14. How much will the packages come to?
15. Say (digamos) L100 averaging one with the other (calculando uno con otro).
LESSON XLV.
(Leccion cuadragesima quinta.)
THE PREPOSITION.
One word should not be used in Spanish governed by two different prepositions, as—
He is an admirer of and a contributor to the "Times": Es admirador del
"Times" y colabora en ese periodico.
The man I spoke with and wrote to: El hombre con quien hable y al cual escribi.
However, we find the same construction as in English in cases of antithesis, as—
Con o sin el: With or without him.
El billete cuesta 20 pesetas desde o hasta Madrid: The ticket is 20 ptas. from or to Madrid.
The Spanish Academy condemns this use, however.
As will have been noticed before, a preposition governing a word cannot be used after the word it governs, as—
The work[204] which I referred to: La obra a la cual referi.
[Footnote 204: Work, artistic, literary, scientific—"obra." Work, manual, or mental—"trabajo."]
The preposition con followed by an infinitive translates the English "by," followed by the present participle—
Con ensenar se aprende: By teaching one learns.
The preposition desde refers to "distance of time or space," as—
He marchado desde mi casa: I walked from my house.
However, desde may be used instead of de before names of countries or cities—
Me escribieron desde Barcelona: They wrote me from Barcelona.
Para may be used together with con = "towards"—
Fue muy bueno conmigo, para mi, or para conmigo.
"En acabando[205] lo hare" has the meaning of "I shall do it as soon as I have finished."
[Footnote 205: En is the only preposition which may govern a pres. participle, generally with the meaning given above.]
We add the following idiomatic uses of Por and Para to what we said about these two prepositions in Lesson XXIX:
Por may translate "on behalf of," "for the sake of," "in favour of," "during," "through"—
Hablo por el proyecto de ley: He spoke in favour of the bill.
Se presento por la casa: He appeared on behalf of the firm.
Por la paz y buena armonia concedemos lo que V. pide: For the sake of
peace we allow what you ask.
Les sirvio por cinco anos: He served them during five years.
Trabaja por la manana: He works during (in) the morning.
Vino por Paris: He came through Paris.
Cotizar por un articulo: To quote for an article.
Yo por mi (or por mi parte) prefiero comprar al contado: I, for one,
prefer to buy for cash.
Por[206] rico que sea, no tendra suficientes recursos: No matter how
rich he is, he will not have sufficient means.
Es demasiado avaro por ser tan rico: for such a rich man, he is too
miserly.
Caro por caro prefiero generos ingleses: If I have to pay a dear price,
I prefer English goods.
Por si o por no: In any case, should it be so or not.
Ir (venir) por: To go (come) for.
Enviar por el medico: To send for the doctor.
Por holgazan perdio el empleo: He lost his employment through laziness.
Por bien o por mal: Willy-nilly.
Vendre por la Navidad: I shall come by Christmas.
Por si acaso: In case that.
[Footnote 206: Por has always this meaning before an adjective or adverb.]
No sirve para mas: He is good for nothing else.
Venir para la Pentecostes: To come for Whitsuntide.
Esto no es para menos: The thing (or occasion) is worth it.
Para espanol (or por ser espanol) es muy alto: He is very tall for a
Spaniard.
Tener grande consideracion para este hombre: To have great respect for
this man.
Dar pedidos para ferreteria, olleria, y maquinaria: To give orders for
ironware, hollow-ware and machinery.
Es demasiado avaro para ser tan rico: He is too miserly to be so rich.
Sin—"without"—
Poseia L10,000 sin los bienes raices que heredo de su padre:
He owned L10,000 besides the real property he inherited from his father.
Segun—"according to"—
Segun y como: That depends.
So instead of bajo is used in the following expressions—
So capa de: Under the cloak of.
So pretexto de: Under the pretext of.
And in a few other such phrases.
VOCABULARY.
=acabado, aderezo=, finish (cloth) =acolchados=, quiltings =admitir=, to admit, to accept =agente exclusivo=, sole agent =alfombradas=, carpetings =a no ser asi=, were it not so, otherwise =anclar=, to anchor =arreglo=, agreement =bajista=, bearish (exchange) =cablegrama=, cablegram, cable =capataz=, foreman =conceder=, to grant =coquillos=, jeans =disposicion=, disposition, disposal =empenarse=, to pledge oneself =en su ramo=, in your line =exclusividad=, exclusive sale =fama=, fame, reputation, name =frazadas de algodon=, cotton blankets =lento=, remiss =nombrar=, to appoint =palo de mesana=, mizzen mast =palo mayor=, main mast =por escrito=, in writing =postergar=, to put off, to delay =proveerse=, to supply oneself =tapetes=, carpet rugs *=tener inconveniente=, to have an objection =tomar en consideracion=, to take into consideration, to entertain =trinquete=, foremast
EXERCISE 1 (89).
Translate into English—
1. Con ser abiertamente (manifestly) bajista la especulacion, las acciones mineras se han sostenido.
2. Desde Barcelona ha llegado un radiograma avisando que habia anclado en ese puerto el vapor "Cibeles" con el trinquete roto y el palo mayor y el de mesana tambien danados.
3. El jefe es muy bondadoso para con sus empleados.
4. Dos cajas de coquillos y una de panuelos de andrinopolis (turkey red) nos vinieron por Burdeos (Bordeaux), los acolchados, las alfombradas, los tapetes y las frazadas de algodon se embarcaron por mar.
5. Por la buena fama de su casa no deberia postergar por mas tiempo el pago.
6. Por si o por no mejor seria proveerse.
7. El capataz fue al Director por ordenes.
8. Por bien o por mal tendra que admitir los generos pues se han fabricado por su cuenta y tenemos su orden por escrito para ellos.
9. Se alarmo mucho, pues el asunto no era para menos.
10. Para genero de algodon el acabado (or aderezo) es todo lo que se puede desear.
11. Por ser genero de algodon esta tela es de muy buena vista.
12. Es demasiado barato para ser de lana.
13. Si desea V. obtener ordenes debe tener mucha consideracion para los corresponsales.
14. No puedo prometerle entrega para 1 deg. de Junio exactamente, pero hare por efectuarla por esa fecha.
15. ?Conoce V. el refran: "No hay mal que por bien no venga"? (It is an ill wind that blows nobody good.)
EXERCISE 2 (90).
Translate into Spanish—
1. This sample looks very nice for an imitation.
2. It being in your line, I thought I ought to give you the first chance (hacerle la primera oferta) in case it would tempt you (por si acaso le animara a comprar).
3. To begin with you would have to engage the cloth to us (darnos la exclusividad).
4. I have no objection provided you guarantee a certain turnover (venta).
5. He was appointed sole agent for the whole of Mexico through the recommendation of his brother-in-law, and his agreement with the firm is for 3 years certain (fijos).
6. That will bring him (le producira) L500 a year if it brings him a penny (por lo menos).
7. Being such an important concern (casa) they do not pay their staff very handsomely (generosamente).
8. They are too remiss with (en) their payments to be such important people.
9. I very nearly pledged myself to grant him the exclusive sale of my article.
10. These are his instructions for the disposal of his goods
11. However clear they may be, we must have his cable confirmed by a letter.
12. Therefore we cannot entertain your offer for the present.
13. It cannot be helped, otherwise (Tenga paciencia, si fuese posible) we would do everything for you.
LESSON XLVI.
(Leccion cuadragesima sexta.)
THE PREPOSITION (contd.)
To the uses of Por must be added the following (optional)—
After the following verbs:
Agradecer (por) el favor: To be grateful or to be thankful for the favour.
Aguardar or esperar (por) alguno: To wait for somebody.
Pedir (por) una cosa: To ask for (request) something.
Preguntar (por) una cosa: To ask for (to inquire about) something.
He pagado por el cinco chelines or lo he pagado cinco chelines: I paid five shillings for it.
Buscar (por) alguno o alguna cosa: To look for somebody or something.
Dispensar (por) el error: To excuse the error.
Further uses of the Spanish prepositions different from the English, and forming idioms—
A caballo (on horseback)
A ciegas (blindly)
A consecuencia de esto (in consequence of this)
A deshora (inopportunely)
A duras penas (with great efforts)
A esconditas (covertly)
A fe de caballero (upon the word of a gentleman)
A gatas (on all fours)
A hurtadillas (stealthily)
A la espanola (in the Spanish fashion)
A la mesa (at table)
Al antojo de uno (after one's fancy)
A la tarde (in the afternoon)
A la verdad (in truth)
Al descuido y con cuidado (studiously careless)
A lo largo del rio (along the river)
A lo que parece (to all appearances)
Hecho a maquina (made by machinery)
A pie (on foot)
A poco de escribir (shortly after having commenced writing)
A proposito (opportunely, a propos)
A reganadientes (reluctantly)
A saberlo yo (had I known it)
A sangre fria (in cold blood)
A sus anchas, anchuras (at one's ease)
A tiro de canon (within cannon shot)
Es mas habil que yo, con mucho (he is cleverer than I by far)
Con ser amigo y todo (although he be a friend)
Contra el norte (facing the north)
De ano en ano (from year to year)
De balde (for nothing, gratis)
De bobilis (without effort)
De broma (in jest)
De buenas a buenas (willingly)
De buenas a primeras (straight away)
De capa caida (crestfallen)
De contado (of course)
De dia, etc. (by day, etc.)
