Notice also—

El asistente (assistant) La asistenta (assistant)
El infante (child under 7; La infanta (child; Span. Royal
also Span., Royal Prince) Princess)
El pariente (relative) La parienta (relative)
El presidente (president) La presidenta (president)
El sirviente (manservant) La sirvienta (maidservant)

There are only a few more of this class.

N.B.—

Un abogado makes in the fem. Una muger abogado
Un medico " " " " " medico
Un comadron " " " " comadre (midwife)

The following nouns of persons and animals have two different forms to represent the two sexes—

El buey (ox) La vaca (cow)
El caballo (stallion) La yegua (mare)
El carnero (ram) La oveja (ewe)
El fraile (friar) La soror (sister)
El hombre (man) La muger (woman)
El macho cabrio or cabron (he-goat) La cabra (she-goat)
El marido (husband) La muger (the wife)
El padre (father) La madre (mother)
El padrastro (step-father) La madrastra (step-mother)
El padrino (god-father) La madrina (god-mother)
El toro (bull) La vaca (cow)
El yerno (son-in-law) La nuera (daughter-in-law)

Many names of animals are either common, as—

El anade, la anade (the duck)
El liebre, la liebre (the hare)
El tigre, la tigre (the tiger, tigress)

Or they change o of the masculine into a or add a, to form the feminine, as—

Un ganso (a gander) Una gansa (a goose)
Un leon (the lion) Una leona (a lioness)
Un mulo (a mule) Una mula (a she-mule)
Un pollino (an ass) Una pollina (a she-ass)

Most are epicene as already stated (p. 246).

APPENDIX II

SPANISH COMMON NOUNS, IN ORDINARY USE, WHICH ARE USED ONLY IN THE PLURAL

Afueras (environs)
Aguaderas (frames to carry water)
Albricias (reward for good news—also used as interjection: joy! joy!!)
Andas (stretcher, also frame for carrying an image)
Calendas (calends)
Calzoncillos (drawers)
Carnestolendas (carnival)
Celos (jealously—"Celo"—zeal)
Hacer cosquillas (to tickle)
Despabilladoras (snuffers)
Enaguas (skirt)
Fauces (gullet)
Modales (manners)
Mientes—also Mente (the mind)
Parrillas (gridiron)
Puches (sort of fritters)
Tenazas (tongs, pincers)
Tijeras (scissors)
Tinieblas (utter darkness)
Viveres (victuals)
Zaragueelles (kind of breeches)

Note the following—

A ciegas (blindly)
A ojos cegarritas (blindly)
A horcajadas (astride)
A hurtadillas (on the sly)
A sabiendas (knowingly)
De puntillas (on tiptoe)
A tientas (groping)
De bobilis bobilis (without toil)
De bruces (on all fours)
En ayunas (fasting)
En volandas (in the air, off one's feet)

The following plurals, besides the ordinary, have also a different meaning from the singular—

El alfiler (pin) Los alfileres (pins, pin-money)
El dia (day) Los dias (days, birthday)
La esposa (wife) Las esposas (wives, handcuffs)
El grillo (the cricket) Los grilles (crickets, shackles)
La letra (letter) Las letras (letters—literary knowledge)
El padre (father) Los padres[212] (fathers, parents)

[Footnote 212: In the same manner all masculine plurals include also the plurals of both genders, as: Hermanos (brothers, also brothers and sisters).]

We make the following remarks on the plural of compound words.

The elements which concur to the formation of compound nouns are—

A B
Verbs Adjectives
Prepositions Nouns
Adverbs Participles
Conjunctions Pronouns
Prefixes

GENERAL RULE—

The elements in A are invariable except:

Un bullebulle (busybody), Unos bullebulles
Un quehacer (occupation), Unos quehaceres
Pasapasa (sleight of hand), Pasapasas (sleight of hand tricks)

The elements in B take the mark of the plural:

