hacer ver=, to show *=herir=, to wound, to cut (fig.) =mediar=, to come between, to intervene, to take place in the meantime *=no tener pelo de tonto=, not to be a simpleton =quitar=, to take away *=reducir a un minimo=, to reduce to a minimum, to minimise *=saber a punto fijo=, to know for certain =sospechar=, to suspect =suave=, soft, mellow, gentle =subsanar=, to correct, to rectify =tacto=, feel (n.), touch (n.) =voluntad=, will, goodwill, favour
EXERCISE 1 (77).
Translate into English—
1. A mi no me venga con estas enganifas que no tengo pelo de tonto.
2. Me hace regalos de algunas chucherias para granjearse mi voluntad y aprovecharse despues.
3. ?Sabe V. a punto fijo que son estas sus intenciones?
4. Mediaron algunas cosillas que me han hecho sospechar algo de eso y de mi nadie se burla.
5. V. debe de equivocarse y solo por sospechas no debe quitarle su amistad.
6. Estas hermosas calderas de alta presion las han construido en Inglaterra y estas bombas de doble efecto las han importado de los Estados Unidos.
7. El conceder el mayores facilidades a los compradores le ha hecho conseguir una extensa clientela.
8. Con uniformarse a mis disposiciones (orders, instructions) el cumplira con su deber y yo quedare mas contento.
9. No soy amante de disputas, mis dependientes podran asegurarle que durante mi larga carrera y no obstante que no faltaron ocasiones, no acudi una sola vez a los Tribunales.
EXERCISE 2 (78).
Translate into Spanish—
1. The long and short of the matter is that (en pocas palabras) we had agreed he was to do it.
2. This is nothing short of dishonesty (esto se llama falta de honradez, nada menos).
3. No matter what he will say (diga lo que dijere) I am sure he will have to pay.
4. The estimate and the sketches attached reached us just in (a) time.
5. The cloth was run (plegada) in pieces of 20 yds. exactly, the consequence being that some pieces were found by the customer to be with cuts (cortes).
6. It is of no use (es inutil) our struggling any longer (por mas tiempo) against adversity.
7. Your writing in that strain (en aquel tono) shows plainly that their action has cut you to the quick (profundamente).
8. By selling in time he managed (logro) to minimise the loss.
9. The shocking abuses that existed under the monarchy are being (se van) corrected by the Republican Government.
10. We shall show them that our firm is not to be trifled with.
11. These stuffs are too heavily sized and the finish is not sufficiently mellow.
12. Their feel is not clothy (no tienen bastante cuerpo al tacto).
13. This defect will be made right in future deliveries.
LESSON XL.
(Leccion cuadrageseima.)
THE VERB (contd.).
As in English, several past participles may be used with an active meaning, as—
Un hombre leido: A well-read man (for a man who has read much and well).
The following are some examples—
Agradecido (grateful)
Atrevido (bold, daring)
Bien hablado (a courteous speaker)
Callado (taciturn)
Cansado (tiresome)
Comedido (thoughtful, considerate)
Corrido[191] (acute, artful)
Divertido (amusing)
Entendido (experienced, conversant)
Experimentado (experienced, expert)
Sufrido (patient)
[Footnote 191: With a passive meaning it is "abashed."]
=The Tenses=.
The periphrastic or progressive conjugation: "I am buying," "I was selling," "I shall be buying," etc., exists in Spanish with the following differences from English:—
In the present and the past it is used, but only when the action embraces a certain length of time, otherwise the simple form "I buy," "I sold" (imperf. indic.) must be used, as—
Fulano se arrojaba por la ventana (not se estaba arrojando).
The Spanish Academy gives this example as of an action more or less instantaneous: So-and-So was throwing himself out of the window.
The periphrastic form is inadmissible unless one is actually engaged in the action, as:
Hoy como con mi amigo (not "estoy comiendo," because not actually engaged in the action): To-day I am dining with my friend.
In the future this construction is permissible only in such cases as—
Cuando venga manana, yo estare escribiendo: To-morrow when he comes, I shall be writing.
The periphrastic form never happens with the verb ir (to go), and seldom with venir (to come).
The English present perfect (preterite compuesto) "I have done" is often used in Spanish for the past definite "I did," when the period of time in which the action took place is not specified.
The Spanish Academy gives—
Siempre que he ido a Madrid he visitado el Prado for Whenever I went to Madrid I visited the Prado.
We even find "ayer he hecho esto o aquello" for "yesterday I did this or that," and this is accounted for by the "nearness" of the period elapsed. Although colloquially this does not sound at all so badly as in English, well-educated Spaniards will take care to avoid it.