De jaleo (on the spree)
De luto (in mourning)
De mejor en mejor (from better to better)
iAy or Infeliz de mi! (woe to me!)
De miedo (through fear)
Anteojos de oro (gold spectacles)
De patitas (on shanks' pony)
De peor en peor (from bad to worse)
De perillas (venir) (quite opportunely, a propos)
El picaruelo de Perico (that young rascal Perico)
De pies a cabeza (from head to foot)
De puntillas (on tiptoe)
De repente (suddenly)
Del todo (at all)
De veras (in truth)
Dos a dos (two by two)
Esta en casa (he is at home)
En estas condiciones (under these conditions)
En senal de aprecio (as a mark of esteem)
Entrecano (gray-haired)
Entre dos aguas (doubtful, perplexed)
Entre la espada y la pared (between the devil and the deep sea)
Nos dio 5 pesetas para repartir entre yo[207] y mi hermano
(he gave us 5 pesetas to be divided between my brother and me)
Hasta la vista (good-bye for the present)
Hasta los animales tienen gratitud (even animals feel gratitude)
Sobre las diez (at about ten o'clock)
Tiene sobre los treinta (he is about thirty years old)
Sobre mas 6 menos (a little more or less)
Tras la perdida el escarnio (besides the loss the scoffing)
[Footnote 207: Entre is generally followed by the nominative case unless it means "to" as—Dijo entre si. He said to himself.]
About different prepositions used in Spanish and English after certain verbs, see also Appendix V.
The following are the principal compound prepositions—
Acerca de (relating to, concerning)
A despecho de (in spite of)
A pesar de (in spite of)
Antes de (before—in point of time)
Cerca de (near)
Junto a (near)
Conforme a (according to)
Con respecto a (with respect to)
Respecto de (with respect to)
Debajo de (under)
Dentro de (inside)
Despues de (after)
Encima de (on, or over)
En cuanto a (as to)
En frente de (opposite)
Frente a (opposite)
En lugar de (instead of)
En vez de (opposite)
VOCABULARY.
=acordonado=, corded =agujas=, needles =alechugado=, frilled =alemaniscos=, linen damasks =alfileres=, pins =antojo=, whim, caprice =arbitro=, arbitrator =arreglado=, reasonable (price) =arrollar=, to roll =batas=, wrappers (ladies') =bodega=, cellar, also hold (ship) =chales=, shawls =dedales=, thimbles =desinteresarse=, to abandon *=desplegar=, to unfold =dictamen=, award, decision =entrepuentes=, between decks =festoneados=, scalloped =gratificacion=, gratuity =guarniciones, adornos=, trimmings =lanillas para banderas=, buntings =listados de algodon=, cotton stripes =logro=, attainment =ovillos de algodon=, cotton balls =panol, carbonera=, bunker (ships') =pintura=, paint =rehusar=, to decline =sabanas=, bed sheets =subasta=, auction =tablillas=, boards =tablones=, planks =terliz=, ticking =terreno=, land, property =trencilla=, braid
EXERCISE 1 (91).
Translate into English—
1. Agradezco (por) el interes demostrado a mi amigo y la actividad desplegada en facilitarle el logro de sus fines.
2. Hemos dado diez mil duros por este terreno y no lo hemos pagado demasiado caro.
3. No puede V. rehusar los alemaniscos y quedarse con los generos para sabanas y los terlices, a su antojo.
4. A la verdad las agujas y alfileres han resultado algo caros como tambien los dedales pero las trencillas, guarniciones, y ovillos de algodon son a precio muy arreglado.
5. Vino muy a deshora y a poco de haberse sentado nos declaro que no esperaria.
6. Estos chales a 4 chelines y estos listados de algodon a 5 peniques la yarda son de balde, no lo decimos de broma.
7. Accedio a nuestra propuesta de buenas a buenas y de buenas a primeras nos deposito la suma de 1,000 francos.
8. Los fondos austriacos van de peor en peor y por eso esta nuestro parroquiano de capa caida.
9. En tales condiciones preferimos desinteresarnos del proyecto.
10. Estuvimos entre dos aguas por algun tiempo, pero una vez puestos entre la espada y la pared (once we are so hard pressed) no nos queda mas sino hablar claro, y ilo dicho!
EXERCISE 2 (92).
Translate into Spanish—
1. They await the result of the inquiry (informacion).
2. We forward you the papers relating to the Arbitrator's award.
3. He paid for the Buntings 5d. a yard.
4. In consequence of your having outstepped (excedido) our instructions, we must decline all responsibility with respect to delivery.
5. We have put boards inside the pieces according to our usual custom; we did not know you wanted them rolled.
6. Our new offices will be next to the Oil and Paint Stores (almacen), and opposite the General Post Office (casa de correos).
7. The planks used under the bales for dunnage (la estiva) were sold almost for nothing, in spite of our request to hold them at our disposal.
8. The steamer can carry 4,000 bales a little more or less if she fills her holds and takes cargo between decks.
9. She will take that quite easily and a few hundred bales more in her bunkers.
10. As a mark of our appreciation (estima) we authorize a gratuity to the Captain of L5.
11. The salvage (salvamento) has been sold partly by auction and partly by private treaty.
12. To all appearances the corded and frilled wrappers are superior to the scalloped.
LESSON XLVII.
(Leccion cuadragiesima septima.)
THE CONJUNCTION.
Si (if and whether).
Si used for "whether" may be followed by a verb in any mood and tense as in English—
No se si habra buena cosecha este ano: I do not know whether there will be a good crop this year.
No pudo, or supo, decirme si me entregaria los pagares para la fecha convenida: He could not tell me whether he would be able to hand me the promissory notes for the date agreed upon.
Si used as the conditional "if," is followed by the verb in the present indicative or imperfect subjunctive, as—
Si viene hoy le pagare: If he comes to-day, I shall pay him.
Si viene manana le pagare[208]: If he comes to-morrow I shall pay him.
Le dije que si viniese le pagaria: I told him that if he came I should pay him.
[Footnote 208: When the action refers to the future the "future subjunctive" may be used instead, but this is rarely done. It emphasises the uncertainty.]
The sense will determine the tense to be used.
Notice the following idiomatic uses of si (not conditional)—
Si soy (fui) malo! Well, I am (was) wicked! iSi sera (seria) tan necia! Can (could) she be so foolish! ?Si vendria? I wonder will he come! iSi se lo habia dicho yo mil veces! But I had told him so many times!
Other idiomatic uses of this si will be learnt by practice (all more or less pleonastic as in the above examples).
We have said that "but" is translated by sino after a negative unless a finite verb follows. Therefore, "Not to buy but to sell" is translated "No comprar sino vender."
After a negative a finite verb may be preceded by sino que instead of pero in cases like the following examples—
No compro sino que vendio: He did not buy but (on the contrary) he sold.
No solo que es barato sino que es de muy buena calidad:
Not only is it cheap, but it is (also) of a very good quality.
Ni … ni—"neither … nor" (same as all negative words) when following a verb requires No to precede the verb, as—
No acepta ni esto ni aquello: He accepts neither this nor that.
But—Ni esto ni aquello quiere aceptar.
Pues—"seeing that" or "since" is used often for "then," "but," "well" (used as an interjection).
Pues que lo haga: Let him do it then.
Quiso desobedecerme, pues vera su falta: He would disobey me, but he will see his fault.
Pues (or pues bien) ique hay ahora! Well! what is the matter now?
We shall conclude the lesson with the different meanings of Ya (sometimes used also redundantly). They are given for the sake of completeness although Ya in its different uses belongs to different parts of speech—
Ya lo ha hecho: He has done it already.
Ya lo hara: He will do it yet.
Ya no se hace esto: This is done no longer.
Ya consienten, ya rehusan: Now they consent, now they refuse.
Ya consientan, ya rehusen: Whether they consent, etc.
Hare cuanto quieras si ya no me pides lo imposible:
I shall do anything you wish if you do not ask (unless you ask) me
for impossibilities.
Ya que escribio: Since (seeing that) he wrote.
Ya ve V.: You see now.
Ya voy: I am coming.
Ya se ve: It is evident.
