Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

11. Ningunos padres quieren comprar malos libros para sus hijos (children).

12. Si tiene V. algun azucar (sugar) yo lo comprare.

13. ?Quiere su hermano (de V.) vender algunos libros?

14. No, no quiere vender ningunos de sus libros.

15. Mi cunado no necesita comprar libros; tiene muchisimos, algunos viejos (old), otros nuevos (new), y tres o cuatro (three or four) novisimos,[47] uno de ellos (of them) es bonisimo.[47]

16. Cualquier libro es util.

[Footnote 47: Adjectives containing ie or ue change them into e and o before adding isimo, as Nuevo, novisimo; cierto, certisimo.]

EXERCISE 2 (10).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I have some money.

2. What goods do you want (wish to have)?

3. I want some brown prints and some red calico.

4. I have no (not any) red calico, but I must buy some (debo comprar).[48]

5. Do you want to sell me any? (venderme).

6. There are (hay) many inkstands in this shop (tienda); do you want any? (quiere V. alguno? or algunos?).

7. Yes, I want some (alguno or algunos).

8. Have you any[49] bread (pan)?

9. Yes, I have some bread and cheese (tengo pan y queso).

10. Any book will be useful.

11. The teeth and the tongue are inside (dentro de) the mouth.

12. The teeth want great attention.

13. Yes, they must always be clean.

14. We want to study Spanish because it is (es) very necessary in commerce (en el comercio).

15. If you study with attention you will soon (pronto) speak and write Spanish very well.

16. John speaks French very badly but he is studying it (lo esta estudiando) with much attention.

17. Do you understand this lesson?

18. Yes, I understand this lesson well; it is not very difficult.

19. No lesson is difficult if we study with care (con cuidado).

[Footnote 48: "Some" and "any," following a verb and referring to a singular noun previously mentioned, are not to be translated.]

[Footnote 49: "Some" and "any" are generally not translated when they are not used in a partitive sense, i.e., with an idea of a limited quantity.]

LESSON VI.
(Leccion sexta.)

CARDINAL NUMBERS.

Uno,[50] una 1 Cuarenta 40
Dos 2 Cuarenta y uno or Cuarentiuno 41
Tres 3 etc. etc.
Cuatro 4 Cincuenta 50
Cinco 5 Sesenta 60
Seis 6 Setenta 70
Siete 7 Ochenta 80
Ocho 8 Noventa 90
Nueve 9 Ciento[52] 100
Diez 10 Ciento y uno or Cientiuno 101
Once 11 Ciento y dos or Cientidos, 102
Doce 12 etc. etc.
Trece 13 Ciento diez 110
Catorce 14 Doscientos,-as 200
Quince 15 Trescientos,-as 300
Diez y seis or Dieciseis 16 Cuatrocientos,-as 400
Diez y siete or Diecisiete 17 Quinientos,-as 500
Diez y ocho or Dieciocho 18 Seiscientos,-as 600
Diez y nueve or Diecinueve 19 Setecientos,-as 700
Veinte 20 Ochocientos,-as 800
Veinte y uno or Veintiuno[51] 21 Novecientos,-as 900
Veinte y dos or Veintidos, 22 Mil 1,000
    etc. etc. Dos mil, etc. 2,000
Treinta 30 Cien[53] mil 100,000
Treinta y uno or Treintiuno, 31 Cien mil y uno 100,001
    etc. etc. Cien mil y diez 100,010
                                     Un millon 1,000,000

[Footnote 50: When immediately preceding a noun, "uno" becomes "un"]

[Footnote 51: "Ciento" becomes "cien." ("Cien" is found instead of "ciento," even standing alone.)]

[Footnote 52: The duplicate forms are common to all the tens.]

[Footnote 53: "Ciento" drops the to also before "mil"; and of course before "millon" (a noun).]

The conjunction "and" is always used between tens and units, as—

Veinte y una or veintiuna manzanas (21 apples).

But it is generally omitted between hundreds and tens, as—

Doscientas treinta peras (230 pears).

"Ciento" and "mil" are not preceded by "uno" except in 101,000, 201,000, etc., to avoid ambiguity, as—

Doscientos mil soldados (200,000 soldiers).
Doscientas y un mil millas (201,000 miles).

"One million inhabitants" is translated by Un millon de habitantes. (Note.—The de cannot be omitted.)

In the case of more than one million the word "millon" must be plural—millones, as—

Cien millones de hombres (one hundred million men).

As will have been observed, besides "uno," "doscientos," "trescientos," etc., change the os into =as= for the feminine.

[Footnote 54: The Future Indic. and the Cond. mood of "Haber" and "Tener" are formed irregularly from the Infinitive mood, the e after the root Hab being dropped, and after the root Ten being changed to d.]

[Footnote 55: For reference only—
Ser (and not Estar) must be used:

      (1) Before nouns; (3) When denoting possession;
      (2) When used impersonally; (4) Before Feliz, Infeliz, Rico,
                                        Pobre.]

VOCABULARY.