Alzacuello (minister's collar) Alzacuellos
Alzapano (curtain hook), Alzapanios
Andanino (child's cart), Andaninios
Antepasado (ancestor), Antepasados
Ave Maria (a prayer), Ave Marias
Cualquiera (whatever), Cualesquiera
Entremetido (intruder, busybody), Entremetidos
Gentilhombre (man of gentle birth), Gentileshombres
Guardafuego (fire-guard), Guardafuegos
Hijodalgo (squire), Hijosdalgo
Pasamano (handrail, lace-edgings), Pasamanos
Pasatiempo (pastime), Pasatiempos
Picaparte (latch or latchkey), Picapartes
Pisaverde (beau), Pisaverdes
Portaestandarte (standard bearer), Portaestandartes
Portafusil (musket-sling), Portafusiles
Puercoespin (porcupine), Puercosespines
Quienquiera (whoever), Quienesquiera
Quitasol (parasol), Quitasoles
Ricahembra (woman of gentle birth), Ricashembras
Sobrecama (counterpane), Sobrecamas
Sobredicho (aforesaid), Sobredichos
Tapaboca (slap on the mouth), Tapabocas
Tiraboton (button-hook), Tirabotones

N.B.—When the second of the two words commences with r this letter should be doubled—

Ropa (clothes), guardarropa (wardrobe), guardarropas (pl.)

In compound nouns (very rare) formed of two nouns of which the first stands as an adjective to the second, the first noun remains invariable, the second only taking the mark of the plural—

Ferrocarril (railway), Ferrocarriles
Madreselva (honeysuckle), Madreselvas

In the following compound nouns formed of an adjective and a noun, the adjective remains invariable in the plural, as—

Bajamar (low tide), Bajamares
Bajorelieve (bas-relief), Bajorelieves
Belladona (belladonna), Belladonas
Blancomanjar (blanc-mange), Blancomanjares
Plenamar (full tide), Plenamares
Salvoconducto (safe conduct), Salvoconductos
Salvaguardia (safeguard), Salvaguardias
Santa Barbara (powder magazine), Santa Barbaras

In compound nouns formed of two words, the first of which has suffered the loss or change of a letter, this first component remains invariable—

(N.B.—Many such words are found in Spanish.)

Artimana (trick), Artimanas
Barbicano (white-bearded man), Barbicanos
Barbilindo (beardless man), Barbilindos
Boquirrubio (rosy-lipped), Boquirrubios
Cojitranco (lame fellow—disparagingly), Cojitrancos
Cuellierguido (stiff-necked man), Cuellierguidos
Gallipavo (turkey), Gallipavos
Manirroto (spendthrift), Manirrotos
Marisabidilla (blue stocking), Marisabidillas
Ojinegro (black-eyed), Ojinegros
Ojizarco (blue-eyed), Ojizarcos
Patizambo (bandy-legged), Patizambos
Pechicolorado (robin redbreast), Pechicolorados
Pleamar (high tide), Pleamares
Tragicomedia (tragi-comedy), Tragicomedias
Viandante (wayfarer), Viandantes

The following make their plural as follows—

Bancarrota (bankruptcy), Bancarrotas
Coliflor (cauliflower), Coliflores
Dares y tomares (wrangling), used only in pl.
Dimes y diretes (ifs, ands and buts), used only in pl.
Don Diego de noche (four o'clocks—flower), Don Diegos de noche
Maritornes (ill-shaped woman), Maritornes
Parabien (compliment), Parabienes
Vaiven (vibration), Vaivenes

The following are examples of the large class of nouns (compound) formed with a verb or adverb and a plural noun and which are used for both numbers—

Azotacalles (idler)
Buscavidas (pryer)
Cortaplumas (penknife)
Chupaflores (humming-bird)
Destripaterrones (navvy)
Lavamanos (wash-hand stand)
Limpiabotas (boot-black)
Matamoros (boaster)
Mondadientes (toothpick)
Papahueros (ninny)
Papamoscas (ninny)
Papanatas (ninny)
Paracaidas (parachute)
Paraguas (umbrella)
Pelagatos (ragamuffin)
Pintamonas (slap-dasher or bad partner)
Sacacorchos (corkscrew)
Salvavidas (life-boats)
Sepancuantos (slap or blow)

The following also are used for both numbers without alteration—

Correveidile (tale-bearer)
Hazmereir (laughing-stock)
Metomentodo (busybody)
Paternoster (Lord's Prayer)
Quitaipon (ornament for headstall of draught beasts)
Sabelotodo (presumptious man)
Sinvergueenza (barefaced man)

APPENDIX III

PRINCIPAL NAMES OF COUNTRIES, TOWNS, ETC., (WITH CORRESPONDING SPANISH ADJECTIVES)