Ya, ya: Yes, of course.
VOCABULARY.
*=abolir=, to abolish *=advertir=, to warn =alegar=, to allege =al reves=, on the wrong side =barnices=, varnishes =barrica=, cask =batista de algodon=, cambric =baul=, trunk =betunes=, blacking =bicicleta=, bicycle =botines=, boots =bramante=, twine =bufandas=, mufflers =buje=, hub =cerradura=, lock =chanclos=, goloshes =cintos de seda=, silk sashes =cinturones de cuero=, leather belts =colchas de plumon=, down quilts =consignatario=, consignee =ejecutar=, to execute, to put through *=hacer escala=, to call at (ships) =llantas=, tyres =maleta=, portmanteau =mango=, handle =marca=, brand, mark =merma=, loss, leakage, shortage =muebles de bejuco=, rattan furniture =niquelado=, nickel-plated *=perder cuidado=, not to worry =rayos=, rays, spokes (wheels) =reborde=, rim, flange =remolacha=, beetroot =rezumar=, to leak =tejido elastico=, webbing =zapatos=, shoes
EXERCISE 1 (93).
Translate into English—
1. No se si habra vapor de la Trasatlantica en fecha conveniente.
2. Si lo hay lo preferire.
3. Esos vapores arrancan (start) de Liverpool y hacen escalas en varios puertos.
4. Ignoraba si habria servicio mensual en la linea de Canarias.
5. Mande quinientas piezas Batista de algodon si la hubiese en existencia.
6. Quiero un baul y una buena maleta de piel de Rusia con cerradura niquelada si las hay (or hubiere).
7. Pierda V. Cuidado isi las hay de toda especie!
8. ?Si me vendera esos muebles de bejuco?
9. ?Como no? si ya se lo tiene prometido.
10. El comercio del caucho se ha desarrollado mucho, se usa ahora en grande escala no solo para llantas neumaticas de bicicletas y otras piezas (parts) sino tambien para gomas de automoviles.
11. No solo tengo que cambiar el mango de mi bicicleta sino reemplazar los rebordes y componer el buje y algunos rayos de la rueda.
12. No es posible hallar botines de senoras y zapatos mas elegantes que los de nuestra marca, ni se pueden conseguir mas baratos en parte alguna.
13. Pues que me facture esos bramantes (twine) y ese yute y canamo.
14. Ya he colocado un pedido para bufandas y ya vere si me tiene cuenta pero no mande barnices ni betunes pues ya no trato en estos articulos.
15. Ya, ya. V. se ha dedicado ya a los generos en pieza, si no me engano, pues V. ya dice una cosa ya otra.
16. iSenor Juan! Ya voy (I am coming).
EXERCISE 2 (94).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Whether he puts through my order for leather belts and silk sashes or not, I do not much mind, but if he should oblige me, I would do him a good turn (le haria algun servicio) if the opportunity presents itself.
2. If the webbing and down quilts are good, I shall not begrudge (no me pesara) the advance in price.
3. Can it be true (si) that the gate or octroi duty (el impuesto de consumos) is going to be abolished in Spain?
4. Well (pues) the Government has presented a bill to that effect and I hope we shall soon see the octroi offices (fielatos) abolished.
5. The broker was warned that the quality was only fair average (mediana).
6. Beetroot has been largely planted in the province of Granada and is now in great request for the sugar industry.
7. We strove hard (nos hemos esforzado mucho) to introduce the new brand and we have gained our point[209] at last.
8. The cloth was folded on the wrong side and we anticipate some difficulty on that score (por esta razon).
9. The consignees claim shortage (indemnizacion por falta de contenido).
10. They allege that the casks were leaking and that there was consequently a loss of thirty gallons (galones).
[Footnote 209: To gain one's point: Salir con la suya.]
VOCABULARY.
I. SPANISH-ENGLISH.
=A=
=abaca=, Manilla hemp =abajo=, below =abaratamiento=, cheapening =abarcar=, to embrace, to include =abarrotado=, glutted, cram full =abastecerse=, to supply oneself =abasto=, supply =abedul=, birch =abeto=, fir =ablandar=, to soften =abogado=, lawyer, solicitor, barrister =abogar=, to plead =abolir=, to abolish =abonar=, to speak for, to recommend, to credit =abordar=, to accost, to approach, to board =abrigar=, to shelter, to cherish (hope) =abril=, April =abrir=, to open =abrir agua=, to leak =absolutamente=, absolutely =abuso=, abuse =aca, aqui=, here =acabado=, finish (cloth) =acabar=, to finish =acabar de ..=., to have just =acaudalado=, rich, wealthy =acceder=, to accede =accidente=, accident =acciones=, actions, shares =acciones preferences=, preference shares =accionista=, shareholder =aceite=, oil =acerca de=, relating to =acero=, steel =acertar a=, to happen, to contrive =acoger=, to admit, to receive =acolchado=, quilting =aconsejar=, to advise, to counsel =acorazado=, iron-clad =acordar=, to agree =acordarse=, to remember =acordonado=, corded =acreditar=, to credit =actas=, acts, deeds =actitud=, attitude =active=, active =activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities =actual=, present, current, instant (month) =acudir=, to attend, to have recourse to =acusar=, to accuse, to show =adecuado, proporcionado=, adequate =aderezo=, finish (cloth) =adeudar=, to debit =adherir a=, to adhere to =adjunto=, enclosed, herewith =administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) =admitir=, to admit, to accept, to acknowledge =adornos=, trimmings =adquirir=, to acquire =a duras penas=, with great effort =advertir=, to notice, to warn =aereo=, overhead =afanarse=, to exert oneself, to take much trouble =aficionado a=, fond of =aflojar=, to relax =afortunadamente=, fortunately =agasajar=, to welcome =agencia=, agency =agiotista=, stock-jobber =aglomerar=, to agglomerate =Agosto=, August =agotar=, to drain, to exhaust =agradable=, agreeable, pleasant =agradar=, to oblige =agradecer=, to thank, to be obliged for =agrandar=, to enlarge =agricola=, agricultural =agrio=, sour =agrupacion=, group, muster =agua=, water =agudo=, sharp, keen =aguila=, eagle =aguja=, needle =ahi=, there =ahora=, now =ahorrar=, to save, to economise =aislado=, hedged in, isolated =(lo) ajeno=, other people's property =ajeno a=, averse to, foreign to =ajo=, garlic =ajustar=, to adjust =ajuste=, adjustment =a la larga=, in the long run =a la verdad=, in truth =albaricoque=, apricot =alborear=, to dawn =alcalde=, mayor =alcista=, bull, bullish (exch.) =alechugado=, frilled =alegar=, to allege =alegrar=, to gladden =alegrarse=, to rejoice =alejarse=, to go away =alemanisco=, linen damask =alerta=, alert =alfiler=, pin =alfombra=, carpet =algo=, something, anything, somewhat, rather =algodon=, cotton =algodon disponible=, spot cotton =algodonero (mercado)=, cotton market =alguno=, some, any =aliento=, courage =alistar=, to enlist =alla, alli=, there =allanar=, to level, to facilitate =alli, alla=, there =alma=, soul =almacen=, warehouse =almacenero=, warehouseman =almacenes fiscales=, bonded warehouses =al menos=, at least =alquilar=, to rent, to hire, to give or take on lease =al reves=, on the wrong side =altos hornos=, blast furnaces, foundry =aludir a=, to allude, to hint =un alza=, a rise (price) =una alza=, a rise (price) =amabilidad=, kindness =amanecer=, to dawn =amar=, to love =amargo=, bitter =amarillo=, yellow, buff =ambos=, both =a medida que=, in proportion as =amedrentar=, to frighten =a mejor andar=, at best =amen de=, besides =a menos que=, unless =a menudo=, often i =americana=, coat, jacket =amigo=, friend =amistad=, friendship =amistoso=, friendly =amo=, master =amontonar=, to heap up, to pile up =amor=, love =amplio=, ample =anadir=, to add =ancho=, width, wide =anclar=, to anchor =andar=, to walk, to go =Andrinopolis (panuelos de)=, Turkey red (handkerchiefs) =ano=, year =anochecer=, to grow dark =ansioso de=, anxious, eager to =anteayer=, the day before yesterday =anterior=, anterior, previous =antes (de)=, before (time), formerly =anticipation=, anticipation =anticipo=, advance =antiguo=, ancient, old =antojo=, caprice, whim =anular=, cancelar, to cancel =anunciar=, to advertise =apacible=, mild (colour) =apagado=, extinguished, quiet =apagarse=, to go out (fire) =aparecer=, to appear, to make one's appearance =aparentar=, to show outwardly =apelar=, to appeal =apenas=, scarcely =apertura=, opening =a pesar de=, in spite of =apetecer=, to desire, to covet =aplazar=, to postpone =a plazos=, by instalments =apreciar=, to appreciate =aprender=, to learn =apremiar=, to press, to urge =apresto=, finish (cloth) =apresurar=, to hasten (a), to urge =apresurarse=, to hasten (n) =aprovecharse=, to take advantage, to avail oneself of =aproximarse=, to approach, to draw near =apurar=, to exhaust, to investigate, to purify =apuro=, embarrassment =aquel, that =aqui=, here =arado=, plough =arancel=, Custom House tariff =arbitro=, arbiter, umpire =arbol=, tree =arbol de eje=, axle-shaft =archivos=, archives =arduo=, arduous, difficult =argueir=, to argue =armadores=, shipowners =armadura=, frame, framing (mach.) =armario=, cupboard =armas blancas=, side-arms =armas de fuego=, fire-arms =armazon de cama=, bedstead =arpillera=, bagging =arquitecto=, architect =arrancar=, to squeeze out, to wrench, to start from =arreglado=, reasonable =arreglar=, to arrange, to settle =arreglo=, arrangement =arrepentirse=, to repent =arriesgado=, dangerous =arrollar=, to roll =arroz=, rice =asamblea=, meeting =asargado=, twill =ascensor=, lift, hoist =asegurar=, to insure, to secure =asentar=, to seat, to book (orders) =asistir=, to assist, to attend =asociacion de obreros=, trade union =asunto=, subject, matter, question, affair =atajo=, short cut =ataner=, to bear upon =atencion=, attention =atender a=, to attend =atendible=, plausible =atenta (su)=, (your) favour =aterlizado=, twill =atizador=, poker =atraer=, to attract =atraicionar=, to betray =atrasado=, overdue =atravesar=, to cross =atrevido=, bold, daring =atribucion=, attribution =atribuir=, to attribute =atropellar por=, to infringe, to run down =aumento=, increase =aunque=, although, even if =automovil=, motor-car =avaro, avariento=, miser, miserly =avena=, oats =averia=, average, damage =avergonzarse=, to be ashamed =aviso=, advice, notice =avistar=, to sight =ayer=, yesterday =ayudar=, to help =azadas=, hoes =azadones=, pick-axes =azucar=, sugar =azuelas=, adzes =azul=, blue
=B=
=baja=, decline, fall (in prices, etc.) =baja=, pasha =bajar=, to go, to come down =bajista=, bear, bearish (exch.) =bajo cubierta=, under deck =balde (de)=, gratis, for nothing =balde (en)=, in vain, of no avail =ballena=, whale =banar=, to wet, to bathe, to water =banco=, bank, bench, desk =banco de liquidacion=, clearing-house =barato=, cheap =barba, barbas=, beard =barbilla, barba=, chin =barco, navio, buque=, ship, boat =barniz=, varnish =barrer=, to sweep =barrica=, cask =base=, basis =bastante bien=, pretty well =bastar=, to suffice, to be enough =basto=, coarse, common, inferior =bata=, wrap =batista, batiste=, lawn =baul=, trunk =bayeta=, baize =beber=, to drink =belleza=, beauty =beneficio=, benefit =benefico=, beneficent =benevolo=, benevolent =bergantin=, brig =berzas=, cabbages =betun=, blacking =biblioteca=, library =bicicleta=, bicycle =biela=, connecting rod =bien=, well =(el) bien=, (the) good =bien estar=, well-being =billar=, billiards =bisabuelo=, great grandfather =blanco=, white =blanco (n)=, aim =blando=, gentle, soft =blanquear=, to bleach =bobina=, bobbin =boca=, mouth =bocina=, megaphone =bodega=, cellar, hold (ship) =bola=, ball =boletin=, form, slip, price list =bolsa=, Exchange, Bourse =bombas de aire=, air pumps =bondadoso=, kind =bonificar=, to make an allowance, a rebate =bonito=, pretty =bordado=, embroidered =botas=, boots =boticario=, chemist =botines=, boots =boton=, button =bramante=, twine =brazo=, arm =brevedad=, brevity, shortness =(a la mayor) brevedad=, as soon as possible =brisa=, breeze =brochado=, brocade =buey=, ox =bufanda=, muffler =bufete de abogado=, lawyer's office =buje=, hub =bullir=, to boil =bultos=, packages =buque, barco, navio=, ship, boat =buque a motor=, automovil, motor-boat =buque de vapor=, steamer =buque de vela=, sailing vessel =burlarse=, to make fun of, to trifle with =bursatil (mercado)=, money market =buscar=, to look for, to search =buscarse=, to bring upon oneself
=C=
=cabal=, just, upright =caballero=, senor, gentleman =caballo=, horse =caber=, to be able to contain, to be able to be contained =cabeza=, head =cabida=, room, space =cable=, cable =cablegrama=, cablegram =cabo=, corporal, end =cada=, each, every =caer=, to fall =caida=, fall (n.) =cafe, coffee =cafe, castano=, brown (dyed) =caja=, case, box =cajero=, cashier =calcetines, socks, half hose =calcular, to calculate =calculo=, calculation =caldera=, boiler =caldero=, small cauldron, bucket =caldos=, wines and oils (collectively) =calidad=, quality =callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying =calle=, street =calor=, heat, warmth =calorifero=, stove =calzado=, footwear =cama=, bed, bedstead =cambiar=, to alter, to exchange =cambio, los cambios=, change; the Bill Market =camisa=, shirt =(el) campo=, (the) country, (the) countryside =campo=, field =cana=, cane =canamo=, hemp =cancelar, anular=, to cancel =canela=, cinnamon =cansar=, to tire =cantidad=, quantity (also amount) =capataz=, foreman =el capital=, the capital (money) =la capital=, the capital (town) =capitan=, captain =cara=, face =carbon (de piedra)=, coal =carbon (vegetal)=, charcoal =carbonera, panol=, bunker =carecer (de)=, to lack =cargamento=, cargo =cargar=, to load, to debit =carne, carne seca=, flesh, meat, jerked beef =carne en salmuera=, pickled beef =caro=, dear, expensive =carpeta=, writing pad =carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams =carril=, rail =carriles, rieles, railes=, rails =carro=, cart =carta=, letter =cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio =cartero=, postman =casa=, house, firm =casaca=, coat, jacket =casar=, to marry =casarse=, to marry =casillero=, pigeon-holes =castano, cafe=, brown (dyed) =castellano=, Castillian, Spanish =castigar=, to punish, to chastise =catalogo=, catalogue =caucho, goma elastica=, rubber =cauteloso=, cautious =cauto=, cautious =cebada=, barley =cebolla=, onion =ceder=, to cede, to yield, to make over =cedula=, warrant =celebrar=, to be glad of =celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place (meetings, etc.) =celebre=, celebrated =celeste=, heavenly, sky-blue =cena=, supper =cepillo=, brush, also plane =cerca de=, near (prep.) =cercano=, near (adj.) =cerradura=, lock =cerrar=, to close, to shut =cerrar (con llave)=, to lock =cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain =certificar=, to certify, to register (letters, etc.) =cerveza=, beer =cestilla=, waste-paper basket =ciego=, blind =cielo=, heaven, sky =cien, ciento=, hundred =ciencia=, science, wisdom =cierre=, lock-out =cierto=, certain =cifras=, figures =cigarros, tabacos, puros=, cigars =cigueenal=, crank shaft =cilindro=, cylinder, roller =cima=, top =cinta=, ribbon =cinto=, sash =cinturon=, belt =circular=, to circulate, to go round =citar=, to quote, to cite, to mention a passage, etc. =citar ante los tribunales=, to summon =ciudad=, city =cizallas=, shears =claramente=, clearly =claras (a las)=, openly, clearly =claro=, clear, clearly, light (colour) =claro y redondo=, quite openly =clavel=, carnation =clavos=, nails, cloves =cliente=, client, customer =clientela=, custom, clientele, connection =clima (el)=, climate =climatologico=, climatic =cobrar=, to charge, to collect (money) =cobre=, copper =cocer=, to bake, to cook =codicia=, greed =codiciar=, to covet =coger=, to catch, to capture =col=, cabbage =colcha de plumon=, down quilt =coleccion=, collection, set (of patterns) =colgar=, to hang =colmo=, climax, record =colocar=, to place =coloniales=, colonial produce =color firme, solido=, fast colour =color falso, fugitive=, loose colour =coloridos=, colourings =columna=, column =comanditar=, to finance =comarca=, region, district (of a country) =comedido=, considerate, thoughtful =comenzar=, empezar, to commence =comer=, to eat =comercial=, commercial =comerciante=, negociante, merchant =comercio=, commerce, trade =comisionista=, commission agent =como, ?como?