=acabar de=,[56] to have just =almacen=, warehouse =aprender=, to learn =ayudar=, to help =banar=, to wet, to bathe, to water =bicicleta=, bicycle =certisimo=, most certain =discipulo=, pupil =disfrutar=, to enjoy =el es, ella es=,[57] it is =ello= (neuter),[57] it =este= (m.), =esta= (f.), this =esto= (neuter),[58] this =estos= (m.), =estas= (f.), these =la fecha=, the date =la gente=, the people =hermosamente=, beautifully =importancia=, importance =La India=, India =libre=, free =maestro=, master, teacher =la mayor parte=, most, the majority =el mes=, the month =mismo=, same =novisimo=, brand new =otro=, other, another =el Sena=,[59] River Seine =el Tajo=, River Tagus =el Tamesis=, River Thames =tambien=, also, too =tienda=, shop =ventaja=, advantage

[Footnote 56: Followed by the verb in the infinitive mood, as Acabar de escribir (to have just written).]

[Footnote 57: "It" (subject) is most generally left understood, as "It is useful" (El, ella, or ello) es util.]

[Footnote 58: Referring to a whole statement, as Esto or ello es justo. This or it (what you have just said) is right.]

[Footnote 59: Names of rivers are masculine because the word "rio" (river) is understood.]

EXERCISE 1 (11).

Translate into English—

1. La India es una posesion inglesa de grande importancia.

2. El Sena es un rio de Francia[60] y el Tamesis es un rio de Inglaterra.

3. Toledo, ciudad interesantisima de Espana banada por el Tajo.

4. La mayor parte de estos Espanoles comen en esta fonda.

5. Este ano las tiendas estan hermosamente decoradas.

6. Es certisimo que los almacenes y las tiendas de esta calle disfrutan de grandes ventajas.

7. ?De quien es esta regla? Es mia.

8. ?En que fecha escribio V. la carta?

9. La escribi (I wrote it) ayer.

10. Juan acaba de comprar una bicicleta novisima.

11. Yo acabo de comprar cepillos de dientes y de cabello.

12. La criada compro esta manana una escoba.

13. Necesitamos comprar manteca pero no la compramos porque no queremos gastar dinero.

14. La mayor parte de la gente no quiere gastarlo (to spend it).

15. ?Es bueno este vino?

16. Es muy bueno y tambien no es caro.

[Footnote 60: Names of countries should not take the article (the rule is not very strict, however). EXCEPTIONS: La India, El Peru, El Japon (Japan).]

EXERCISE 2 (12).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Foreigners in England enjoy many advantages.

2. Yes, because England is a free country.

3. Englishmen also enjoy the same advantages in other free countries.

4. Does the teacher help his pupils?

5. He does (Si, Senor), but the pupils must study and learn their lessons well and work diligently (diligentemente).[61]

6. This morning I was writing a letter when my sister spoke of the bicycle (which [62]) she wants to buy.

7. Did you sell the muslins and prints (which) you bought last year (el ano pasado)?

8. The merchant has drawn a bill at three months' date for (por) the velvets (which [62]) he sold to the Spanish customer.

9. Little and good is better than much and bad.

10. John is a partner in that firm (casa).

11. It is necessary to work.

12. This is George's beautiful garden.

13. It is a large garden with many flowers, roses, carnations, violets and other plants (plantas).

14. Who is here?

15. Charles and Henry are here.

[Footnote 61: To form an adverb from an adjective add mente as you add "ly" in English. If the adjective changes for the feminine add mente to the feminine form, as rico (m.), rica (f.)—ricamente (richly).]

[Footnote 62: Cannot be left understood in Spanish.]

LESSON VII.
(Leccion septima.)

ORDINAL NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS.

[Footnote 63: Ordinal adjectives agree in gender and number with the noun they accompany or for which they stand. Final o changes into a for the feminine, and the plural is formed by adding s.]

"Primero," "tercero," and "Postrero" drop the =O= before a masculine noun singular,[64] as—

El primer pedido: The first order.
El tercer lote: The third lot.
El postrer envio: The last shipment.

But—

La primera entrega (fem.): The first delivery.

[Footnote 64: Eight words in all present this peculiarity, viz., uno, alguno, ninguno, bueno, malo, primero, tercero, postrero (these last two not always).]

After "vigesimo" ordinal numbers are generally substituted by cardinal numbers, as—

La pagina veintidos: Page 22nd.

Dates are expressed by cardinal numbers instead of ordinal, as—

Madrid, 20 (de) Agosto (de) 1911: Madrid, 20th of August, 1911.

EXCEPTION: El primero, as—

El 1 deg. (primero) de Septiembre (1st September).

Numbers following names of kings, etc., are ordinal up to the tenth; then generally cardinal, as—

Felipe II. (segundo): Philip II.
Alfonso XIII. (trece): Alphonso XIII.

Fractional numbers up to 1/10th are the same as ordinal numbers, except—

(Un) medio: one half.
Un tercio (not tercero): one-third.

From 1/11th upwards, fractions are formed from cardinal numbers adding to them the termination =avo=, as—

Un dieciseisavo[65]: 1/16.

Un need not be used before the fractions 1/2, 1/3 and 1/4, preceded by an integer, as—

Uno y cuarto: One and a quarter.
Cuatro y tercio: Four and a third.
La mitad: The half.
La tercera parte: The 3rd part.
La cuarta parte: The 4th part.
La duodecima parte: The 12th part.

[Footnote 65: If the cardinal number ends in a vowel, this is elided, as veinte—un veintavo (1/20th). If it ends in ce the c is changed into z as, doce—un dozavo (1/12th).]

Collective Numbers.