The second or bye-form of the imperfect subjunctive may be used also for the conditional mood, as—
Se lo diera si lo tuviese instead of se lo daria, etc.: I should give it to him if I had it.
It is also found (in books, not in conversation) for the compound imperfect indicative, especially after que, as—
Los consejos que le diera (for que le habia dado): The advice which I had given him.
In old Spanish, and even now in poetry, we find it used for every one of the compound past tenses.
=General Observations=.
The verb "to come" should be rendered in Spanish by ir when the person is not in the place in question at the time of speaking or writing, as—
?Quiere V. venir aqui a mi casa manana? Will you come here to my house to-morrow?
Hoy estoy indispuesto pero manana ire a verle: To-day I am unwell (out of sorts), but to-morrow I shall come to see you.
La vi escribir: I saw her writing; viz., I saw her write.
La vi escribiendo: I saw her writing; viz., whilst she was writing.
The emphatic word in an English sentence is often and more elegantly translated by a paraphrase in Spanish—
?Es verdad que ha comprado los generos? Has he bought the goods?
?Es el quien ha comprado los generos? Has he bought the goods?
?De veras ha comprado los generos? Has he bought the goods?
?Pues son los generos lo que ha comprado? Has he bought the goods?
Esta transaccion hubo de arruinarle: This transaction was within an ace of ruining him.
"I believe myself to be clever," etc., is not translated "Yo me creo ser habil," but "Yo me creo (or considero) habil," or "Yo creo ser habil," or "Creo que soy habil."
=Decir (to say, to tell)=.
Pres. Part., Diciendo. Past Part., Dicho. Pres. Indic., Digo, dices, dice,—,—, dicen. Pres. Subj., Diga, digas, diga, digamos, digais, digan. Imp. Mood, Di … Past Def. Indic., Dije, dijiste, dijo, dijimos, dijisteis, dijeron. Future Indic., Dire, diras, dira, diremos, direis, diran.
VOCABULARY.
=agrupacion=, group, muster =aislado=, isolated, hedged in =alcalde=, mayor =arreglo amistoso=, friendly understanding =capataz=, foreman =carta de naturaleza=, certificate of naturalization =cifras=, figures *=dar pasos=, to take steps =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =derechos protectores=, protective duties =diputacion= provincial, provincial council =elaborar=, to elaborate =genio=, temper =inquietarse=, to feel uneasy *=no tenerlas todas consigo=, to feel uneasy *=irse en rodeos=, to beat about the bush =labor indigena=, native labour =pequeneces=, trifling matters =perspectivas=, prospects =plan=, plan[192] (idea) =proyecto=, project, scheme =repasar=, to go through =resultado=, result =(de) resultas de=, in consequence of, as a result of =vecino=, inhabitant, ratepayer[193] =vuelta de correo (a), (by) return of post
[Footnote 192: Plan, sketch = "Plano."]
[Footnote 193: Vecino = ratepayer who has acquired certain rights after a certain period of residence.]
EXERCISE 1 (79).
Translate into English—
1. Las leyes de Espana declaran: Son espanoles todas las personas nacidas en territorio espanol, los hijos de padre o madre espanoles aunque hayan nacido fuera de Espana, y los extranjeros que hayan obtenido del Gobierno Espanol carta de naturaleza, o sean vecinos de cualquier pueblo de Espana.
2. Anaden que los extranjeros pueden establecerse y dedicarse libremente a sus profesiones en territorio espanol; pero ningun extranjero puede ejercer en Espana cargo alguno que represente autoridad.
3. Los miembros del Concejo o cabildo o ayuntamiento o corporacion municipal se llaman Concejales o regidores.
4. En Espana el alcalde de Madrid es nombrado libremente por el Gobierno; el alcalde de las localidades cuya poblacion no baje de 6,000 habitantes es nombrado por el Gobierno de entre los concejales, los demas alcaldes son nombrados por el voto de su companeros concejales.
5. Los cargos concejiles son gratuitos.
6. La Diputacion Provincial es la agrupacion de los varios municipios de cada provincia, y se reune dos veces al ano en la capital de la provincia.
EXERCISE 2 (80).
Translate into Spanish—
1. The foreman is grateful for his master's kindness.
2. The Director is elaborating a bold scheme for establishing, in a foreign country hedged in by protective duties, a factory worked by native labour under an English manager (gerente) and experienced English instructors.
3. If this plan reaches concretion (se verifica) he will be going abroad shortly, when he will find that his agents will be taking already the preliminary steps.
