11. A nuestro parecer (in our opinion) su clientela de V. es mejor que la suya de el.
EXERCISE 2 (22).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We beg (tenemos el gusto de) to inform you that your order has been placed at your prices owing to the fall experienced (que tuvimos) in our market.
2. In our monthly report, which we beg to enclose, we have stated (consignado) the present position of our grain market.
3. Please forward the enclosed letters to their address.
4. Our risk would be great and therefore we must adhere to our request of an adequate commission.
5. The average having been adjusted we now hasten to enclose our cheque for L59 16s. 9d. in settlement of your claim as per statement enclosed.
6. Trusting (en la confianza que) you will be satisfied with (con or de) this result, we are, yours faithfully (somos de Vs. attos. y S.S.Q.B.S.M.[92]).
7. We have secured room for the remainder of your machinery in the steamer leaving (que saldra de) our port on the 10th prox.
[Footnote 92: Atentos y seguros servidores (que besan sus manos). The words in brackets are not used in South America and some Spanish firms also omit them. Instead of q.b.s.m., Spaniards have lately adopted: q.e.s.m. (que estrechan sus manos).]
LESSON XII.
(Leccion decima segunda.)
DEMONSTRATIVE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
A demonstrative adjective accompanies a noun and a demonstrative pronoun stands for a noun.
The =Demonstrative Adjectives= are—
+———————————+————————————————————-+ |Este, esta (this). |Estos, estas[93] (these). | |Ese, esa (that). |Esos, esas_[93]_ (those—near to the | | | person addressed). | |Aquel, aquella (that).|Aquellos, aquellas (those—removed | | | from both speaker and addressee). | +———————————+————————————————————-+
[Footnote 93: Sometimes "estotro," "estotra," "esotro," "esotra," but these and other forms are obsolete.]
The difference between Ese and Aquel is not strictly observed. However, in cases like "this box," "that table," "that cupboard yonder," use ese for the nearer of the two removed from the speaker: "Esta caja," "esa mesa," "aquel armario."
The =Demonstrative Pronouns= are the same as the above, with the addition of—
Neuter form Esto, eso, aquello[94] (this, that). This has no plural and is used—
1. In reference to a whole sentence, as—
El mercado del algodon esta muy abatido; esto me desanima: The cotton market is very flat; this disconcerts me.
2. In reference to something pointed at, without referring to what the thing is,[95] as—
?Que es eso? What is that? (thing there, whatever it may be.)
Este, ese, aquel, etc., are accented when a stress is placed on them; Este is also used for "the latter" and Aquel for "the former."[96]
Instead of ese, etc., aquel, etc., before que and de, the definite article is generally used, as—
El aumento de precio de hoy y el[97] que tuvimos ayer: The increase in price to-day and that we had yesterday.
La remesa anterior y la que haremos hoy: The previous shipment and that we are sending to-day.
El flete del aceite y el de los vinos: The freight on oil, and that on wine.
Mis documentos y los de mi jefe: My documents and those of my chief (employer).
Lo que (instead of "aquello que") escribo es la pura verdad: That which (what) I write is the honest truth.
[Footnote 94: "Eso" and "aquello" are used practically indiscriminately.]
[Footnote 95: French "ceci," "cela."]
[Footnote 96: Esto es—namely, that is …]
[Footnote 97: It might appear to be an abbreviation of "aquel," but it is not] so.
A preposition may precede que, as—
?Que libro es ese? Es el en que escribimos ayer: What book is that? It is that in which we wrote yesterday.
?Que carta quiere V.? La a que me referi ayer: What letter do you want?
That to which I referred yesterday.
?Que plumas son estas? Son las con que yo escribia: What pens are these?
They are those with which I wrote.
Esta translates the commercial phrase, "our place," "our market."
Esa translates the commercial phrase, "your place," "your market."
As—
El mercado en esta esta muy flojo: The market here is very slack.
Nos dicen los armadores que el cargamento llegara a esa el 15 del mes entrante: The shipowners inform us that the cargo will reach your town on the 15th prox.
+——————————————————————————————————-+ | Subjunctive Mood, Present Tense. | +—————————-+————————-+———————-+———————-+ | =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | +—————————-+————————-+———————-+———————-+ |Que yo haya (that I|Tenga (that I |Sea (that I |Este (that I | | may have, etc.) | may have, etc.)| may be, etc.)| may be, etc.)| | " tu hayas |Tengas |Seas |Estes | | " el haya |Tenga |Sea |Este | | " nosotros |Tengamos |Seamos |Estemos | | hayamos | | | | | " vosotros |Tengais |Seais |Esteis | | hayais | | | | | " ellos hayan |Tengan |Sean |Esten | +—————————-+————————-+———————-+———————-+
VOCABULARY.