Abisinia (abisinio), Abyssinia
Adrianopolis, Adrianopole
Africa (africano), Africa
Alava (alaveno, alaves), Alava
Albania (albanes), Albania
Alcala de Henares (complutense), Alcala
Alemania (aleman), Germany
Alicante (alicantino), Alicante
Alsacia (alsaciano), Alsatia
Amberes, Antwerp
America (americano), America
Andalucia (andaluz), Andalusia
Antillas (antillano), West Indies
Arabia (arabe, arabigo), Arabia
Aragon (aragones), Arragon
Argel (argelino), Algiers
Argentina (argentine), Argentine
Armenia (armenio), Armenia
Asia (asiatico), Asia
Atenas (ateniense), Athens
Austria (austriaco), Austria
Avila (abulense), Avila
Barcelona (barcelones), Barcelona
Basilea, Basle
Baviera (bavaro), Bavaria
Belen, Bethlehem
Belgica (belga, belgico), Belgium
Bilbao (bilbaino), Bilbao
Bohemia (bohemo), Bohemia
Bolivia (boliviano), Bolivia
Bolonia (bolones), Bologna
Brasil (brasileno), Brazil
Bretana (breton), Brittany
Brujas, Bruges
Bruselas, Brussels
Buenos Aires (bonaerense, porteno), Buenos Aires
Bulgaria (bulgaro), Bulgaria
Burdeos, Bordeaux
Burgos (burgales), Burgos
Cadiz (gaditano), Cadiz
Calabria (calabres), Calabria
Caldea (caldeo), Chaldaea
Canada (canadiense), Canada
Canarias (canario), Canary Islands
Caracas (caraqueno), Caracas
Cartago (cartagines), Carthage
Castilla (castellano), Castille
Cataluna (catalan), Catalonia
Cerdena (sardo), Sardinia
Chile (chileno), Chili
China (chino), China
Colombia (colombiano), Colombia
Copenhague, Copenhagen
Cordoba (cordobes), Cordova
Corcega (corso), Corsica
Corfu (corfiota), Corfu
Dardanelos, Dardenelles
Dinamarca (danes, dinamarques), Denmark
Dresde, Dresden
Ecuador (ecuatoriano), Equador
Egipto (egipcio), Egypt
Escocia (escoces), Scotland
Esmirna, Smyrna
Espana (espanol), Spanish
Estocolmo, Stockholm
Etiopia (etiope), Ethiopia
Europa (europeo), European
Extremadura (extremeno) Extremadura
Fenicia (fenicio), Phoenician
Filipinas (filipino), Philippine Islands
Flandes (flamenco), Flanders
Florencia (florentino), Florentine
Francia (frances), France
Gales (gales), Wales
Galicia (gallego), Galicia (Spain)
Gascuna (gascon), Gascony
Genova (genoves), Genoa
Gibraltar (gibraltareno), Gibraltar
Ginebra (ginebrino), Geneva
Gran Bretana (britanico), Great Britain
Granada (granadino), Granada
Grecia (griego), Greece
Guadalajara (guadalajareno), Guadalajara
Guatemala (guatemalteco), Guatemala
Guipuzcoa (guipuzcoano), Guipuzcoa
Habana (habanero, habano), Havannah
Holanda (holandes), Holland
Honduras (hondureno), Honduras
Hungria (hungaro), Hungary
India (indios), India
Inglaterra (ingles), England
Irlanda (irlandes), Ireland
Italia (italiano), Italy
Japon (japones), Japan
La Mancha (manchego), La Mancha
Leon (leones), Leon (Spain)
Lieja, Liege
Lima (limeno), Lima
Liorna (liornes), Leghorn
Lisboa (lisbonense), Lisbon
Lombardia (lombardo), Lombardy
Londres (londinense), London
Macedonia (macedonio), Macedonia
Madrid (madrileno), Madrid
Malaga (malagueno), Malaga
Malta (maltes), Malta
Mallorca (mallorquin), Majorca
Maracaibo (maracaibero), Maracaibo
Marruecos (marroqui), Morocco
Marsella (marselles), Marseilles
Menorca (menorquin), Minorca
Mejico (mejicano), Mexico
Murcia (murciano), Murcia
Napoles (napolitano), Naples
Navarra (navarro), Navarre
Normandia (normando), Normandy
Noruega (noruego), Norway
Pamplona (pamplones), Pamplona
Paraguay (paraguayano), Paraguay
Paris (parisiense), Paris
Persia (persa or persiano), Persia
Peru (peruano), Peru
Piamonte (piamontes), Piedmont
Polonia (polaco), Poland
Portugal (portugues), Portugal
Puerto Rico (portorriqueno), Porto Rico
Roma (romano), Rome
Rumania (rumano), Roumania
Rusia (ruso), Russia
Saboya (saboyardo), Savoy
Sajonia (sajon), Saxony
Salamanca (salmantino, salamanques), Salamanca
Salvador (salvadoreno), Salvador
San Sebastian (donostiarra), San Sebastian
Serbia (serbio), Serbia
Sevilla (sevillano), Seville
Sicilia (siciliano), Sicily
Suecia (sueco), Sweden
Suiza (suizo), Switzerland
Tetuan (tetuani), Tetuan
Troya (troyano), Troy
Tunez (tunecino), Tunis
Turquia (turco), Turkey
Uruguay (uruguayano), Uruguay
Valencia (valenciano), Valencia
Valladolid (valisoletano), Valladolid
Varsovia (varsoviano), Warsaw
Vascongadas, Provincias (vascongado, vascuence), Basque Provinces
Venecia (veneciano), Venice
Venezuela (venezolano), Venezuela
Vera Cruz (veracruzano), Vera Cruz
Viena (vienes), Vienna
Vigo (vigues), Vigo
Vitoria (vitoriano), Vitoria
Yucatan (yucateco), Yucatan
Zaragoza (zaragozano), Zaragoza