4. The Director himself is coming towards us, he will tell you more about it.
5. I am going to attend to several trifling matters which however want looking after (hay que cuidar).
6. Whenever (siempre que) I decided on (he decidido) a thing, I have always acted on my decision (la he puesto en ejecucion).
7. I tell you if I had a larger stock, I should feel rather uneasy at (con) the prospects of the market.
8. Come and see me to-morrow at my office and we shall come (llegaremos) to a friendly understanding without beating about the bush.
9. He told me the figures did not compare well with (no eran buenas en comparacion de) those of last year.
10. Please go through the accounts again and tell me the result by return of post.
11. Short reckonings make long friends (las cuentas claras y el chocolate espeso).
12. He lost money as a result of his bad temper.
LESSON XLI.
(Leccion cuadragesima primera.)
THE VERB (contd.).
Ser and Estar. Such expressions as "Smoking is prohibited," etc., are translated either "Es prohibido fumar" or "Esta prohibido fumar." Both translations are grammatically correct ("Esta prohibido fumar" is the general expression in this particular case).
If we say "Es prohibido fumar," we are referring to the "doer" of the action: "Es prohibido por la ley, por la policia, por los jefes, etc., etc."—a case of passive voice.
If we say "Esta prohibido fumar" we have no "doer" in our mind, but only the thing itself = a case of "a condition of things" resulting from the action (the prohibition).
=EXAMPLE—=
El fumar es prohibido por el jefe, por esto esta prohibido fumar en nuestro despacho: Smoking is prohibited by our employer (viz., our employer prohibits smoking), therefore it is not allowed in our office.
The above example is given for the sake of illustration by contrast; in practice, of course, such oddities are avoided.
The English expressions, "It is I, you, he, we, they, who …" must be rendered in Spanish by "Soy yo, es V., somos nosotros, etc., quien or quienes …"; i.e., the English impersonal "it is" must be made personal in Spanish.
We said that verbs may have a different government in the two languages, as—
Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail.
Entrar en una casa: To enter a house.
This, one of the points for which rules cannot be laid, belongs to the idiom of the language, and practice is the only master (see Appendix V for a list of the most conspicuous differences) In reading, together with the meaning of a verb, ascertain its government.
Some peculiarities of Spanish verbs—
Acabar de, followed by an infinitive, translates the English "to have just," followed by a past participle, as—
Acaba de flotarse una sociedad: A company has just been floated.
Acertar a, followed by an infinitive, translates "to happen," as—
Acertaron a pasar cuando ella estaba asomada a la ventana: They happened to pass when she was looking out of the window.
Acerto a ser viernes aquel dia: That day happened to be a Friday.
Alegrarse de, Celebrar—"to be glad to," "to rejoice at."
Me alegro mucho de la noticia; Celebro mucho la noticia: I am glad of the news.
(Before an infinitive de is omitted after "alegrarse," as: Me alegro decirle: I am glad to tell you.)
Caber (see Lesson XXX) is used figuratively in many locutions—
No cabe en nosotros tal accion: We are not capable of such an action.
No cabe en si de gozo: He is beside himself with joy.
Le cupo el premio gordo: it was his lot or luck to get the chief prize.
No se puede saber lo que le cabra a uno en suerte: One cannot know what one's lot will be.
Esta tela es de calidad que no cabe mas: This cloth is perfection itself.
No caber en si: To be puffed up with pride.
=Ir= (to go).
Pres. Part., Yendo.[194] Pres. Indic., Voy, vas, va, vamos, vais, van. Pres. Subj., Vaya, vayas, vaya, vayamos, vayais, vayan. Imper. Mood, Ve … vayamos or vamos … Imperf. Indic., Iba, ibas, iba, ibamos, ibais, iban. Past Def. Indic., Fui, fuiste, fue, fuimos, fuisteis, fueron.
[Footnote 194: No word in Spanish commences with "ie." Hence the change into "ye."]
=Oir= (to hear).
Pres. Indic., Oigo.
Salir (to go out).
Pres. Indic., Salgo. Pres. Subj., Salga, salgas, salga, salgamos, salgais, salgan. Imp. Mood, Sal . . . Fut. Indic., Saldre, saldras, saldra, saldremos, saldreis, saldran.
VOCABULARY.