Un par: A pair. Una treintena: A set of 30.[66]
Una decena (half a score).[66] Una centena: A set of 100.[66]
Una docena (a dozen).[66] Un centenar: A set of 100.[66]
Una veintena: A score.[66] Un ciento: A set of 100.[66]
Un millar: A set of 1,000.[66]

[Footnote 66: Also the number approximately, as: Una treintena de libros: (about 30 books).]

[Footnote 67: This tense is formed from the first person singular of the present indicative by changing the last vowel into =e= for the 1st conjugation and into =a= for the 2nd and 3rd conjugations. These remain the ruling vowels throughout the tense.

N.B.—The Subjunctive Mood occurs only in dependent sentences when the action is not expressed in a positive manner but is doubtful or merely contingent.]

VOCABULARY.

=actual=, present =al por mayor, por menor=, wholesale, retail =arroz=, rice =articulo=, article =asociacion de obreros=, trade union =blanquear=, to bleach =ya caigo=, I understand, I see =colocar=, to place =*conseguir=, to get =consignacion=, consignment =contenido=, contents =decadencia=, decadence =delegado=, delegate =demasiado=, too, too much =dificil=, difficult =driles labrados=, figured drills =driles lisos=, plain drills =entrar a reinar=, to begin to reign =escoger, *elegir=, to choose, to select =extrano=, strange, queer, funny =el germen=, the germ =grueso=, thick, stout =hallar=, to find =ilustrado=, enlightened =incluyendo=, enclosing =limitar=, to limit =mientrastanto=, meanwhile =*obtener=, to get =peso=, weight =poder=, power =podriamos=, we should be able to, might, could =proximo=, next =rebaja=, abatement =rebajar, *reducir=, reduce, to abate =reduccion=, abatement, reduction =reunion=, meeting =*salir=, to come, to go, out =*salir en=, to come to =solo= (adj.), alone =solo, solamente= (adv.), only =sujeto a=, subject to =sumar=, to add =tocino=, bacon =tomar=, to take =varios=, several =verificarse=, to take place[68] =*verse obligado a=, to be compelled to[69]

[Footnote 68: Lit.: to verify itself.]

[Footnote 69: Lit.: to see oneself obliged.]

EXERCISE 1 (13).

Translate into English—

1. ?Cual envio han recibido Vs.?

2. Nos han llegado el primero y el cuarto, pero el tercer lote no ha llegado todavia.

3. El postrer hombre a entrar en la reunion fue el delegado de la asociacion de obreros.

4. ?(A) cuanto por libra cuesta este tocino?

5. Al por menor sale en seis peniques y cuarto, pero al por mayor podriamos darlo a cinco y tercio o talvez un poquito menos, digamos (say) cinco y cinco dieciseisavos.

6. ?Puede V. sumar tres dozavos y siete quinzavos?

7. Si, Senor, esto hace ciento veintinueve cientiochentavos.

8. iQue fraccion tan extrana!

9. Lo es en efecto pero se da (it is given)[70] solo por ejemplo.

10. iAh, ya caigo!

11. Felipe II entro a reinar en 1556. Ningun soberano (sovereign) de Europa podia competir en poder y en Estados con el, pero ya desde ese tiempo se observan (are observed)[70] los germenes de la decadencia que se verifico despues.

12. Alfonso XIII actual rey de Espana es un monarca ilustrado y constitucional.

13. La nueva Espana espera mucho de el.

14. El primero y el quince de cada (each) mes, la Compania efectua (effects) sus pagos.

15. Hoy estamos a (to-day is) cinco de Junio de 1911.

[Footnote 70: The verb with SE is reflexive or passive: se da, it gives itself or it is given; se observan, they observe themselves or are observed.]

EXERCISE 2 (14).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I shall be compelled (me vere obligado a) to abandon this undertaking. It is too difficult.

2. We received a consignment of rice, but the price demanded (pedido), 2-15/16d. a lb., is too dear; we shall never be able (nunca podremos) to get it; a better quality (calidad), whiter and stouter, was placed at 2-29/32d. but (solo) a few days ago (hace algunos dias).

3. If you cannot sell your plain and figured drills at the figures quoted it will be necessary to abate the price.

4. I shall accept those bleached linens subject to an abatement of 5 per cent.

5. We shall consult our partners; meanwhile let us leave (dejemos)[71] the matter in abeyance (en suspenso).

6. He has chosen several designs (disenos, dibujos) for his lot of prints, but he finds that three of them are wrong (estan equivocados).

7. Some firms always give wrong (falsos, inexactos) weights in their declarations.

8. He ordered the wrong article (un … por otro).

9. You are wrong (V. se equivoca), it is the right (justo, exacto) article.

10. This cloth is finished on the wrong side (al reves).

11. We received your favour (su atenta) of 10th instant (del corriente), enclosing copy of your previous letter 1st ult. (p deg., p deg..) and have taken note of its contents.

12. By next mail (mala) we shall send you all the details required (que Vs. necesitan).

[Footnote 71: The Imperative Mood is like the Pres. Subj., except in the 2nd Person.]

LESSON VIII.
(Leccion octava.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

We shall divide the Personal Pronouns into Subject Pronouns and Object
Pronouns.[72]

[Footnote 72: Grammarians often give the names—
          Nominative case for the Subject pronouns
          Accusative " " " Direct object pronouns
          Dative " " " Indirect object pronouns]

Instead of "Tu" or "Vosotros,-as," =V=. and =Vs=. are used in general conversation as already stated (the verb following in the 3rd person).