= as, how? =compania anonima (por acciones)=, limited company =compensar=, to compensate, to make good =competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour =complacer, agradar, favorecer=, to oblige =completo=, complete, full =compra=, purchase =comprar=, to buy =comprender=, entender, to understand =comprometerse=, to compromise, to commit oneself, to prejudice, to undertake =comun=, common =concebir=, to conceive =conceder=, to grant =concejo, cabildo, ayuntamiento, municipality =concerner=, to concern =concisamente=, concisely =condiciones=, terms =conducir=, to lead =conducta=, conduct, behaviour =con el corazon en la mano=, quite candidly =conexiones=, connections, couplings =confeccionar=, to make up =conferencia=, lecture =confesar=, to confess =confianza=, confidence, trust =confiar (a)=, to entrust =confiar (en)=, to trust =(de) conformidad (con)=, in accordance with, agreeable to =conforme a=, according to =conocer=, to know a person, an object =conocimiento, conocido=, acquaintance =conocimiento=, bill of lading =consabido=, in question =conseguir, obtener=, to get, to obtain, to succeed in =consejo=, advice =conservas alimenticias=, preserves =considerar=, to consider =consignacion=, consignment =consignar=, to consign, to record =consignatario=, consignee =consumidor=, consumer =contado (al)=, (for) cash =con tal que=, provided that =contar=, to count, to relate =contar con=, to calculate, to reckon upon =(el) contenido=, the contents =contentar=, to oblige =contento=, content, contentment =contestar, responder=, to answer, to reply =continuamente=,, continually =continuar=, to continue =contra, en contra de=, against =contrabando=, contraband =contramaestre de filatura=, master spinner =contramandar, revocar=, to countermand, to revoke =contrario=, unfavourable, contrary, adverse =contratiempo=, hitch =contrato=, contract, written agreement =contribuir=, to contribute =contrincante, competidor=, competitor, neighbour =convencer=, to convince =conveniente=, convenient, suitable =convenio=, agreement =convenir=, to agree, to suit =convocar=, to call together (to a meeting) =copa, sombrero de=, silk hat =copiador=, copy book =coquillos=, jeans =cordoban=, morocco leather =correas=, belts (machine), belting =corredor=, broker =correo=, the post =correr=, to run =correrse=, to make a slip of the tongue =correspondencia=, correspondence =corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements =corresponsal=, correspondent =corrido=, acute, artful =corriente=, current, inst. =cortapluma=, penknife =cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short (in middle of speech) =corte=cutting =cortesmente=, politely, courteously =corto=, brief, short =cosa=, thing =cosecha=, harvest, crop, harvest time =costa=, coast =coste, flete y seguro (c.f.s.)=, c.i.f., cost, insurance, freight =costumbre=, custom, habit =cotizacion=, quotation =cotizar=, to quote (prices) =credito=, credit =creer=, to believe, to think =cregueelas=, osnaburgs =crema=, cream =crespolinas=, crimps =criada=, maidservant =criado=, manservant =croquis=, sketch =cruzados=, twills =cuadritos=, checks =cuadro=, picture, table (figures) =cualquiera=, any (affirm.) =cualquiera=, whoever, whichever =cuando=, when =cuandoquiera (que)=, whenever =cuantioso=, abundant, ample =cuarto=, apartment, room, quarter =cuarto=, fardin, farthing, a trifling amount =cubico=, cubic =cubrir, cubierto=, cover, covered =cucharas=, spoons =cuchilla=, knife =cuenta=, account, statement =cuenta de venta=, account sales =cuenta simulada, pro= forma account =cueros=, hides =cuerpo=, body =cuesta=, slope =cuestion=, question =cuidadosamente=, carefully =cuidar=, to take care =cuidarse=, to take care of oneself =culpa=, fault, blame =culpado=, at fault =cumplir (con)=, to fulfil, to accomplish =cunada=, sister-in-law =cunado=, brother-in-law =cuota=, quota =cuyo=, whose
=CH=
=chaconadas=, jaconets =chal=, shawl =chaleco=, vest, waistcoat =charla=, prattle, gossip =chanclos=, goloshes =chapa=, plate (metal) =chelin=, shilling =cheque=, cheque =chillones=, gaudy (colours) =chimenea=, chimney =chocolate=, chocolate =chucherias=, pretty trifles
=D=
=damasco=, damask =danar=, to damage =dano=, damage, injury, breakdown =dar=, to give =dar aviso al proprietario=, to give notice to leave =dar cuenta=, to report =dar en el clavo=, to hit it =dar las gracias=, to give thanks =darse a partido=, to yield, to submit =datiles=, dates =debajo (de)=, under =deber=, to owe, must =debido a=, owing to =de buena tinta (tener)=, from a good source (to have) =decadencia=, decadence =decididamente=, decidedly =decidir, decidirse=, to decide, to make up one's mind =decir=, to say, to tell =declamar=, to declaim =declarar=, to declare =declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy =decretar=, to decree =dedal=, thimble =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =defecto=, defect, imperfection =definir=, to define, also to settle =definitivo=, definite =dejar=, to leave, to let =dejar sin efecto=, to cancel (orders, etc.) =delegado=, delegate =delicado de salud=, in indifferent health =delinquir=, to commit a delinquency =demanda y oferta=, supply and demand =demandar=, to demand =demasiado=, too, too much =de miedo que=, lest =de modo que=, so that =demora=, delay =demostrar confianza a=, to show confidence in =dentro (de)=, inside, within =depender (de)=, to depend (upon) =dependiente=, clerk =deplorar=, to deplore =deposito=, deposit, depot, store =deprimir=, to depress =derecho=, right, straight, customs, duty =desanimado=, lifeless, stagnant (market) =desanimar (se)=, to disconcert, to feel discouraged =desarme=, disarmament =desarrollar=, to develop =descarga=, discharge, unloading =descomponer=, to put out of gear =desconcertar=, to put out, to upset =descuidar=, to neglect =desdichado=, unfortunate, unhappy =desear=, to wish =desembarcar=, to load =deseoso=, eager, wishful =desfavorable=, unfavourable =desgracia=, misfortune =deshacerse (de)=, to get rid of =deshonra=, dishonour =desinteresarse=, to abandon =deslumbrar=, to dazzle =despacho, escritorio, oficina=, office =despacio=, slowly =despedida (aviso de)=, dismissal (notice of) =despejar=, to clear =desperdiciar=, to waste =despertar=, to wake up =desplegar=, to unfold =despreciable=, despicable =despues=, after, afterwards =destajista=, contractor =destenir=, to fade =detalles=, details =detenidamente=, at length =detallado=, detailed =detras=, behind =deuda=, debt =devanarse los sesos=, to rack one's brains =devocion=, devotion =devolver=, to return, to give or send back =(el) dia=, the day =diagonales=, twills =diario=, day book =dias de estadia=, lay days =dias de contra estadia=, days of demurrage =dibujos, disenos=, designs =diccionario=, dictionary =dichoso=, lucky =Diciembre=, December =dictamen=, award, decision =dientes=, teeth =diferente=, different =diferir=, to defer, to postpone =dificil=, difficult =dificultad=, difficulty, also objection =difunto=, late, deceased =diligencia=, diligence =diligentemente=, diligently =(un) dineral=, (a) mint of money =dinero=, money =dinero efectivo=, cash, ready money =Dios=, God =dique=, dock =direccion=, address, direction =dirigir=, to direct =dirigirse=, to address oneself =discipulo=, pupil =discreto=, discreet, sensible =disculpar=, to excuse =discutir=, to discuss =disenos, dibujos=, designs =disenador=, draughtsman =disfrutar (de)=, to enjoy =disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased =dispensar=, to excuse =disponer=, to dispose, to arrange =disponible=, available, spot (cotton) =disposicion=, disposition, disposal, instruction =distinguir=, to distinguish =distinto=, different =distrito=, district =disturbado=, disturbed, upset =disturbio=, disturbance =divertirse=, to enjoy oneself =doblar, duplicar=, to double, to duplicate =dobladillado=, hemmed =con dobladillo de ojo=, hemstitched =docena=, dozen =doctrina=, doctrine, knowledge =documento=, document =doler=, to hurt, to ache, to pain =dolor=, pain, sorrow =dolor de cabeza=, headache =doloroso=, painful =domicilio=, residence, registered office of a company =Domingo=, Sunday =dominio=, dominion, control =donde (?donde?)=, where =dondequiera que=, wherever =dormir=, to sleep =dormirse=, to fall asleep =dril=, drill =duda=, doubt =dudar=, to doubt, to question =duplicar, doblar=, to duplicate, to double =durante=, during =durar=, to last