=arrancar=, to wrench, to squeeze out =biblioteca=, public library =codicia=, greed, covetousness *=darsele a uno de una cosa=, to matter =desgraciado=, unfortunate =deslumbrar=, to dazzle =factura simulada=, pro forma invoice =fiesta del comercio=, bank holiday =fomento=, development, encouragement *=hacer impresion=, to impress =hacienda=, finance, property =(no) perdonar nada=, to leave no stone unturned =proxima=, near, approaching *=regir=, to rule, to govern, to control =sacar=, to pull out, to get out =sin perjuicio de=, excepting *=tener a su cargo=, to have in charge *=tener en poco=, to think little of
EXERCISE 1 (81).
Translate into English—
1. El Gobierno en Espana se compone de ocho ministerios.
2. El Ministerio de Estado trata de las relaciones de Espana con los demas Estados y corresponde al "Foreign Office" ingles.
3. El de Gracia y Justicia tiene a su cargo todos los asuntos relativos a la Administracion de Justicia y alorden eclesiastico.
4. El de la Guerra que es lo mismo que nuestro "War Office."
5. El de Hacienda, el Ministerio de Marina, el Ministerio de la Gobernacion (Ministry of the Interior) que vigila y dirige todos los negocios y asuntos propios del Gobierno y administracion civil del Estado, asi generales como locales, sin perjuicio de las atribuciones de los ayuntamientos y Diputaciones provinciales, el Ministerio de Fomento (Ministry of P. Works) que rige todo lo relative a la agricultura, industria, comercio, obras, publicas, montes (forests), minas, y estadisticas.
6. Este corresponde mas o menos al ingles "Board of Trade;" y el Ministerio de Instruccion Publica y Bellas Artes que tiene a su cargo cuanto se refiere a la ensenanza, bellas artes, archivos, bibliotecas, y museos, y que representa aproximadamente al "Board of Education."
EXERCISE 2 (82).
Translate into Spanish—
1. It is I who shall leave for Paris (saldre para) now that the matter is arranged.
2. I am going out as I hear somebody calling me.
3. Go, but do not be long.
4. Yesterday you went for a few minutes but it was an hour before you returned (no volvio antes de).
5. We have just heard of his approaching visit to England.
6. It happened to be on a bank holiday and our offices (oficinas) were of course closed on that day.
7. We shall be glad if you will kindly instruct (de instrucciones a) your cashier to pay our account.
8. We have the pleasure of enclosing the pro forma invoices.
9. I am incapable of so much greed.
10. I am sorry to have to tell you that the cargo by the s.s. "Maria" was lost through the vessel stranding (por haber varado) on (en) the Spanish coast.
11. Coming back from having seen (a vuelta de haber visto) the machine working (en funcion) he told us how favourably impressed he had been.
12. He was dazzled by the brilliant prospects set before him.
13. This is nothing to me.
14. There is nothing or very little to be got out of that firm.
15. I have left no stone unturned to squeeze something out of this unfortunate business but it has been of no avail.
16. He thinks nothing of our work.
LESSON XLII.
(Leccion cuadragesima segunda.)
THE VERB (contd.).
Caer has several idiomatic uses—
Este vestido le cae bien: This dress fits her well.
Caer en gracia: To fall into the good graces of one.
La puerta cae a oriente: The door is on the east side.
Ya caigo, ya caigo en ello: Now I understand.
Caerse redondo: To fall flat.
Dar—
Dar en el clavo (= acertar): To hit it.
Dar por concedido, dar de barato: To grant for the sake of argument.
Lo doy por bueno: I consider it as good.
Dar los naipes: To deal cards.
Dar la enhorabuena, el pesame, los buenos dias: To congratulate, to
condole with, to wish good day.
Dar la hora: To strike the hour.
Dar en caprichos: To give oneself up to whims.
Dar en un error: To incur an error.
Darse preso: To give oneself up.
Darse al estudio: To apply or devote oneself to study.
Dar a creer: To make believe.
Dar con una persona: To come across a person.
No se me da nada: I do not care a bit.
Ahi me las den todas: I do not care a bit.
Many other idioms are formed with dar for which a good dictionary should be consulted.
Dejar de—to cease from, to omit, to fail to.
Dejemos de hablar: Let us cease talking.
Dejo de hacerme la remesa que me habia prometido: He omitted to send me
the remittance he promised me.
No dejare de ejecutar su orden: I shall not fail to execute your order.
Echar (to throw) forms also many idioms for which the dictionary should be consulted—
Echar a correr, a reir, etc.: To start running, laughing, etc.
Echar a perder: To spoil, to ruin.
Echar de beber: To pour out drink.
Echar de ver: To perceive, to notice.
Esto se echa de ver: This is obvious.
Echar menos or de menos: To miss, to feel the want of.
Echar la llave, el cerrojo, la tranca: To lock, to bolt, to bar (the
door).
Echar la culpa: To lay the blame.