N.B.—These pronouns are left understood when no emphasis is required or where no ambiguity is possible, as—

(Yo) compro las telas: I buy the cloths.
(El) gira las letras y firma las cartas: He draws the bills and signs
the letters.
(Ella) ha tenido una entrevista con su abogado: She has had an interview
with her barrister, lawyer or solicitor.

But—

Yo he comprado la partida de ferreteria y quincalla y no V.: I have bought the lot of ironware and small ware and not you.

=Object Pronouns=.

These are divided into two classes—1. =Disjunctive=, viz., following a preposition—

  Mi (me) Nosotros-as (us)
  Ti (thee) Vosotros-as (you)
  El (him, it, m.) Ellos-as (them)
  Ella (her, it, f.) Ello (neuter) (it, referring
                               to a whole statement)
  V. (you, sing.) Vs. (you, pl.)

EXAMPLES—

Ellos hablan de mi: They speak of me.
Nosotros trabajamos para el: We work for him.
Ella confia en ti, en V.: She trusts thee, you.
V. se declara contra ellos: You declare against them.

2. =Conjunctive=, viz., direct or indirect object of verb (without a preposition).

  El me[73] ama (he loves me) El nos ama (he loves us)
  El te ama (he loves thee) El os ama (he loves you)
  El lo or le ama (he loves El los ama (he loves them,
          him, it, m.) m.)
  El la ama (he loves her, El las ama (he loves them,
          or it, f.) f.)

[Footnote 73: N.B.—In the conjunctive form the 1st and 2nd persons are the same for both direct and indirect objects, but the 3rd pers. differs.]

EXAMPLES of Indirect Object—

El me da he gives me (to me)
El te da he gives thee (to thee)
El le da he gives him (to him), her (to her), it (to it)
El nos da he gives us (to us)
El os da he gives you (to you)
El les da he gives them (to them, m. and f.)

The direct and indirect object of verb may also be rendered by the pronoun in the Disjunctive form preceded by =a=, as—

a mi me or to me direct and indirect object a ti thee or to thee " " " " a el him or to him, " " " " it (m.) or " " " " to it (m.) " " " " a ella her or to her, " " " " it (f.) or " " " " to it (f.) " " " " a nosotros-as us or to us " " " " a vosotros-as you or to you " " " " a ellos them or " " " " to them (m.) " " " " a ellas them or " " " " to them (f.) " " " "

We have then a double form for the pronouns used as direct and indirect object of verb—one Conjunctive, the other Disjunctive.

The =Conjunctive= form is that in general use.

The =Disjunctive= form is employed when emphasis or distinctness is required. It is seldom used alone,[74] Spaniards preferring to use it as a repetition after having used the Conjunctive form, as—

El me ama a mi: He loves me.

El nos vende a nosotros generos estampados y a V. generos de fantasia: He sells to us printed cloth and to you fancies.

Yo le quiero ver a el y no a ella: I wish to see him and not her.

Dele V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella.
Give him the money and her the books.

De V. el dinero a el y los libros a ella.
Give him the money and her the books.

[Footnote 74: In sentences like "Le pagaran mas que a mi" (they will pay him more than me), "me pagaran" is understood after que.]

VOCABULARY.

=acero=, steel =antes=, before—in point of time =asunto= (not =sujeto=), the subject-matter =Bolsa=, the Exchange =calcular=, to calculate =celebrarse=, to be celebrated, to take place =compania anonima=, limited company =*concebir=, to conceive =conjuncion=, conjunction =desfavorable=, unfavourable =donde=, where =emision=, issue, of loans, etc. =emplearse=, to be employed, to be used =espalda=, shoulder (back) =explicar= to explain =explanar= to explain =falta de aceptacion=, non-acceptance =falta de pago=, non-payment =la frase=, the phrase, sentence =ganancias y perdidas=, profits and losses =el gerente=, the manager =*gobernar=, to govern =*haber=, there to be[75] =hay=, there is[75] =hay=, there are =el hecho=, the fact =la ley=, the law =llamar=, to call =mas adelante=, later on =la mente=, the mind =los negocios=, the business =Pascua=, Easter =posicion=, position =proyecto=, scheme, plan =pues, entonces=, then =regresar=, to come or go back =*saber=, to know =la semana pasada=, last week =sirvase V=., please =tenga la bondad de=, please =tratar=, to try =*valer=, to be worth =valor=, courage =*volver=, to turn, to go back, to turn back

[Footnote 75: As an impersonal verb, "haber" makes "hay" instead of "ha" in the Pres. Indicative.]

EXERCISE 1 (15).

Translate into English—

1. ?Usamos nunca el modo subjuntivo en una frase principal?

2. No, Senor, aunque hay quien lo diga (some who say so).

3. ?Donde lo empleamos pues?

4. En frases dependientes de ciertos verbos y conjunciones.

5. ?Y como sabemos que despues de estos se debe emplear el verbo (must be used) en subjuntivo?

6. Porque entonces la accion del verbo es representada[76] solo como concebida en la mente y no se habla de ella como de un hecho.

7. ?Nos explicara V. esta regla otra vez mas adelante?

8. Si. No hago mas que introducir (I only introduce) el asunto.

9. Tan pronto como (as soon as) volvemos la espalda, nuestros negocios principian a sufrir.

10. Un caballero no hace nunca nada en espalda de otro, sino que (but) habla claro, y tiene el valor de sus opiniones.

11. ?Cuando regresara el gerente del Banco?