APPENDIX IV

AUGMENTATIVES AND DIMINUTIVES[213]

[Footnote 213: The terminations on and ito or ico may be taken by practically all nouns (avoiding cacophony, as: Pantalonon, habitacionona, etc.); the others may not and consequently should not be used by students, until learnt by practice.]

Bestiecita (little beast)
Bestiezuela (little beast) (disparaging)
Chiquito (little child)
Chiquitin (little child)
Florecita (little flower)
Florecilla (little flower) (insignificant)
Hombron (big, tall man)
Hombrote (big, tall man) (disparaging)
Hombracho (big, tall man) (disparaging)
Hombrachon (big, tall man) (disparaging)
Hombrazo (big, tall man) (disparaging)
Hombronazo (big, tall man) (disparaging)
Juanito (little John)
Labradorcito (little labourer)
Lagarto—Lagartija (little lizard)
Lio—Liecito (little bundle)
Libron (large, big book)
Librazo (large, big book) (disparaging)
Libracho (large, big book) (disparaging)
Librote (large, big book) (disparaging)
Llavin (little key, latchkey)
Manuel—Manolo (little Manuel)
Manuel—Manolito (little Manuel)
Madrecita (little mother)
Madrecica (little mother)
Pajarraco (big bird) (disparaging)
Papelon (large paper)
Plazoleta (little square)
Reinecita (little queen)
Tamborcito[214] (little drum)
Tamborcico (little drum)

[Footnote 214: Ito is more Castillian. Ico is more Aragonese. They are both used.]

We repeat that the peculiarity of Augmentative and Diminutive terminations (with the exception of the Augment. on, which denotes only increase) is that besides the idea of increase or diminution a further disparaging or endearing meaning is implied although not distinctly defined.

These terminations in many cases substitute the use of adjectives to great advantage, and are largely used by Spaniards, especially the diminutives which, for this reason, should be carefully noticed.

A diminutive noun can also be further qualified by an adjective, as—

Mi padre me regalo este gracioso librito: My father made me a present of this pretty little book.