=E=
=echar=, to throw, to cast =echar a perder=, to spoil, to ruin, to wreck =echar al correo=, to post =edificio=, local, building =efectuar=, to effect =ejecutar=, to execute =ejercito=, army =elaborar=, to elaborate =elegantemente=, elegantly, stylishly =elegir, escoger=, to choose, to select =elevar=, to raise, to enhance, to put up =embajador=, ambassador =embarcar=, to embark, to ship =embarque=, shipment =embrollar=, to entangle, to cheat =emision=, issue =emitir=, to issue =empacar=, to pack =empenar=, to engage, to pawn, to pledge =empeno (tener)=, to be earnest, anxious about anything =empenos=, obligations, engagements =empeoramiento=, turn for the worse, deterioration =empezar, comenzar=, to commence =emplear=, to employ =emplearse=, to be employed, used for =emprendedor=, enterprising =empresa=, undertaking, concern, enterprise =emprestito=, loan =en breve=, shortly =encaje=, lace =encaminar=, to forward =encargarse (de)=, to take charge =encarnado=, red =en caso que=, in case =encina, roble=, oak =encojerse=, to shrink =encojido=, shrunk, shrivelled =en contra de=, against =encontrar=, to meet, to find =encuadernar=, to bind (books) =endosar=, to endorse =en efectivo, en metalico=, in cash =Enero=, January =enfadado=, angry =enfermo, malo=, ill =enfurecido=, furious, infuriated =enganifa=, trick =engranaje=, gearing =en latas=, canned =en regla=, in order =ensartapapeles=, file =ensartar=, to file papers, to string beads =ensayo=, trial, proof, venture =en seguida=, at once =ensenanza=, teaching =ensenar=, to teach, to show =entender, comprender=, to understand =entenderse de=, to be a judge of =enterarse=, to get to know =entero (por)=, in full =entonces=, then, at that time =entrante, proximo=, next =entrar (en)=, to enter =entre=, between, amongst =entrega=, delivery =entregar=, to deliver, to hand (personally) =entrepuentes=, between decks =enviar, mandar=, to send =envidia=, envy =envio=, shipment =epoca=, epoch, time, period =equidad=, equity, fairness, fair dealing =equipo=, equipment =equitativo=, fair =equivocacion=, mistake =equivocarse=, to make a mistake, to be mistaken =error=, mistake, error =escala=, ladder, scale =escala (hacer)=, to call at (steamers) =escandaloso=, scandalous, shocking =escano=, stool =escapar, huir=, to escape =escarcha (tornado por la)=, frost-bitten =escarmentar=, to take warning =escoba=, broom =escoger, elegir=, to choose, to select =escribir (se)=, to write, to write to each other =escrito=, letter, writing (n.) =escritor=, writer =escritorio=, writing desk, office =escuchar=, to listen =es decir, a saber=, viz. =ese, a, o=, that =esfuerzo=, effort =espada=, sword =espalda=, shoulder =espaldas=, back =espanol=, Spanish =espantarse=, to be frightened =especias=, spices =especie=, species, kind, rumour, news =especulacion=, deal, speculation =esperar=, to hope, to wait for, to expect =espeso=, thick =esposo-a=, husband, wife =esquela=, note =establecer (se)=, to establish, to establish oneself =estacion, temporada=, season =estadistica=, statistics =estallar=, to break out, to burst =estampar=, to print (cloth) =estancia=, stay =estante=, bookshelf =estano=, tin =estar, estarse=, to be =este,-a,-o=, this =este=, east =estima=, appreciation, esteem =estiva=, stowage =estrenar=, to use or wear for the first time =estrenarse=, to make a start =estudiar=, to study =estufa=, stove =eternamente=, eternally, for ever =etiqueta=, ticket, label =evitar=, to avoid =exacto=, exact, accurate =examen=, examination =exceder=, to exceed, to overstep =exclusive=, exclusive, sole =exhibir=, to show, to exhibit =exigir=, to require =exiguo=, slender, slight, small =existencias=, stocks =exito=, result =exito (bueno, malo)=, success, failure =expedidor=, sender =experimentar=, to experience, to experiment =experto=, experienced =explicar, explanar=, to explain =explotar=, to exploit, to work (mines, etc.) =exponerse a=, to encounter, to expose oneself to =exportacion=, export, exportation =exportador=, exporter, shipper =extender=, to extend, to stretch =extranjero=, foreigner, foreign, also abroad =extrano=, strange, queer
=F=
=fabrica de algodon=, cotton mill =fabricante=, manufacturer =facilidad=, ease, facility =factura=, invoice =facturar=, to invoice =falta=, want, absence of, fault, blame =falta de aceptacion, de pago=, non-acceptance, non-payment =faltar=, to be wanting, to be necessary, to fail =fama=, fame, reputation, name =famoso=, famous =fantasias=, fancies =fardin, cuarto=, farthing, a trifling amount =fardito=, truss =fardo=, bale =favorable=, favourable =favorecer=, to oblige =Febrero=, February =fecha=, date =fecha de=, dated =feliz=, happy =ferreteria=, ironware =ferrocarril=, railway =festoneado=, scalloped =fiador=, surety =fiados=, book debts =fidedigno=, trustworthy =fiel=, faithful =fielato=, octroi office =fiesta del comercio=, bank holiday =fijar=, to fix =fijo=, fixed, firm =filosofia=, philosophy =firma=, signature =firmar=, to sign =firmeza=, firmness =(el) fin=, the end =fino=, shrewd =fletar=, to charter, to freight =flete=, freight =flojedad=, slackness =flojo=, slack =flor=, flower =floreciente=, flourishing =folleto=, leaflet =fomento=, development, encouragement =fonda=, hotel, hotel =fondo=, bottom, ground (colour) =fondos=, funds, capital =forma=, shape =formal=, formal, respectable =forro=, lining =fortuna=, fortune =forzar=, to force, to strain =fosforos=, matches =fracasar=, to fall through =fracaso=, failure =franco de averia particular=, f.p.a. (free particular average) =franco de porte, tra(n)sporte pagado=, carriage paid =franja=, fringe =franqueo=, postage =frase=, phrase, sentence =frazada=, blanket =frecuentemente=, frequently =(la) frente=, forehead =(el) frente=, front =fresno=, ash =frio= (adj. and n), cold =fruta=, fruit =fruto=, fruit of labour, etc. =fuente=, fountain, source =fuerte=, strong, fast, firm =fuerza motriz=, motive power =fugitivo= loose (colours) =fulano=, so and so =funcionar de, proceder (como)=, to act as =fundar=, to found =furioso=, furious =fustan=, fustian
=G=
=galon=, gallon =gana=, inclination, desire =gana, de buena, mala=, willingly, unwillingly =ganancias y perdidas=, profit and loss =ganar=, to gain, to earn =ganga=, a bargain, cheap lot =garabato=, clothes hook =garantizar=, to guarantee, to warrant =garbanzos=, Spanish peas =garrote=, stick, cudgel =gastar=, to spend, to spoil; also to wear (usually) =gato=, cat, jack (machinery) =general=, general =generos=, goods =generos alimenticios=, food-stuffs =generos imperfectos=, jobs =generoso=, generous =genio=, temper =gente (la)=, people =gerente=, manager =girar=, to draw (a bill), to turn =giro=, bill, draft, also turnover =gobernar=, to govern =gobierno=, government =goleta=, schooner =goma elastica, caucho=, rubber =gorra (gorro)=, cap =gorrion=, sparrow =gozar=, to enjoy =grabado=, embossed =gracia=, grace, gracefulness =graduacion=, gradation, degree =granadas=, pomegranates =grande (gran)=, great, large =grande velocidad (a)=, by fast train =granizar=, to hail =granjearse=, to win over =granos, mercado de=, grain, grain market =gratificacion=, gratuity =gratitud=, gratitude =gratuito=, gratuitous, honorary =grifo=, cock (machinery) =gris=, grey =grito=, cry, shout =grueso=, thick =grunir=, to growl, to grumble, to grunt =guante=, glove =guardafuego=, fender =guardapapeles=, file =guardar=, to keep =guardar cama=, to lie in bed =guardias aduaneras=, custom house officials =guarnicion=, trimming =guerra=, war =guingas, carranclanes=, ginghams =guisantes=, green peas =gustar=, to please =gustar (a uno)=, to like
=H=