12. Estara de vuelta (he will be back) hoy en quince.

13. Debe asistir a (attend) la reunion de Directores que se celebrara en Londres a primeros del mes que viene (at the beginning of next month).

14. El mercado de Coloniales (Colonial produce) carece de (lacks) animacion.

15. Carecemos de noticias del vapor en que van los granos (carrying the grain).

16. ?Como han salido Vs. de aquella especulacion en las minas de cobre (copper mines)?

17. Hemos salido muy mal, la relacion semestral (half-yearly report) de la compania hace constar (shows) una situacion muy desfavorable y no habra dividendo este ano.

18. Talvez se remedien las cosas (things) el ano proximo.

19. Hay que esperarlo (let us hope so).

[Footnote 76: Or se representa.]

EXERCISE 2 (16).

Translate into Spanish—

1. We beg to confirm (confirmamos)[77] our cable (cable) of last week.

2. They calculated their profits and losses.

3. I calculate upon doing it (cuento con hacerlo) before Easter.

4. This is not calculated to produce (no se cree que esto producira) any bad impression.

5. He called him to his house.

6. We take the liberty to call your attention to the position of your account (nos tomamos la libertad de dirigir …).

7. The creditors were called (convocados) to a meeting.

8. I was called away (tuve que ausentarme).

9. I shall call at (pasare por) the exchange.

10. All the old issues were called in (se recogieron).

11. The "Shannon" will call at (hara escala en) Cadiz.

12. They will make a call (pediran una cuota) of L1 per share.

13. This steel is worth much less than that.

14. It is not worth (no vale la pena de) buying.

15. This limited company is worth (posee) L50,000.

16. This scheme is worthy of study (merece ser estudiado).

17. Please protest the bill in case of non-acceptance and then again for non-payment.

18. The law of supply and demand (demanda y oferta) governs the markets of the world (mundo).

19. The deeds (las actas) were all signed by a notary (notario).

20. Kindly take due note (debida or buena nota) of our signature at foot (firma al pie).

21. All our efforts (esfuerzos) have been of no avail (en balde, en vano).

22. In vain (en balde, en vano) we tried.

[Footnote 77: Do not translate "beg" before an infinitive.

LESSON IX.
(Leccion novena.)

PERSONAL PRONOUNS (contd.).

Pronouns in the Disjunctive form occupy the same position in the sentence as they do in English.

Pronouns in the Conjunctive form precede the verb, as—

El los compro: He bought them.

Yo le mostrare a V. mi libro mayor y mi diario: I shall show you my ledger and journal or day-book.

Mi cajero les pagara lo que les debo: My cashier will pay you what I owe you.

Nos ha exhibido su libro de facturas: He showed us his invoice book.

Me cedio los valores y efectos en cartera: He made over to me his stock of securities and bills.

El corredor le vio en la agencia de los vapores: The broker saw him at the steamship agent's.

EXCEPTIONS—

1. When a sentence begins with a verb, especially if the sentence is a long one, the Conjunctive pronoun may follow the verb, except when this is in the Subjunctive Mood, as—

Bonificole esta cantidad en cuenta corriente para no perder el cliente: He credited him the amount in A/c current in order not to lose his customer.

N.B.—Students should not indulge in this liberty until they have acquired practice in the language. In conversation this change seldom occurs. When the change is used the Subject Pronoun is generally left understood.

2. When the verb is in the Infinitive Mood, Gerund, or Imperative Mood,[78] the Conjunctive Pronoun must follow, and is joined to the verb to form one word: as—

Lo mejor con estos generos es venderlos en subasta:
The best thing with these goods is to sell them by auction.

Abandonandole la ganancia acabaremos con el asunto:
By giving up the profit to him, we shall end the matter.

Refieralos V. a los armadores: Refer them to the shipowners.

Hagannos Vs. esta bonificacion: Make us this allowance.

Carguenos en cuenta este renglon: Debit this line to our account.

Abonenle la suma que reclama: Credit him with the amount he claims.

[Footnote 78: By Imperative Mood, we mean Imperative Mood Affirmative. In Spanish there is no imperative mood negative, its place being taken by the Present Subjunctive, as—

Hablale tu: Speak to him.
No le hables tu: Do not speak to him.]

If two Conjunctive pronouns meet, contrary to the English general rule, the pronoun which stands as indirect object precedes the pronoun standing as direct object,[79] as—

Ellos nos lo garantizan: They guarantee it to us.

If these two pronouns are both in the 3rd person, the indirect object is changed into =Se=, as—

Nosotros se lo vendimos: We sold it to him.
V. se lo mando (a ella)[80]: You sent it to her.
Nosotros se lo aconsejamos (a ellos)[80]: We gave them that advice.
Yo se lo digo (a V.)[80]: I tell it to you.

[Footnote 79: Combinations of me and te are very rare, and then te precedes whether direct or indirect object, the context clearly showing the meaning. In such cases it is better, however, to use a disjunctive form, for the indirect object, as—

El te da a mi: He gives thee to me.
El me da a ti: He gives me to thee.]

[Footnote 80: A el, a ella, a V., etc., may be added for clearness, when otherwise ambiguity might occur.]

VOCABULARY.