Diminutives can be made of Augmentatives and vice-versa—

Escoba (broom), Escobilla, Escobillon
Sala (drawing-room), Salon, Saloncillo

If a masculine noun ends in a its diminutive also ends in a—

Un drama (drama), Un dramita
Un poema (poem), Un poemita

But not nouns that indicate male persons—

Papa (Papa), Papaito

Although on and ote are generally augmentative terminations, in the following words and a few more, they are used as diminutives—

Calle (street) Callejon (narrow street, alley)
Carro (cart) Carreton (little cart)
Isla (island) Islote (little barren island)
Torre (tower) Torrejon (turret)

Besides Augmentative and Diminutive terminations, there are some terminations which, without indicating increase or decrease, are used to indicate disparagement pure and simple—

Calducho (bad broth)
Gentualla (mob)
Gentuza (insignificant people)
Libraco (nasty book)
Madrastra (step-mother)
Medicastro (bad doctor)
Mujeruca (old wife, gossip)
Poetastro (bad poet)

The Augmentative and Diminutive terminations (especially the latter) are found added to adjectives and, although more rarely, to other parts of speech also. They must be learnt by practice, however, as they cannot be used indiscriminately.

EXAMPLES—

El picarillo (picaruelo) quiere el otro cuello que es mas blanquito: The little rogue wants the other collar which is nice and clean (lit., whiter).

Como me gusta la blanca nieve acabadita de caer: How pretty is the snow just newly fallen.

Mira a aquella chica tan bien vestidita de azul: Look at that little girl so prettily dressed in blue

Vino callandito: He came in as quietly as a mouse.

Vive cerquita de nuestra casa: He lives quite close to our house.

Poquito a poco hila la vieja el copo (proverb): Little by little the old woman spins her distaff (Slow and sure wins the race)

Translation of the English "ish" after colours—

Amarillento (yellowish)
Azulado (bluish)
Azulino (bluish)
Blanquecino (whitish)
Morenito (brownish)
Que tira a moreno (brownish)
Negruzco (blackish)
Pardusco (greyish)
Que tira a pardo o gris (greyish)
Rojizo (reddish)
Verdoso (greenish)
Verdusco (greenish)

Notice also—

Anaranjado (orange-coloured)
Avellanado (nut-coloured, tawny)
Celeste (sky-blue)
Dorado (golden)
Pajizo (straw-coloured)
Perlino (pearl-coloured)
Plateado (silvery)
Rosado (rose-coloured, pink, rosy)
Terreo (ashen-pale)
Trigueno (brown, wheat-coloured)

APPENDIX V

VERBS WHICH DIFFER IN REGIMEN FROM THEIR ENGLISH EQUIVALENTS. EXTRACTED FROM THE GENERAL LIST OF THE GRAMMAR OF THE SPANISH ACADEMY[215]

[Footnote 215: This list is comprehensive, but not exhaustive; some of these verbs, besides the preposition given, may be followed by others. Practice in reading is the best master.]

Abordar (una nave) a (or con) otra: To board (a ship).
Abrasarse en deseos: To be burning with desire.
Abundar de (or en) riquezas: To abound with riches.
Abusar de la amistad: To abuse friendship.
Acertar con la casa: To find the right house.
Adelantarse a otros: To take the start on others.
Admirarse de un suceso: To wonder at an event.
Aficionarse a alguna cosa: To grow fond of anything.
Alejarse de su tierra: To depart from one's country.
Alimentarse con (or de) yerbas: To feed on vegetables.
Anticiparse a otro: To forestall another.
Apiadarse con los pobres: To have pity on the poor.
Aportar a Barcelona: To put into Barcelona.
Apreciar en mucho: To appreciate highly.
Arder de colera: To burn with anger.
Armarse de paciencia: To arm oneself with patience.
Arrimarse a la pared: To lean against the wall.
Arrostrar (con (or por)) los peligros: To face the dangers.
Atender (a) los negocios: To attend to business.
Aventajarse a otros: To excel others.

Banar con (de or en) lagrimas: To bathe with tears.
Barbear con la pared: To run against the wall.
Brindar a la salud de alguno: To drink the health of someone.
Brindar con regalos: To give presents.
Burlarse de algo: To laugh at something.