=habas=, broad beans =haber=, to have, there to be =haber menester=, to need =haberselas con uno=, to dispute, to wrangle, to vie with =habil=, clever =habitantes=, inhabitants =hablar=, to speak =hacer=, to do, to make =hacer caso=, to take notice =hacer constar=, to show, to demonstrate =hacer falta=, to be wanted =hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) =hacerse=, to become =hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance =hachuelas (hachas)=, hatchets (axes) =hacienda=, property, shop, stores =hallar, encontrar=, to find =hambre=, hunger =hampa=, vagabonds (company of) =hasta que=, until =hasta la fecha=, to date =hasta que punto=, to what extent =hato=, wearing apparel, bundle of clothes =hay=, there is, there are =haya=, beech =heces de sebo=, tallow, greaves =hecho=, fact, action =helar=, to freeze =(la= or =el) helice=, the screw (of a boat) =herida=, wound, sting =herir=, to wound, to cut (fig.) =hermano=, brother =hermosamente=, beautifully =hermoso=, beautiful, fine, handsome =herramientas=, tools =hervir=, to boil =hidalguia=, nobleness, chivalry =hielo=, escarcha, frost =hierro=, iron =higos=, figs =higuera=, fig tree =hija politica, nuera=, daughter-in-law =hijo=, son =hijodalgo=, gentleman by birth, squire =hijo politico, yerno=, son-in-law =hilador=, spinner =hilados=, yarn =hilar=, to spin =hinchazon=, boom =hipoteca, mortgage =hipotecar=, to mortgage =historia=, history =holandas=, hollands =holgazan=, lazy =hombre=, man =hombre llano=, rough-and-ready man =honor=, honour =honradez=, honesty =honrar=, to honour =hora=, hour =hortelano= (fruit) gardener =hortera=, office boy (jocularly) =hoy=, to-day =huelga=, strike =huerta=, orchard =hueso=, bone =huir, escapar=, to flee, to escape =humear=, to smoke (of a chimney) =hundimiento=, subsidence
=I=
=el idioma=, the language =igual=, equal =igualar=, to equal, to match =ilustrado=, enlightened =ilustrar=, to illustrate =ilustre=, illustrious =impedir=, to hinder =imperfectos=, job lots =imponer=, to impose, also to inform =importaciones=, imports =importancia=, importance, amount =importar=, to matter =importar (en)=, to amount to =importe=, amount =imprimir (impreso)=, to print (printed) =imprevidencia=, want of foresight =imprevisto=, unforeseen =impuesto=, tax =impuesto de consumos=, octroi duties =incertidumbre=, uncertainty =incluir=, to enclose, to include =inconveniencia=, unsuitability, impropriety =inconveniente=, inconvenience =indemnidad=, indemnity, signed guarantee =indemnizacion=, indemnity (compensation for loss) =indicar=, to indicate, to point out =indigena=, native =industria=, industry =inercia=, idleness, inertia =infeliz=, unhappy =infimo=, infinitesimal =infinidad=, an infinite number =informe=, report =informes=, information(s), references =informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with =ingeniero=, engineer =ingratitud=, ingratitude =ingresos netos=, net revenue =inmaturo, verde=, unripe =inmediato=, immediate =innavegable=, unnavigable =innoble=, ignoble =inquilino=, tenant =inquietarse=, to feel uneasy =integro=, integer, whole, upright =inteligencia=, intelligence =intencion=, intention =intentar=, to intend =interes=, interest =interesante=, interesting =interin (en el)=, in the meantime =interino=, interim =interior=, interior, inland =intervista=, interview =interpretar=, to interpret =invertir=, to invest (money) =invierno=, winter =ir=, to go, to lead to =irrisorio=, laughable, absurd, ridiculously low (of prices) =irse=, to go away =isla=, island =izquierda=, left
=J=
=jabali=, boar =jactarse=, to boast =jamon=, ham =jardin=, garden =jardinero=, gardener =jefe=, employer, chief =jornalero=, day-labourer =joven=, young, young man, young woman =judias=, French beans =Jueves=, Thursday =jugoso=, juicy =juicioso=, judicious, wise =Julio=, July =Junio=, June =junta de acreedores=, meeting of creditors =junto a=, near to, coupled with =justificar=, to justify, to warrant =justificarse=, to justify oneself =justo=, right, just, fair =jute, yute=, jute =juventud=, youth, young age
=L=
=la labor=, labour =laborioso=, laborious, hard-working =labrado=, figured—brocaded =lacre=, sealing-wax =lado=, side =ladrillos refractarios=, fire bricks =ladron=, thief =lana=, wool =langosta=, lobster =lanillas para banderas=, bunting =lapiz=, pencil =lardo=, lard =largo=, long =largo de talle=, abundant, full =largura=, length =lastima=, pity =laton=, brass =leccion=, lesson =la leche=, milk =lectura=, reading =leer=, to read =legajo=, bundle (of papers) =legislatura=, (parliamentary) session =lejos=, far away =lengua=, tongue, language =lento=, slow, remiss =letra=, bill of exchange, handwriting =levita=, frock-coat =la ley=, the law =libra=, pound sterling, pound weight =librarse=, to get rid of =libre=, free =libro=, book =libro de facturas=, invoice book =libro mayor=, ledger =liebre=, hare =lienzos=, linens =lienzos adamascados=, diapers =lienzos morenos=, brown (unbleached) linens =ligero=, slight, light =limitacion=, curtailment, limitation =limitar=, to limit =limite=, limit =limones=, lemons =limpiar=, to clean =limpio=, clean =lingotes de hierro=, pig-iron =lino=, flax =linon, olan=, lawn =liquidar=, to liquidate, to settle, to clear off (goods) =liquido, neto=, nett =liso=, plain, smooth =lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself =lista, boletin=, price list =listados=, striped (goods) =el local=, the building, the premises =loco=, mad =locomotora=, locomotive =lograr=, to contrive, to attain =logro=, attainment =el lote, la partida=, lot =loza=, crockery =luchar=, to fight, to struggle against =luego=, at once, then =luego que=, as soon as =en lugar de=, instead of =Lunes=, Monday =luto=, mourning
=LL=
=llamar=, to call =llamarse (me llamo)=, to be called (my name is) =llantas=, tyres =llegar=, to arrive =llegar a ser=, to become, to contrive to be =lleno=, full =llevar=, to carry, to wear, to take =llevar a cabo=, to carry into effect =llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled =llevarse bien=, to get on well =llover=, to rain =lloviznar=, to drizzle =lluvia=, rain
=M=
=maceta, portaramillete (portarramillete), florero=, flower-stand =machacar=, to hammer, to insist =madera=, timber, wood =madre=, mother =maestro=, teacher, master =maiz=, maize =mal=, badly =mala, correo=, post =malbaratar=, to undersell =malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent =maleta=, portmanteau =malgastar=, to waste, to squander =malo=, bad, wicked, also ill =malversar=, to embezzle =mamposteria=, masonry =mancha=, spot, stain =mandar=, to order, to send =mandar buscar=, to send for =mandato=, order (injunction) =manga=, sleeve (also hose, pump) =de manga ancha=, not over-scrupulous =mango=, handle =manifestar=, to manifest, to inform, to say (in a letter) =mano=, hand, quire =mano de obra=, labour =manta=, blanket =manteca= (S. America, =mantequilla=), butter =manteca de puerco=, lard =mantener=, to maintain, to hold up =mantenerse=, to maintain oneself, to be maintained =manzana=, apple =manana=, to-morrow, the morning =maquina a =vapor, steam engine =maquinaria=, machinery =mar alborotada=, heavy sea =maravillar=, to surprise =maravillarse=, to wonder =marca=, mark, brand =marcharse=, to go away =margarina=, margarine =marido=, husband =mariscos=, shell fish =marmol=, marble =martes=, Tuesday =martillos=, hammers =Marzo=, March =mas=, but =mas=, more =mas adelante=, later on =material rodante=, rolling-stock =(el) matiz=, shade of colour =matute=, smuggling =Mayo=, May =mayor=, larger =mayormente=, especially =(la) mayor parte=, most =mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance (machinery of the law, etc.) =mecer=, to stir (a liquid), to rock (acradle, etc.) =mediana=, average =mediar=, to intervene =medias=, hose, stockings =medico=, doctor, physician =medida=, measure =medieria=, hosiery =medio=, half, means =medrar=, to prosper =mejor=, better =mejora, mejoria=, improvement, looking up (market) =mejorar=, to improve =melindroso=, squeamish, very particular =melocotones=, peaches =mencion (hacer)=, to mention =mencionar=, to mention =menester=, necessary, needful =menor=, smaller =mensual=, monthly =(la) mente=, the mind =mercado=, market =mercancia=, merchandise, goods =merced a=, thanks to =merceria=, haberdashery =merma=, leakage =mes=, month =mesa=, table =metodo=, method =metro=, metre =miedo=, fear =miembro=, member =mientras=, while =mientras tanto=, meanwhile =miercoles=, Wednesday =mil=, thousand =milla=, mile =millon=, million =mina de carbon=, coal-mine, colliery =minero=, miner =minimo=, minimum =ministro-erio=, minister, ministry =mirar=, to look =mismo=, same, self =la mitad=, the half =modista=, milliner =modo=, way, manner =moer=, mohair =moler=, to grind =montaje=, mounting (machinery) =monte, montana=, mount, mountain =moratoria, moratorium=, time extension for payment =moreno=, brown, natural colour =moroso, lento=, remiss, slow (in payments) =mortal=, mortal =mostrar=, to show =motin=, riot =mover=, to move =mozalbete=, beardless youth =muchacho=, boy, lad =mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly =muebles de bejuco=, rattan furniture =muestra=, sample =muestrarios=, pattern cards, sets =mujer=, woman, wife =multa=, a fine, penalty =mundial=, world (adj.) =mundo=, world =todo el mundo=, everybody =muselina=, muslin =museo=, museum =muy=, very