=a ese respecto=, in that respect =acusar=, to accuse, to show =al menos=, at least =barca a motor= motor-boat =barca automovil= motor-boat =carriles, rieles, railes=, rails =competidor, contrincante=, competitor, neighbour[98] =condiciones=, terms =contra=, against =deprimir=, to depress =descarga=, discharge, the discharging =desgracia=, misfortune =dias de estadia=, lay days =dificultad=, difficulty =elevar=, to raise, to enhance =esta visto=, it is obvious =evitar=, to avoid =fletar=, to freight =mar alborotada=, heavy sea =mercado algodonero=, cotton market =mina de carbon=, colliery =*ofrecer=, to offer =oscilacion=, uncertainty, wavering, ups and downs =perturbar=, to disturb =sorprendente=, surprising =suma redonda=, lump sum =*volcar=, to capsize, to overturn
[Footnote 98: Neighbour, person living near: vecino.]
EXERCISE 1 (23).
Translate into English—
1. Debido a la ultima baja que se ha verificado en este mercado, podemos ofrecerles una reduccion de diez por ciento en los precios de esos generos.
2. Esta visto que el gobierno de aquella republica no solo no se ocupa de elevar el credito sino que tiene la desgracia de deprimirlo y de perturbar el mercado bursatil (the money market).
3. Se ha repetido en esta la oscilacion que hubo en la semana pasada.
4. Los consolidados (the consolidated) han abierto a 82 y la Renta Italiana a 101, habiendo bajado mas tarde aquellos a 81 1/2 y esta a 100.
5. El Amortizable 5% (the 5% Redeemable) subio hasta (to) 103.
6. La revista del mercado algodonero acusa una baja en los futures y la de la Bolsa un alza en todos los valores extranjeros.
7. Esto es muy natural, aquello es sorprendente.
8. Yo le digo esto: lo hare.
9. Eso me conviene.
EXERCISE 2 (24).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We shall ship these iron beams and those steel rails by a sailing vessel which we intend to (intentamos) freight at (por) a lump sum, with at least ten lay days for discharging.
2. This will avoid any (toda) difficulty in that respect.
3. A German motor-boat was making this week a trial run (excursion de prueba) in a (con la) heavy sea when she capsized (y se volco).
4. The net profits of this year show (muestran, acusan) an increase of L1,000.
5. The working (la explotacion) of those collieries has resulted in a loss.
6. Messrs. Brown & Co. of your city (de esa) have sent their agent over (aqui) to make considerable purchases.
7. We hastened to submit to them our best terms offering a credit of nine months against their acceptances.
8. These terms are better than those of our competitors. This is certain.
LESSON XIII.
(Leccion decima tercera.)
RELATIVE PRONOUNS.
+——————+—————-+——————————————————+ | Sing. | Plu. | | +——————+—————-+——————————————————+ |Quien |Quienes |(who, whom) | |El cual |Los cuales |(who, whom or which) | |La cual |Las cuales | | |Que | |(that) | |Cuyo |Cuyos |(whose, or of which (denoting | |Cuya |Cuyas | possession)) | +——————+—————-+——————————————————+
Quien is used for persons only. El cual and que are used for persons and things.
EXAMPLES—
El agente a quien (or al cual) hemos escrito: The agent to whom we have written.
?Son aquellas las partidas de azucares de las cuales me hablo V. ayer?
Are those the lots of sugar of which you spoke to me yesterday?
Me acuerdo de las personas y las cosas que V. ha mencionado: I remember the people and things that you mentioned.
El buque cuya tripulacion ha desembarcado: The ship whose crew has landed.
El comerciante a cuyo hijo hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.
Que is used very often instead of quien and el cual. Que is to be preferred when the clause following is a mere complement of the principal clause (preceding), and Quien or El cual only when the following clause is considered not less in importance than the clause preceding, viz., when it introduces _a new idea,[99] as—
?Ha visto V. al viajante que nos visito esta manana?
Have you seen the traveller who called on us this morning?
He conocido al banquero quien era hombre muy juicioso y prudente: I knew the banker who was a very wise and prudent man.