Echar mano: To lay hold, to lay hands upon.
Echar un cigarillo, un puro: To smoke a cigarette, a cigar.
Estar—"to be."
Estar en que: To be of opinion.
Estar por: To be in favour of.
Estar para: To be on the point of.
Estar por hacer: To be yet to be done.
Faltar—"to fail," "to be wanting."
Falto a la promesa: He failed to his promise.
Me faltan cinco duros: I am short of five dollars.
N.B.—"Me hacen falta cinco duros" is "I need five dollars."
Guardarse de—"to take care" (to guard against).
It carries with it a negative meaning.
Me guardare bien de hacerlo: I shall take care not to do it. ("I shall take care to do it" would be translated "cuidare de hacerlo.")
Hacerse, Ponerse, Volverse, Llegar a ser, translate the English "to become," when this is not rendered by turning the English adjective into a verb, as—
Se hizo todo un ingles: He became quite an Englishman.
Se puso colorado: He became red in the face.
Se volvio loco de contento: He became mad with joy.
Llego a ser famoso: He became famous.
Se enriquecio: He became rich.
Hacer (or mandar) hacer una cosa—"to have a thing done."
Me hice enviar los bultos: I had the packages sent to me.
Hice escribir una carta: I had a letter written.
Llevar—"to carry," "to wear."
Llevar a mal: To take amiss.
Llevarse bien con todos: To get on with everybody.
Llevarse chasco: To be disappointed.
Llevese V. estos valores: Take these securities with you.
Meter bulla—"to make a noise," "to shout," "to clamour."
Volver (to return, i.e., to come or go again) is used before an infinitive to denote a repetition of its action—
Volver a decir: To say again.
Decir otra vez: To say again.
Decir de nuevo: To say again.
VOCABULARY.
=abonar=, to speak for a person, to recommend =actas=, deeds (writings) =amen de=, besides =apenas=, barely, scarcely *=arrepentirse=, to repent =bergantin=, brig =concluir un trato=, to strike a bargain =contramaestre de filatura=, master spinner =conveniente para=, becoming =cregueelas=, osnaburgs =crespones=, crepons *=dar cuenta=, to report =destajista=, contractor =discutir=, to discuss =dobladillo de ojo (con)=, hemstitched =empenar=, to engage =en regla=, in order =escrito=, writing (n.), letter *=exponerse a=, to expose oneself to, to encounter =fidedigno=, trustworthy =fracasar=, to fall through =goleta=, schooner =hundimiento=, subsidence =panuelos de luto=, black-bordered handkerchiefs *=poner pleito=, to bring an action =posicion=, position, standing *=probar fortuna=, to try one's luck =proceder= (n.), proceeding, behaviour =redactar=, to draw up (deeds), to write out =repulgados, dobladillados=, hemmed =suelo=, ground, soil =telas rizadas=, crimps =vencer=, to win, to fall due
EXERCISE 1 (83).
Translate into English—
1. En contestacion a su estimada carta pesanos (we are sorry) deberles notificar que hasta ahora no hemos podido dar con los crespones que nos han pedido.
2. Obra en nuestro poder su apreciable del 3 del que rige con orden para cregueelas, panuelos de algodon de luto, dobladillados (or repulgados) y panuelos de lino con dobladillo de ojo, y no dejaremos de darles cuenta detallada de lo que hayamos hecho, en nuestro proximo escrito.
3. El destajista echo a construir pero abandono la obra a medio hacer.
4. Estamos en que se arrepintio de su contrato y nuestros Directores estan por ponerle pleito.
5. Escriben de Brasil que les hace falta un contramaestre de filatura.
6. Conozco a un joven que deberia ser competente pero me guardare de empenarle sin obtener informes fidedignos que le abonen.
7. De resultas de un hundimiento en el suelo sufrio danos de importancia el cuerpo del edificio amen de haberse caido la chimenea.
8. La goleta y el bergantin temen exponerse al fuerte viento.
EXERCISE 2 (84).
Translate into Spanish—
1. He wants to make us believe that the price at which he sold them barely covers his cost.
2. I do not care whether he gains or loses; I have ceased to take an interest in his affairs.
3. Now I understand, and I shall not fail to take care not to do it in future.
4. He started laughing, and there the matter ended (asi se acabo la cosa).
5. He was on the point of striking a bargain with him, but it fell through at the last moment and now everything is to be discussed again.
6. He failed to present himself at the creditors' meeting, and he has therefore forfeited (perdido) his right of opposition (de oponerse).