Caber de pies: There to be standing room.
Calificar de docto: To call one learned.
Cambiar una cosa con (or por) otra: To exchange one thing for another.
Campar por su respeto: To keep to oneself.
Carecer de medios: To lack means.
Casar or casarse con alguno: To marry someone.
Cesar de correr: To cease running.
Cifrar su dicha en la virtud: To make one's happiness consist in virtue.
Clavar a (or en) la pared: To nail on the wall.
Cojear del pie derecho: To limp with the right foot.
Colgar de un clavo: To hang on a nail.
Colmar de mercedes: To load with benefits.
Comerciar con su credito: To trade on one's credit.
Comprar de (or a) una persona: To buy from someone.
Comprar al fiado: To buy on credit.
Comprometerse a pagar: To undertake to pay.
Confiar en (or de) alguno: To trust anybody.
Conservarse con (or en) salud: To keep in good health.
Contar con su auxilio: To count on his help.
Contravenir a la ley: To contravene the law.
Convenir al enfermo: To suit the patient.
Correr con los gastos: To undertake the expense.
Cortar por lo sano: To cut short (an argument, etc.).
Cumplir a uno hacer una cosa: To be one's duty to do something.
Chancearse con alguno: To joke with someone.

Danarse del pecho: To injure one's chest.
Dar con la carga en el suelo: To throw down the load.
Dar con quien lo entiende: To come across someone who understands it.
Dar contra un poste: To knock against a post.
Dar de barato: To grant for argument's sake.
Darse por vencido: To give it up.
Decir bien una cosa con otra: To match well together.
Decir para si: To say to oneself.
Dejar de escribir: To cease writing, to fail to write.
Demandar ante el juez (or en juicio): To summon.
Depender de alguno: To be dependent on someone.
Desayunarse con chocolate: To breakfast on chocolate.
Desconfiar de alguno: To mistrust one.
Descuidarse de (or en) su obligacion: To neglect one's duty.
Desfallecer de animo: To lose courage.
Deshacerse de los generos: To get rid of the goods.
Detestar de la mentira: To hate lying.
Disfrutar de buena renta: To enjoy a good income.
Doblar por un difunto: To sound the death knell.
Dudar de alguna cosa: To doubt something.

Echar en tierra: To throw on the ground.
Echar de casa: To turn out of the house.
Echar de ver una cosa: To perceive (realise) a thing.
Echarla de rico: To assume airs of a rich man.
Embelesarse con alguna cosa: To go into raptures over anything.
Embutir de algodon: To stuff with cotton.
Enajenarse de alguna cosa: To do away with anything.
Encargarse de algun negocio: To undertake a business.
Encontrarse con un amigo: To meet a friend.
Encuadernar a la rustica, en pasta: To bind in paper covers, in boards.
Escarmentar con la desgracia: To take warning from misfortune.
Esmerarse en alguna cosa: To take pains with anything.

Fiarse a (de, en) alguno: To trust in anyone.
Firmar de propria mano: To sign with one's own hand.
Forrar de (con, en) pieles: To line with skins.
Fumar en pipa: To smoke the pipe.

Girar a cargo de alguno: To draw on someone.
Girar sobre Paris: To draw on Paris.
Guardarse de alguno: To guard against anybody.
Gustar de bromas: To be fond of joking.

Haberselas con otros: To wrangle, to have a bone to pick, to vie with
Hacer de galan en un drama: To take the part of principal actor in a drama.
Herir de muerte: To wound fatally.
Hincarse de rodillas: To fall on one's knees.
Hocicar con (contra, en) alguna cosa: To run against anything.

Igualar (igualarse) a (or con) otro: To equal another, to match.
Indemnizar del perjuicio: To indemnify for the loss.
Influir con el jefe: To influence the chief.
Insistir en (sobre) una cosa: To insist on something.
Inspirar una idea a alguno: To inspire anybody with an idea.
Inundar de (or en) agua: To flood with water.

Librar a cargo de un banquero: To draw on a banker.
Librar una letra sobre Paris: To draw a bill on Paris.
Lindar (una tierra) con otra: To border on another.
Llegar a la posada: To reach the inn.
Llevarse bien con el vecino: To get on well with the neighbour.
Llover a cantaros: To rain in bucketfuls.

Maravillarse con (or de) una noticia: To be surprised at some news.
Marcar a fuego: To brand.
Mejorar de condicion: To improve in condition.
Mejorar en tercio y quinto: To improve greatly.

Oler a rosas: To smell of roses.

Parecerse a otro: To be similar to another.
Pensar en (sobre) alguna cosa: To think of something.
Pensar para si: To think to oneself.
Perecerse de risa: To die with laughter.
Pintar de azul: To paint blue.
Poblar de arboles: To plant with trees.
Ponerse a escribir: To commence writing.
Prescindir de una cosa: To dispense with anything.
Presumir de rico: To feign riches.
Proveer a la necesidad publica: To provide the needs of the public.