[Footnote 99: This is practically saying: after a comma, only the use of the comma is so arbitrary that we preferred to explain the rule fully.]
After ser and a noun or pronoun, translate "who" by quien, as—
Es el (Carlos) quien me lo ha dicho: It is he (Charles) who told it to me.
After a preposition translate "whom" by quien (pl., quienes)[100], and "which" by el cual (la cual, etc.).
[Footnote 100: "Que" is found but rarely.]
EXCEPTION—
After a, con, de, en, we can also translate "which" equally well by que, or el que, la que, los que, las que.[101]
[Footnote 101: "Que" or "El que" is found also after other prepositions but rarely.]
"Which" relating to a whole sentence is lo cual or lo que (naturally, because a whole sentence has no gender).
Instead of cuyo we may use de quien, del cual, de que, del que, as—
El buque, la tripulacion del cual, de que, or del que ha desembarcado:
The ship whose crew has landed.
El comerciante al hijo de quien, or del cual hemos conocido: The merchant whose son we have known.
"He who" is translated by aquel que, el que,[102] also quien.
"She who" is translated by aquella que, la[102] que, also quien.
"Those who" is translated by aquellos que, los[102] que, also quienes.
[Footnote 102: See Lesson XII.]
=Relative Pronouns= cannot be left out, understood, in Spanish, as—
El hombre a quien, or que vi: The man I saw.
Expressions as "The man I spoke to" must, of course, be rendered "The man to whom I spoke" (El hombre a quien hable).
Expressions as "I recommend you Messrs. So-and-So than which no better firm exists," are rendered "Le recomiendo a V. la casa de los Srs. Fulanos de Tal que no la hay mejor (or de la cual, or de la que no hay otra mejor)".
+——————————————————————————————————-+ | Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense. | +—————————-+———————-+———————-+————————-+ | =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | |Que yo hubiese |Tuviese (that I|Fuese (that I |Estuviese (that I| | (that I might, | might, would,| might, would,| might, would, | | would, or should| or should | or should | or should | | have, etc.) | have, etc.) | be, etc.) | be, etc.) | | " tu hubieses |Tuvieses |Fueses |Estuvieses | | " el hubiese |Tuviese |Fuese |Estuviese | | " nosotros |Tuviesemos |Fuesemos |Estuviesemos | | hubiesemos | | | | | " vosotros |Tuvieseis |Fueseis |Estuvieseis | | hubieseis | | | | | " ellos hubiesen |Tuviesen |Fuesen |Estuviesen | +—————————-+———————-+———————-+————————-+
VOCABULARY.
=amargo=, bitter =armador de buques=, shipowner =arreglar=, to arrange =el bien=, the good =buque, barco, navio=, boat =cauto=, cautious =*conocer=, to know through the senses, to be acquainted with =deuda=, debt =doloroso=, painful =endosar=, to endorse =ensenar=, to teach, to show =esperar=, to expect, to hope, to wait =estadisticas=, statistics =falta=, want, absence of =flojo=, slack =fundar=, to found =gratitud=, gratitude =*hacer mencion=, to mention =herida=, wound, sting =informar (de)=, to inform of, to acquaint with =llevar chasco=, to be disappointed, to be baffled =*negar=, to deny =periodico=, newspaper =premio=, reward, prize, premium =robar=, to rob, to steal =simpatico=, pleasant, winsome, taking =*tener empeno=, to be earnest, anxious about anything
EXERCISE 1 (25).
Translate into English—
1. El hombre que me hablo no es el a quien hemos escrito.
2. He aqui (here is) el libro que me enseno esta regla.
3. He escrito al hombre que nos endoso la letra.
4. He comprado el periodico que contiene aquellas estadisticas.
5. He arreglado con el negociante quien (or el cual) parece hombre muy simpatico.
6. El corredor, quien (or el cual) tiene mucho empeno en concluir la transaccion, me vino a ver otra vez (again) esta manana.
7. El capital, el cual se ha destinado a la explotacion de las minas, es intangible (cannot be touched).
8. El hombre a quien (or al cual) me refiero es armador de buques.
9. El negociante de quien (or del cual) le hablaba es integerrimo (most upright).
10. El asunto a que me referia (or de que trataba).
11. La pluma con que escribia y con la cual (or con la que) puede escribir V.
12. La mina en que (or en la cual) fundaba sus esperanzas.
13. El dinero sobre el cual contaba.
14. Los generos para los cuales se dio (was given) la orden.
15. ?Es el quien lo quiere y a cuyo hijo (or al hijo de quien) V. conoce?