7. He became very cautious after the experience he had.
8. He became very rich by his fortunate deals (especulaciones) in railway shares.
9. The bill falls due on the 15th inst.
10. This proceeding is not becoming a firm of your standing.
11. The deeds are not in order: please do not take amiss my requesting you to have them drawn up again.
12. I expected to see him, but I was disappointed.
13. Do not clamour so much, and try your luck again.
LESSON XLIII.
(Leccion cuadragesima tercera.)
THE VERB (contd.).
The English verbs "shall," "will," "should," "would," "may," "might," when used as auxiliary verbs (viz., as mere signs of the future tense, conditional or subjunctive moods respectively) are rendered by the corresponding terminations of the Spanish verb[195]—
I shall go: Ire.
Thou wilt go: Iras.
We should go: Iriamos.
You would go: Vs. irian.
I hope he may succeed: Deseo que tenga buen exito.
I wished he might come: Deseaba que viniese.
[Footnote 195: "Shall," "should," "will," "would," are also rendered by the Subjunctive Mood when according to the Spanish rules the verb should be Subjunctive. Example—
It is (was) possible that he will (would) have to work late:
Es (era) posible que tenga (tuviese) que trabajar tarde.]
When they are used as principal verbs they are translated by Deber (shall, should), Querer (will and would), and Poder (may and might), as—
You shall go: V. debe ir.
You may speak: V. puede hablar.
I will not buy more: No quiero comprar mas.
You should accept our terms: Vs. deberian[196] aceptar nuestras
condiciones.
We would willingly see that done: Quisieramos mucho verlo hacer.
[Footnote 196: The Imperfect Indicative debia, podia, queria, is often used for "deberia," "podria," and "querria." This occurs also with other verbs, colloquially: Yo se lo daba si estuviese aqui for Yo selo daria si estuviese aqui.]
"Can" is translated by the pres. or future of Poder—
I can do it now: Puedo hacerlo ahora.
I can do it next month: Puedo or Podre hacerlo el mes proximo.
"Could" is translated by the imperfect indicative or the conditional mood of Poder—
I did it whenever I could: Lo hacia siempre que podia. I could do it if I had the necessary means: Podria hacerlo si tuviese los medics necesarios.
"Would," meaning "used to," is, of course, translated by the imperfect indicative—
When he was in Paris he would sit in the cafes for hours: Cuando estaba en Paris se pasaba horas enteras en los cafes.
"Should he do," etc., is translated "if he should do," etc. (si lo hiciese).[197]
"If I were to go" is translated "if I went" (si fuese).
[Footnote 197: After si (if—Conditional) the verb is present indicative or imperfect subjunctive (see Lesson XXIV).]
"Can" is translated by saber when the faculty expressed is the result of learning, as—
Can you play the piano? ?Sabe V. tocar el pianoforte?
"To be to," "to have to" are translated by Tener que, Haber de or Deber (see Lesson XXVII), as—
Who is to write out that invoice? ?Quien ha de (debe) escribir aquella
factura?
I have to be very careful: He de ser muy cuidadoso.
I shall have to work hard: Tendro que trabajar fuerte.
"Let" as a principal verb is translated by dejar or permitir; as an auxiliary it corresponds to the Spanish imperative mood—
Let him speak: Dejele V. hablar, or Permitale V. que hable. Let him ask for it and we shall give it to him: Pidalo (or que lo pida) y se lo daremos.
"To let (or hire) a house"—"alquilar (una casa)"—I have let my house:
He alquilado mi casa.
VOCABULARY.
=abogar por=, to plead for =acoger=, to receive =agasajar=, to welcome =apurar=, to clear up, to investigate =arrancar=, to wrench, to pull out, also to date from *=atender a=, to attend =clases nocturnas=, evening classes =condiciones=, terms *=convenir en=, to agree, to acquiesce =cruzados=, twills[198] =culpado=, at fault *=despedir=, to dismiss =destenido=, faded =detallado=, detailed, circumstantial =estrenar=, to use or wear a thing for the first time =estrenarse=, to commence, to make a start =farditos=, trusses[199] =fiados, book debts =el idioma, la lengua=, language =malversar=, to embezzle =nansus=, nainsooks =negociado=, division (Gov. Office) =oportunidad=,, opportunity, chance =pagare=, promissory note, bill =parte=, report =perfeccionar=, to perfect =por poder=, per pro =tiro, largura=, length =tomar vuelo=, to develop, to increase
[Footnote 198: Also Aterlizados, asargados, diagonales.]
[Footnote 199: Small bales.]
EXERCISE 1 (85).