Quedar a deber: To remain owing.
Quedarse con lo ajeno: To keep other people's property.

Rebosar de alegria: To teem with joy.
Recibir a cuenta: To receive on account.
Recibir de criado: To admit as a servant.
Recibir por esposa: To receive as a wife.
Reclamar a fulano: To claim from so and so.
Responder a la pregunta: To answer the question.
Reventar de risa: To burst with laughter.
Rodear de una pared: To surround with a wall.

Saber a vino: To taste of wine.
Salirse con la suya: To have one's own way.
Salvarse a nado: To save oneself by swimming.
Sentarse a la mesa: To sit down at table.
Sonar con ladrones: To dream of thieves.
Suplicar (apelar) de la sentencia: To appeal against the sentence.

Tachar de ligero: To tax one with levity.
Tener a menos hablar a uno: Not to deign to speak to one.
Tenerse de pie: To stand on foot.
Tenir de (en) negro: To dye black.
Tomar a pecho: To take to heart.
Tomar hacia la derecha: To turn to the right.
Trabajar a destajo: To do work by the job.
Trabarse de palabras: To quarrel.
Transportar a lomo: To carry on one's back.

Varar en la playa: To run aground.
Velar a los muertos: To watch over the dead.
Vengarse de una ofensa: To avenge an insult.
Vengarse en el ofensor: To avenge oneself on the offender.
Venir a casa: To come home.
Ver de hacer algo: To try and do something.
Vestir a la moda: To dress in the fashion.
Vestir de mascara: To dress in fancy dress.
Vestirse de pano: To dress in cloth.
Vivir a su gusto: To live after one's taste.

CONJUGATION OF THE REGULAR AND AUXILIARY VERBS

The Simple tenses only are given—Compound tenses are formed with the verb "haber" followed by the past participle.

Auxiliary Verbs

DIFFERENCE BETWEEN "SER" AND "ESTAR" (for easy reference).

Ser is used—
i. To form the Passive Voice.
ii. To denote an inherent quality.

Estar is used—
i. To denote state in locality, viz., "to be" in a place.
ii. To denote condition (as opposed to inherent quality).

SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.

Use Ser—
    i. Before a noun (even if an adjective or an article intervenes).
   ii. When "to be" is used impersonally.
  iii. When "to be" denotes possession.
   iv. Before pobre, rico, felis, and infeliz.

=APPENDIX VI=

PRINCIPAL VERBS, THE LAST ROOT VOWEL OF WHICH CHANGES INTO A DIPHTHONG WHEN THE STRESS OF THE VOICE FALLS ON IT, AS—-

=Pensar= (to think).

Pres. Ind., Pienso, piensas, piensa,—,—, piensan. Pres. Subj., Piense, pienses, piense,—,—, piensen. Imperative, Piensa, piense,—,—, piensen.

=Entender= (to understand).

Pres. Ind., Entiendo, entiendes, entiende,—,—, entienden. Pres. Subj., Entienda, entiendas, entienda,—,—, entiendan. Imperative, Entiende, entienda,—,—, entiendan.

=Sentir= (to feel).

Pres. Ind., Siento, sientes, siente,—,—, sienten. Pres. Subj., Sienta, sientas, sienta, sintamos,[217] sintais,[217] sientan. Imperative, Siente, sienta, sintamos,[217]—, sientan.

=Acordar= (to agree).

Pres. Ind., Acuerdo, acuerdas, acuerda,—,—, acuerdan. Pres. Subj., Acuerde, acuerdes, acuerde,—,—, acuerden. Imperative, Acuerda, acuerde,—,—, acuerden.

=Mover= (to move).

Pres. Ind., Muevo, mueves, mueve,—,—, mueven. Pres. Subj., Mueva, muevas, mueva,—,—, muevan. Imperative, Mueve, mueva,—,—, muevan.

=Dormir= (to sleep).[216]

Pres. Ind., Duermo, duermes, duerme,—,—, duermen. Pres. Subj., Duerma, duermas, duerma, durmamos,[217] durmais,[217] duerman. Imperative, Duerme, duerma, durmamos,[217]—, duerman.