=administrador=, manager (of a branch house, etc.) =arancel=, custom-house tariff =aviso=, advice, notice =confianza=, trust, confidence =constantemente=, constantly =conveniente=, convenient, suitable =correo=, post, post office =*dar aviso=, to inform, to give notice to leave =*dar aviso de despedida=, to give notice of dismissal =de moda=, fashionable =devolver=, to give or send back =efectuar=, to effect =favorable=, favourable =fijar=, to fix =holgazan, haragan=, lazy =honrar=, to honour =indicar=, to indicate, to point out =largo=, long =noticia, noticias=, news =*poner en condiciones=, to enable =por=, or =de, su cuenta=, on his account =el sobre=, the envelope =tomar nota=, to take note, to notice =venta=, sale

EXERCISE 1 (17).

Translate into English—

1. Me aprecia. Te necesita. Le manda. Lo cree. Nos halla. Os busca.

2. Son generos de moda, los vende muy bien.

3. Son buenas plumas, las usamos constantemente.

4. Me escribe que te envia los sobres.

5. Le indica el medio mas conveniente.

6. Nos honra con (with) su confianza.

7. Os fija sus limites.

8. Les da su cotizacion.

9. Creernos.

10. Mandarnos los presupuestos (estimates).

11. Venderles a credito.

12. Dandonos sus instrucciones tan claras, nos pone en condiciones de servirle a toda su satisfaccion (his entire satisfaction).

13. Digannos Vs. (tell us) la verdad.

14. El me lo escribio.

15. Nosotros te lo mandaremos.

16. El nos lo explico.

17. Yo os lo enviare.

18. Se lo escribiremos a el.

19. Se lo explicaremos a ella.

20. Compraron los generos y se los vendieron a ellos.

21. Vendieron las telas y se las mandaron a ellas.

22. ?Me lo dice V. (do you say) a mi?

23. Si, Senor, se lo digo a V. mismo (I say it to you yourself)

24. Yo mismo lo mande.

25. V. mismo me lo ha escrito.

26. Nosotros mismos no podriamos (could not) hacerlo mejor.

27. El me lo dio (gave) a mi, y yo se lo entregue a el.

28. Su socio es mejor que el, y el es mejor que ella.

EXERCISE 2 (18).

Translate into Spanish—

1. Did you see (vio V.) the new Custom House tariff?

2. Yes, I saw (vi) it.

3. It is more favourable to us than the old.

4. We sent it to the manager of our Liverpool branch (sucursal).

5. We sent it to him yesterday; he will return it to us after he has read it (despues que lo haya leido).

6. Did you give (dio V.) it (m.) to me or to him?

7. I gave (di) it to you, not to him.

8. Well (bien)! he says (dice) that he will not give it to me until you tell him to do so (hasta que V. se lo diga).

9. He took it with him, and we took it with us.

10. I shall take it (f.) with me.[81]

11. Take it with thee.[81]

12. It is a long letter, but it is necessary to write it to-day.

13. Writing it to-day you are in time (a tiempo) for the post.

14. Mr. So-and-So gave more money to you than to me.

15. We have taken notice of it.

16. Take due notice of the contents (del contenido) of the letter.

17. Give him notice (aviso) of the sales you effected on (por) his account.

18. There is nothing worthy of notice (no hay nada de particular) in our market to-day.

19. I gave him notice because he is very lazy.

20. This circumstance (circunstancia) must have escaped your notice (debe habersele pasado por alto).

21. Do not take any notice of him (no le haga V. caso).

22. I gave notice to my landlord (propietario).

[Footnote 81: See next note.]

LESSON X.
(Leccion decima.)

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

These pronouns are not, of course, used as subject of the verb. They are used as the object of the verb when this and the subject are the same.

They are the same as the other personal pronouns, as—

Conjunctive form. Disjunctive form.

myself me mi thyself te ti

EXCEPTION— 3rd person for both genders & numbers: se si

EXAMPLES—

El se ama: He loves himself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Maria habla siempre de si[82]: Mary is always talking about herself.

Nosotros nos divertimos al mismo tiempo que hacemos negocios: We enjoy ourselves at the same time as we do business.

Ellos se respetan a si y a otros tambien: They respect themselves and others too.

Mismo-a,-os,-as, may be added to the disjunctive form for emphasis, as—

Maria habla siempre de si misma: Mary always speaks of herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa: She attributes the fault to herself.

Ella se atribuye la culpa a si: She attributes the fault to herself. (more emphatic).

Ella se atribuye la culpa a si misma: She attributes the fault to herself (still more emphatic).

[Footnote 82: After con (with) si becomes Sigo; same change with mi and ti: conmigo, contigo, consigo, written in one word.]

The pronoun =Se= with any verb in the 3rd pers. sing. or plural may be used to form the passive voice, as—

Se ha cerrado el almacen: The warehouse has been closed.

Se han encaminado las reclamaciones a la Compania de Seguros[83]:
The claims have been referred to the Insurance Company.

[ootnote 83: This form is preferable when the "doer" is not mentioned.]

=Se= followed by a verb in the 3rd pers. sing.[84] translates the English "one," "people," "they" (indefinite), as the French "on" and the German "man," as—-

Se dice que habra un alza[85] en el mercado: They say, or it is said, that there will be a rise in the market.

Se cree que no habra Reforma Arancelaria en Inglaterra: People think, or it is thought, that there will not be Tariff Reform in England.