Translate into English—
1. Quiso acogerme generosamente en su casa, en donde fui atendido y agasajado durante el tiempo de mi estancia en X.
2. Le agradeceria de veras una orden pues aun no me he estrenado hoy, y V. deberia darmela pues me la tiene prometida.
3. Los cruzados y los nansus se han puesto en farditos y estos se han empacado cada cuatro en un fardo.
4. Avisamos a Vs. el envio por correo, de cortes (cuttings) de toda la serie y observaran que son telas de muy buena vista (very sightly) y se pueden pedir en cualquier tiro.
5. Les aconsejamos no tarden en colocar sus pedidos para lo que necesiten.
6. Este negocio tomara mucho vuelo con el tiempo (in time).
7. Arrancan de muchos anos los abuses que se cometen en ese Negociado.
8. Se han malversado cantidades de importancia.
9. El Ministro esta ocupado en apurar los hechos, estando decidido a castigar severamente a los que resultaran culpados.
EXERCISE 2 (86).
Translate into Spanish—
1. I shall make out a list of my book debts.
2. You would break (faltaria a) your word if you did not plead for him.
3. He should explain his conduct, otherwise he will be dismissed.
4. We shall oblige (contentar) him, but it must be under certain conditions.
5. He is sending me to the Court (Tribunal) that I may watch (seguir) that interesting case (proceso).
6. He sent his nephew here that he might learn our business methods (metodos comerciales) and perfect his knowledge of the English language.
7. You may see for yourself (V. mismo) that the state of the market will not justify (no justifica) buying (el comprar) at present.
8. They might be a little easier in their dealings.
9. Can you claim an indemnity for non-fulfilment of contract?
10. They could square up the account by signing[200] promissory notes at 4 and 6 months' time.
11. They ought to forewarn their agents.
12. He would insist on saying we were in the wrong.
13. Should they acquiesce to the terms of the arrangements, we authorise you to sign it per pro.
14. Had he known the cloth was faded he would not have taken receipt of (admitido) the bale.
15. Mr. Gomez is to visit the Estate (terreno) and send a circumstancial report.
16. I shall let him attend (asistir a) the evening classes at the Manchester School of Technology.
17. It is only fair that (es muy justo que) he should have a chance of mastering (aprender a fondo) the art of spinning and weaving.
18. If he would only devote (si a lo menos dedicase) his attention (to it).
[Footnote 200: See page 162.]
LESSON XLIV.
(Leccion cuadragesima cuarta.)
THE ADVERB.
The natural position of the adverb is after the verb, as—
El convendria de muy buena gana: He would willingly consent.
But a great liberty is allowed in this respect, as—
Seguramente firmaria el endoso: He would certainly sign the endorsement.
Siempre se lo voy repitiendo: I keep always repeating it to him.
Mucho is the only adverb which does not generally admit of "very" for the superlative; it takes isimo instead. However "muy mucho" is found, especially when used jocularly.
To the adverbs given in Lesson XXVIII we add the following adverbs and adverbial locutions—
A la noche (at night)
A manos llenas (profusely)
A ojos cegarritas (blindly)
A ojos vistas (obviously)
A pie juntillas (firmly)
A rienda suelta (recklessly)
A todo escape (at full speed)
Ayer tarde or por la tarde (yesterday evening)
Cuanto antes (as soon as possible)
De buena, mala gana (willingly, unwillingly)
De buenas a buenas (willingly)
De buenas a primeras (at first sight, straight away)
De hoy en quince (to-day fortnight)
Hoy hace quince dias (just a fortnight ago)
De proposito (on purpose)
De tiempo en tiempo (from time to time)
Dia si, y otro no (every other day)
Manana por la manana (to-morrow morning)
Nunca jamas (never—emphatic)
Para siempre jamas (for ever and ever)
Pasado manana (the day after to-morrow)
Por mal (bien) que (however badly (well))
Por poco (nearly, but for little)
Tal cual vez (once in a while)
EXAMPLES—
Nunca jamas en la vida he hecho esto: Never in my life have I done this.
Por poco se rompio la cabeza: He nearly broke his head.
Por mal que le salga: Badly as it may turn out for him.
Adverbs ending in mente are often substituted by con with a noun, as—
Con lujo—lujosamente (luxuriantly).
Con dificultad—dificilmente (with difficulty).
This, of course, is found also in English but is more frequently done in
Spanish.
Recientemente is generally abbreviated into recien before a past participle, as—
El recien llegado (the newly arrived).
El recien venido (the newly arrived).
El recien nacido (the new born).
Aqui, aca, alli, alla.