=N=
=nacion=, nation =nada=, nothing =nanquin, mahon=, nankeen =nansu=, nainsook =naranjas=, oranges =nariz=, nose =naufragar (se)=, to wreck (to be shipwrecked) =navaja de afeitar=, razor =Navidad=, Christmas =navio, barco, buque=, ship, boat =necesario=, necessary =necesitar=, to want, to need =negar=, to deny =negarse=, to refuse =negativa=, refusal =negociado=, division (gov. office) =negociante=, merchant =negocio(s)=, business =negro=, black =neto, liquido=, nett =neumatico=, pneumatic =nevar=, to snow =nieve=, snow =ninguno=, no one, any (after neg.) =nino=, child =niquelado=, nickel-plated =nivel=, level =no bien=, as soon as =noche=, evening, night =nombrar=, to appoint =nombre=, name =no obstante=, notwithstanding =norte=, north =no sea que=, lest =notas de banco=, bank notes =noticia(s)=, news =Noviembre=, November =novisimo=, brand new =nuera, hija politica=, daughter-in-law =nuevo=, new =numero=, number =nunca=, ever, never
=O=
=objeto=, object =obligacion=, bond, debenture, obligation. =obligar=, to compel =obligarse=, to bind oneself =obrar=, to operate, to work, to act =obrero=, workman =obsequio=, favour =observar=, to observe, to remark, to notice =obstruir=, to obstruct =obtener, conseguir=, to get, to obtain, to succeed in. =ocasion=, occasion =oceano=, ocean =Octubre=, October =ocurrir=, to occur, to happen =oeste=, west =oficina, escritorio, despacho=, office =ofrecer=, to offer =ofrecimiento=, offer =oir=, to hear i=ojo=! attention, look out =el ojo=, the eye =olanes, linones=, lawns =olleria=, hollow-ware =olvidar (se)=, to forget =omnibus=, omnibus =operaciones=, dealings, operations =operadores=, dealers (on 'Change), operators =oponerse=, to oppose =oportunidad=, opportunity, chance =optimo=, very good, excellent =orden=, order =ordinario=, ordinary =organizar=, to organize =orilla=, bank (river), selvedge =oro=, gold =otono=, autumn =otro=, other =ovillo (de algodon)=, ball (of cotton)
=P=
=padre=, father =padres=, parents =pagadero=, payable =pagar=, to pay =pagare=, promissory note, note of hand =pagina=, page =paila, tacho=, pan (sugar manuf.) =pais=, country (nation) =pajaro=, bird =palabra=, word =palacio=, palace =palas=, shovels, spades =palmera=, date-palm =palo de mesana=, mizzen mast =palo mayor=, main mast =pan=, bread, loaf =pana=, velveteen =pana acordonada=, cords, corduroy =pano=, cloth, suiting =panol, carbonera=, bunker =pantalones=, trousers =panuelo=, handkerchief =papel=, paper =papel secante=, blotting-paper =paquete=, packet, parcel =par=, pair, couple =a la par=, at the same time =para, por=, for =para con=, towards =para que=, so that =parecer=, to appear, to seem =el parte=, the report =la parte=, the part =partida=, lot, parcel (of goods) =partir=, to depart, to set out =pasar=, to pass, to hand =pasar por=, visitar, to call at =pasarsele por alto a uno=, to escape one's notice. =pasas (de Corinto)=, raisins, currants =Pascua=, Easter =paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll =el pasivo, pasividades=, liabilities =paso=, step =dar pasos=, to take steps =patines=, skates =patria=, country, fatherland =patronos=, masters (of workmen) =pausa=, pause =paz=, peace =pedido=, order =pedir=, to ask, to demand =peligro=, danger =peligroso, arriesgado=, dangerous =pelo=, hair =penique=, penny =pensar (se)=, to think =Pentecostes=, Whitsuntide =(a) pequena velocidad=, (by) slow train =pequeneces=, trifles =pequeno=, small, little (adj.) =pera=, pear =percal=, calico =perder=, to lose =perdida=, loss =perenne=, perennial =perfeccionar=, to perfect =perfectamente=, perfectly =perfecto=, perfect =periodico=, newspaper =perito=, expert =perjuicios=, damages =pero=, but =perro=, dog =perspectivas=, prospects =perturbar=, to disturb =pesado=, heavy =peso=, weight =pesimo=, very bad =peticion=, request, petition =picos=, picks =(al) pie=, (at) foot =piel=, skin =pierna=, leg =piezas de repuesto=, spare pieces (machinery) =pimienta=, pepper =pino=, pine =pintura=, paint =pipa=, cask, pipe =pistola=, pistol =placer=, to please, pleasure =plan=, plan (idea) =planchas de hierro=, sheet iron =plano=, plan (sketch) =planta=, plant =plata=, silver =plaza=, market-place, square, place (town) =plazo=, term =plegar=, to fold =plomo=, lead (slate-colour) =pluma=, pen =poblacion=, villa, town =pobre=, poor =poco=, little (adv. and subs.) =poder=, to be able =poder= (n.), power, power of attorney =(no) poder menos de=, not to be able to help … =poderoso=, powerful =podrido=, rotten =poliza de seguro=, insurance policy =poner=, to put, to place =poner al corriente=, to inform =poner en conocimiento=, to inform, to acquaint with =poner en condiciones=, to enable =poner pleito=, to bring an action =por, para=, for =porcelana=, china =por decirlo asi=, so to say, as it were =por de contado=, of course =porfiar=, to insist =por mas que=, however much, although =(al) por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail =pormenores=, particulars, details =porta estampillas=, stamp-rack =portabandera=, standard-bearer =portanto=, therefore =portaramillete (portarramillete) maceta=, flower-stand =porte pagadero al destine, tra(n)sporte seguido=, carriage forward =portes, franqueo=, postage =portico=, porch =poseer=, to possess, to be worth =posicion=, position, standing =postergar=, to delay, to put off =practico=, practical =preceder=, to precede =precio=, price =precioso=, precious =preferible=, preferable =preliminar=, preliminary =premio=, reward, prize, premium =prescindir de=, to dispense with =presentar=, to present, to lay before, to produce, to introduce one person to another =prestar=, to lend, to render (help) =presupuesto=, estimate =prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule =prever=, to foresee, to anticipate =prevision=, foresight =prima=, premium =primavera=, spring =primer dependiente=, chief clerk =primo-a=, cousin =principal=, principal, chief, leading =principiar=, to commence =principio=, beginning =prisa=, speed, haste, hurry =probar=, to try, to prove, to attempt =proceso=, process, case, lawsuit =producir=, to produce =producto=, product, produce, output =productos accesorios=, bye-products =productos quimicos=, chemicals =profesor=, professor =prohibir=, to prohibit =pronto=, quick, speedy, soon =propietario=, landlord, owner =propio=, own =proponer=, to propose =proponerse=, to intend, to purpose =proporcionado, adecuado=, adequate =proveer= (p.p.), =provisto (proveido)=, to provide =provisorio=, interim =proximamente=, about, approximately (also shortly) =proximo=, next =proyecto=, scheme, plan, project =proyecto de ley=, parliamentary bill =prudente=, prudent =pruebas=, proofs, trials, evidence =publicar=, to publish =pueblo=, people, town, village =puerco=, pig =puerta=, door =puerto=, port, harbour =pues=, then, well… =puntitas=, pen-nibs =(al) punto=, (on) the spot =puntos=, points, dots, spots (in prints) =pupitre=, desk =puros, tabacos, cigarros=, cigars
=Q=
=que=, that, who, which =?que?= what? =quebrantamiento=, breakdown =quebranto=, mishap, misfortune, loss =quedar(se)=, to remain =quehaceres=, business, occupations =queja=, complaint =quejarse=, to complain =querer=, to want, to wish to have =querer decir=, to mean =querido=, beloved, dear =queso=, cheese =quiebra=, bankruptcy =quien=, who, whom =quienquiera (que)=, whoever =quincalla=, smallware =quinta=, villa =quitar=, to take away