En la vejez se goza el fruto de una juventud laboriosa: In old age one enjoys the fruits of active youth or The fruits of active youth are enjoyed in old age.

[Footnote 84: Or we can use the 3rd pers. plur. of the verb without the pronoun.]

[Footnote 85: Or "una alza" (both used).]

As will be seen, this is really a form of the passive voice rendered by "se," as "se goza" instead of "es gozado." But there are more typical examples, as—

Los generos se han fabricado en Irlanda y se los ha (not han) plegado como lienzos irlandeses: The goods were made in Ireland and they folded them as Irish Linens.

A Conjunctive Reflexive Pronoun, whether direct or indirect object, always precedes any other conjunctive pronoun, as—-

Yo me lo reservo: I reserve it for myself.
Nosotros nos lo guardamos: We keep it for ourselves.
Se me dice: It is said to me (it says itself to me).
Se les venden las telas: The cloths are sold to them.
Nosotros nos le confiamos: We entrust ourselves to him.
Vosotros os les empenasteis en L1,000: You pledged yourselves to them
for L1,000.

[Footnote 86: This tense is formed from the Past Def. by changing the termination ron of the 3rd pers. pl. into se, ses, se, semos, seis sen, in all the three conjugations.]

VOCABULARY.

=en la actualidad, al momento=, at present =a menudo=, often =acostumbrarse=, to accustom oneself =admitir=, to acknowledge =aparecer=, to appear =aplicarse=, to apply oneself =ayuda=, help =boletin=, form, slip, price list =caucho seco=, dry rubber =cebada y avena=, barley and oats =cifras=, figures =la compra=, the purchase =*contar (con)=, to count, to rely on =la costumbre=, custom =cualquiera=, any (affirm.) =cuidadosamente=, carefully =declararse en quiebra=, to file one's petition in bankruptcy =dedicarse=, to devote oneself =dirigirse=, to address oneself =escribirse=, to write to each other, to one another =escuchar=, to listen to =exacto=, exact, accurate =firmeza=, firmness =industria azucarera=, sugar industry =los informes=, information =lisonjearse=, to flatter oneself =llamarse=, to be called =el montaje=, the erection of machinery, etc. =*moverse=, to be moved, driven (machinery) =operadores=, dealers (on 'Change) =partida=, lot (of goods) =perfeccionar=, to perfect, improve (machinery) =*reconocer=, to acknowledge =recursos=, means = respetar=, to respect =seccion=, section =tacharse=, to censure, to blame, oneself =tejidos=, textiles, cloths =ultimamente=, lately =unicamente=, solely, only

EXERCISE 1 (19).

Translate into English—

1. Nos dirigimos a Vs. por informes sobre la casa cuyo (whose) nombre aparece en el boletin adjunto.

2. Se aplicaron a la industria azucarera y consiguieron buenos resultados.

3. Me he acostumbrado a este trabajo.

4. Te has dedicado al comercio.

5. Tiene mucha opinion de si (mismo).

6. Cuenta (he relies) consigo unicamente.

7. Se debe pensar a si y tambien a los otros.

8. Estos tejidos se llaman "uniones."

9. Las dos casas se escriben[87] en frances.

10. Estos tornos y estas sierras mecanicas (these lathes and sawing machines) se mueven por motor electrico.

11. Se los ha perfeccionado mucho ultimamente.

12. ?Se envian las maquinas en secciones?

13. Si, Senor, y se las marca cuidadosamente para facilitar el montaje.

14. Se dice que llegaron grandes partidas de Cebada y Avena, ?piensa V. que influiran en los precios?

15. Asi se cree.

16. Entonces resultara (or resultara pues) alguna ventaja para los consumidores (consumers).

17. No puedo tacharme de imprevidencia (want of foresight) por no haberme abastecido (supplied, stocked) a tiempo, pues (because) carecia de los recursos necesarios para hacerlo (to do so).

[Footnote 87: Reflexive Pronouns in the plural are also Reciprocal.]

EXERCISE 2 (20).

Translate into Spanish—

1. I flatter myself that you will be pleased with (le gustaran) my purchases seeing (visto) the firmness of prices at present.

2. We consider ourselves lucky (dichosos de) not to have listened to their advice (consejo).

3. He is always speaking of himself and of his business.

4. He found himself a loser (a perder).

5. They declared themselves bankrupts (they filed their petition in bankruptcy).

6. They wrote to each other often.

7. He respects himself.

8. He himself respects old customs.

9. We acknowledge we are wrong.

10. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (acusamos recibo de).

11. We shall gratefully acknowledge (agradeceremos infinito) any help you may render (preste) to our friend.

12. We hope you will be very accurate in your figures.

13. The output (producto) for the first two months of the current year was 18,668 lbs. dry rubber.

14. The bill market (los cambios) was very firm to-day but there was little doing (poco se hizo).

15. Dealers were reluctant (se mostraron contrarios) to do business in the securities.

16. Rubber shares were lifeless (muy desanimadas), but prices were maintained (se mantuvieron).

LESSON XI.
(Leccion decima primera.)

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

A Possessive Adjective accompanies a noun; a Possessive pronoun stands for a noun.

The =Possessive Adjectives= are—

EXAMPLES—

Mi embarque: My shipment.
Nuestro arreglo: Our arrangement.
Su sinceridad: His, her, or their sincerity.
Tu beneficio: Thy benefit.
Sus fondos: His funds, capital.