[Footnote 216: Morir (to die) is the only verb conjugated like Dormir; but past part. Muerto.]

[Footnote 217: Notice the additional irregularities.]

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Pensar"—

Acertar (to hit the mark)
Acrecentar (to increase)
Alentar (to encourage)
Apretar (to squeeze)
Arrendar (to lease, to hire)
Asentarse (to sit down)
Aterrar (to pull down)
Atravesar (to cross)

Calentar (to warm)
Cegar (to blind)
Cerrar (to shut, to close)
Comendar (to commend)
Comenzar (to begin)
Confesar (to confess)

Desmembrar (to dismember)
Despertar (to awake)

Empedrar (to pave)
Empezar (to begin)
Encerrar (to shut in)
Enmendar (to correct)

Gobernar (to govern)

Manifestar (to manifest)
Mentar (to mention)

Negar (to deny)

Plegar (to fold)

Quebrar (to break)

Recomendar (to recommend)
Reventar (to burst)

Temblar (to tremble)
Tentar (to tempt, to attempt)
Tropezar (to stumble)

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Entender"—

Ascender (to go up)
Atender (to attend)

Condescender (to condescend)
Contender (to contend)

Defender (to defend)
Descender (to descend)

Encender (to light)
Extender (to extend)

Perder (to lose)

Tender (to stretch)

Verter (to shed, to spill)

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Sentir"—

Adherir[218] (to adhere)
Adquirir[218] (to acquire)
Advertir[218] (to notice, to warn)
Arrepentirse (to repent)
Asentir (to assent)

Consentir (to consent)

Erguir (to erect, to raise)

Hervir (to boil)

Mentir (to lie)

[Footnote 218: And all in erir, irir, ertir.]

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Acordar"—

Acostarse (to go to bed)
Almorzar (to breakfast)
Apostar (to bet)
Aprobar (to approve)
Avergonzarse (to be ashamed)

Colgar (to hang)
Consolar (to comfort)
Contar (to relate)
Costar (to cost)

Encontrar (to meet)

Forzar (to force)

Hollar (to tread)

Mostrar (to show)

Poblar (to people)
Probar (to prove)

Recordar (to remind, to remember)
Renovar (to renew)
Rodar (to roll)
Rogar (to pray)

Soldar (to solder)
Soltar (to loosen)
Sonar (to sound)
Sonar (to dream)

Tostar (to toast)
Trocar (to exchange, to barter)

Volar (to fly)

Principal Verbs conjugated like "Mover"—

Absolver (_And all in olver) (to absolve)

Cocer (to bake, to cook)

Demoler (to demolish)
Doler (to ache)

Moler (to grind)
Morder (to bite)

Oler (to smell)[219]

[Footnote 219: Huelo, etc., (because no words begin with ue).]

Promover (to promote)

Soler (to be accustomed)

Torcer (to twist)

LIST OF PRINCIPAL VERBS CONJUGATED LIKE "PEDIR"—

Cenir (And all in enir) (to gird)
Competir (to compete)
Concebir (to conceive)
Corregir (to correct)

Derretir (to melt)

Elegir (to elect, to select)
Embestir (to run down, to assail)

Freir (to fry)

Gemir (to moan)

Impedir (to prevent)

Medir (to measure)

Regir (to rule, to govern)
Reir (to laugh)
Repetir (to repeat)

Seguir (to follow)
Servir (to serve)

Vestir (to dress, to clothe)

END

================================================== Transcriber's note: The edition of this book that was used to produce the document is as follows: ==================================================

PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR

BY

C. A. TOLEDANO

LATE LECTURER IN THE VICTORIA UNIVERSITY, MANCHESTER; EXTERNAL EXAMINER, UNIVERSITY OF BIRMINGHAM; H.M. ASSISTANT INSPECTOR FOR SPANISH; SPANISH MASTER AT THE MANCHESTER MUNICIPAL SCHOOL OF COMMERCE, MANCHESTER ATHENAEUM, ETC.

SECOND EDITION REVISED AND ENLARGED

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=PITMAN'S COMMERCIAL FRENCH GRAMMAR=. By F.W.M DRAPER, M A. (Cantab.), Licencie es Lettres.

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=KEY TO COMMERCIAL SPANISH GRAMMAR=

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—LO QUE PUEDO Reprinted, 1917

Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

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