Aqui and alli are more circumscribed than aca and alla—
Venga aca cuando necesite algo: Come here when you want anything.
Alla, en su tierra esto se hace: There in your country this is done.
Aqui estoy y aqui me quedo: Here I am, and here I remain.
Ponga este paquete alli: Put this packet there.
Ahi—there (near the person spoken to[201]) also means your city, your country, there (in correspondence).
[Footnote 201: Rule not strictly observed.]
Si los precios ahi son razonables podra hacerse mucho negocio: If prices over there are reasonable, a large business can be done.
Por ahi = about.
?Cuantos habia? ?40? Por ahi: How many were there? 40? About that number.
No is used often redundantly—
Mejor es sufrir que no hacer sufrir: It is better to suffer than to make others suffer.
Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano[202]: I am afraid he will arrive too early.
[Footnote 202: This sentence is ambiguous, because it might mean the opposite: Temo que no llegue demasiado temprano sino demasiado tarde. The tone of the voice must be relied upon or a different construction must be used.]
=Venir (to come)=.
_Pres. Part., _Viniendo. _Pres. Indic., _Vengo, vienes, viene,—,—, vienen. _Pres. Subj., _Venga, vengas, venga, vengamos, vengais, vengan. _Imper. Mood, _Ven … _Past Def., _Vine, viniste, vino, vinimos, vinisteis, vinieron. _Fut. Indic., _Vendre, vendras, vendra, vendremos, vendreis, vendran;
VOCABULARY.
=a ciegas, a ojos cegarritas=, blindly =agotar=, to drain, to exhaust =al amor de=, near, beside =aparentar=, to appear =basto=, common, inferior, coarse =de bien a mejor=, better and better =cabal=, upright, just =de cabo a rabo=, from top to bottom rom end to end =el efectivo=, the cash, the money =en efectivo, en metalico=, in cash =enterarse=, to get to know =escuchar=, to listen =esquela=, note =etiqueta=, rotulo, ticket, label =hombre llano=, sincere, rough-and-ready man =loza=, crockery =medida=, measurement =medrar=, to prosper *=ponerse a sus anchas=, to make oneself comfortable =porcelana=, china =quebranto=, mishap, misfortune, loss *=salir en=, to come up to =silla=, chair =solicitado=, sought after =un si es no es=, just a trifle *=venir a menos=, to come down in the world, to decline =vidriado=, glassware
EXERCISE 1 (87).
Translate into English—
1. Desde nuestra ultima revista no se puede decir que haya habido mucha variacion en nuestro mercado aunque se nota algo mas de firmeza y los precios aparentan ser un si es no es mas caros.
2. Siempre solicitados los generos bastos a precios baratos.
3. Entregue la esquela al anciano senor quien, sentado al amor del fuego, la leyo de cabo a rabo y, como hombre llano que es me dijo de buenas a primeras que no queriendo obrar a ciegas, daria su contestacion en un par (couple) de dias.
4. ?Sabia V. que la casa Fernandez habia venido tan a menos?
5. No, no me habia enterado, la tuve siempre por casa fabricante de loza, porcelana, y vidriado, cuyos negocios iban de bien a mejor.
6. Medraron al principio pero ya han decaido mucho.
7. Lo siento de veras. Es muy de deplorar porque el Sr. Fernandez es hombre muy cabal.
8. Invirtio una porcion de dinero en el ferrocarril aereo (overhead) de N.; eso tambien le causo algun quebranto.
9. Pobrecito, no le faltaba mas (that was the last stroke).
10. iQue[203] barato es esto!
[Footnote 203: Que before an adjective = how. (Cuan can also be used.)]
EXERCISE 2 (88).
Translate into Spanish—
1. I would gladly accede to your request if it were in my power.
2. We are always impressing upon (llamando la atencion de) our warehousemen the importance of marking the measurement on the tickets.
3. Besides being loose (fugitives) colours they are not half so (nada tan) bright as they should be.
4. They advertise profusely and from time to time they issue new illustrated catalogues.
5. Soon (cuanto antes) they will start (principiaran a) issuing them in foreign languages.
6. I never saw a better kept set of books (libros).
7. I was nearly caught in the India Rubber boom, but fortunately I managed to get off (pude librarme) without burning my fingers (cogerme los dedos).
8. Come here, my friend, and listen to me.
9. Here in England things are managed (se hacen) on a different basis altogether (de una manera enteramente distinta).
10. Take that chair there and make yourself comfortable.
11. How much do you require (le hace falta), L100?
12. About that.
13. I was afraid (que no) you were going to ask me for more and that would have drained all our available (que tenemos) cash.