De el, de ella, de ellos, de V., etc., may be added for the sake of clearness, but are not needed when the sense is clear without them.[88]

In the 3rd person (but not in the 1st and 2nd) instead of "su … de el," "su … de V.," etc., we may say "el … de el," "el … de V.," etc.

[Footnote 88: "De V." is added also for politeness ("V." being a title in itself—your grace).]

The =Possessive Pronouns= are—

El mio, la mia, los mios, las mias (mine).
El tuyo, la tuya, los tuyos, las tuyas (thine).
El suyo, la suya, los suyos, las suyas (his, hers, theirs, yours,
polite).
El nuestro, la nuestra, los nuestros, las nuestras (ours).
El vuestro, la vuestra, los vuestros, las vuestras (yours familiar).

The Possessive Pronoun must be preceded by the definite article except when it follows the verb "to be" ("Ser") and ownership is asserted.

EXAMPLES—

Su casa es mas importante que la mia: His firm is more important than mine.

V. ha acabado su trabajo, pero yo no he principiado el mio: You have finished your work, but I have not started mine.

Estos titulos y acciones son mios: These bonds and shares are mine (viz., belong to me).[89]

[Footnote 89: If the intention is only to distinguish between one object and another the article is maintained; as, Estas son mis acciones, aquellas son las de V. (these are my shares, those are yours).]

=Possessive Adjectives Emphatic=. If any emphasis is placed on the possessive adjectives, the forms of the possessive pronouns are used, following the noun, as—

Quiero la maleta mia y no la de su amigo: I want my portmanteau, not your friend's.

"A friend of mine," "a customer of yours" will be translated "un amigo de los mios," "un cliente de los suyos," or also "un amigo mio," "un cliente suyo," without the preposition de.

The Possessive Pronoun preceded by the neuter article =lo= denotes "property in general," as—

Lo mio (mine—that which is mine).
Lo nuestro (ours—that which belongs to us).
Lo suyo or lo propio (one's own property).
Lo ajeno (other people's property (that which belongs to others)).

In addressing a person translate "my," etc., by "mio," etc., as—

Amigo mio: My friend.
Muy Senor mio (usual introduction to a Spanish letter).

But if the noun is qualified by an adjective, both "mi" and "mio" are used ("mi" is more general), as Mi querido amigo (my dear friend).

[Footnote 90: Used just the same as the 1st form; but it may also be used instead of the Conditional Mood.]

[Footnote 91: Refers to a future doubtful action; little used. Its place is generally supplied by the Present Subjunctive, and, after si (if), by the Present Indicative.]

VOCABULARY.

=*atenerse a= to adhere to =*adherir a= to adhere to =ajustar=, to adjust =apresurarse a=, to hasten to. =asegurar=, to secure =averia=, average (damage by sea-water, etc.) =buque=, ship =buque de vapor=, steamer =buque de vela=, sailing vessel =cabida=, room, space =codiciar=, to covet =deber=, to owe, must =debido a=, owing to =direccion=, address =encaminar=, to forward =hierro=, iron =mensual=, monthly =mercado de granos=, grain market =muestra=, sample =peticion=, request =pormenores, detalles=, particulars, details =por tanto=, =por eso=, therefore =proporcionado=, =adecuado=, adequate =puerto=, port =relacion=, report =representante=, representative =resto, restante=, remainder =resultado=, result =riesgo=, risk (=a= or =por) saldo=, (in) settlement =satisfecho=, satisfied =siguiente=, following =someter=, to submit =(la) sucursal=, branch house =surtido=, assortment, selection =vigas=, beams

EXERCISE 1 (21).

Translate into English—

1. Su representante de V. me ha sometido sus (his) muestras y dentro de pocos dias hare un surtido.

2. En seno (herewith) les enviamos nuestro precio corriente.

3. Sirvase V. consignar los generos a la orden mia y no a la (orden) del Sr. Fulano, como lo hacia V. antes.

4. Su casa y la mia estan ambas (both) interesadas en esta especulacion.

5. Les embarcaremos sus vigas de hierro por el proximo vapor y las (vigas) de su sucursal de Rosario con el buque siguiente.

6. Nuestro buque de vela el "Neron" saldra (will leave) en breve (shortly).

7. Queremos lo nuestro pero no codiciamos lo ajeno.

8. Nuestro catalogo contiene todos los pormenores necesarios.

9. Debemos su nombre de V. al Sr. Fulano.

10. Nos tomamos la libertad de solicitar sus apreciables ordenes.

Pitman's Commercial Spanish Grammar (2nd ed.)

About This Book

EXERCISE 2 (10).

CARDINAL NUMBERS.

VOCABULARY.

EXERCISE 1 (11).

EXERCISE 2 (12).

ORDINAL NUMBERS AND FRACTIONS.

VOCABULARY.

EXERCISE 1 (13).

EXERCISE 2 (14).

PERSONAL PRONOUNS.

EXAMPLES—

VOCABULARY.

EXERCISE 1 (15).

EXERCISE 2 (16).

EXCEPTIONS—

VOCABULARY.

EXERCISE 1 (17).

EXERCISE 2 (18).

REFLEXIVE PRONOUNS.

EXAMPLES—

VOCABULARY.

EXERCISE 1 (19).

EXERCISE 2 (20).

POSSESSIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.

EXAMPLES—

EXAMPLES—

VOCABULARY.

EXERCISE 1 (21).