EXERCISE 2 (26).
Translate into Spanish—
1. He who robs you of (roba) money robs you of little, but he who denies you a debt of well-deserved gratitude robs you of more, which is obvious.
2. Those who deny this (nieguen, (subj.)) have not experienced how (cuan) painful is the sting of ingratitude.
3. Those who do good should do it expecting ingratitude for (por) their reward, then they will not be disappointed.
4. It is a truth than which no bitterer exists.
5. The steamer I have bought is a first-class boat.
6. The little (pequena) house I paid for.
7. The firm I made mention of enjoys good credit.
8. I wonder (me pregunto yo) if this is the engineer whose son is a lawyer.
9. Their market is very slack at present, which accounts for (explica) the want of their remittances.
10. I acquainted them with all the facts, which made them very cautious.
11. We are acquainted with Mr. McIntyre (conocemos al), who is a Scotchman.
12. He is only an acquaintance (un conocido or un conocimiento).
LESSON XIV.
(Leccion decima cuarta.)
INTERROGATIVE PRONOUNS AND ADJECTIVES.
These are the same as the relative pronouns, only they are written with an accent—
?Quien,-es? (who, whom?)
?Cual,-es? (which?)
?Que? (what?)
?Cuyo,-a,-os,-as? (whose?)
?De quien,-es[103]? (whose?)
?Cuanto,-a,-os,-as? (how much, how many?)
[Footnote 103: "De quien" is more usual than "Cuyo" in interrogations.]
Cual when interrogative is used without the definite article which must accompany it when it is a relative pronoun. Quien, interrogative, is never an adjective.
EXAMPLES—
?Quien vino a verme? Who came to see me?
?Cual arreglo le gusta a V. mas? Which arrangement do you prefer?
?Cuyo es este lapiz? Whose is this pencil? or Whose
?Cuyo lapiz es este? pencil is this?
?De quien es este lapiz?
?De quien recibio V. la consignacion de madera? From whom did you receive the consignment of timber?
?A quienes nos refieren Vs. para informes? To whom do you refer us for information?
?Cuanto me cobrara V.? How much will you charge me?
Cual (which) is often used instead of the English "what", as—
?Cuales son sus intenciones? What are your intentions?
Que is used in exclamatory sentences—"what a", as—
iQue lastima! What a pity! iQue bonitos panos! What nice suitings![104]
[Footnote 104: Before an adjective without a noun following "que" translates the English "how":—iQue bonito! how nice!]
An emphatic tan or mas may be inserted, thus—
iQue pano tan bonito! What a very nice suiting! iQue hombre mas rico! What a very rich man!
Cual is used in exclamatory clauses instead of como (how), as—
iCual le han reducido las desgracias! How (or to what a state) misfortunes have reduced him! iCual la vi! How (or in what a state) did I see her!
Cuanto is also used in exclamations, as—
iCuanto le agradezco su amabilidad! How much obliged I am for your kindness!
Cual without article and without accent is used for "as," as—
Una casa (tal) cual yo la deseaba: A house (such) as I liked.
Such expressions as "He wrote me a letter, which letter I still possess," are translated "Me escribio una carta, cuya carta aun tengo."
Subjunctive Mood, Imperfect Tense (2nd form).
+———————————-+——————-+—————-+——————-+ =Haber=. | =Tener=. | =Ser=. | =Estar=. | +———————————-+——————-+—————-+——————-+ |Que yo hubiera |Tuviera |Fuera |Estuviera | | " tu hubieras |Tuvieras |Fueras |Estuvieras | | " el hubiera |Tuviera |Fuera |Estuviera | | " nosotros hubieramos|Tuvieramos |Fueramos |Estuvieramos | | " vosotros hubierais |Tuvierais |Fuerais |Estuvierais | | " ellos hubieran |Tuvieran |Fueran |Estuvieran | +———————————-+——————-+—————-+——————-+
Subjunctive Mood, Future Tense.
+———————————-+———————+——————+———————+ |Que yo hubiere (that |Tuviere (that |Fuere (that |Estuviere | | I shall have, | I shall have,| I shall be,| (that I shall| | etc.) | etc.) | etc.) | be, etc.) | | " tu hubieres |Tuvieres |Fueres |Estuvieres | | " el hubiere |Tuviere |Fuere |Estuviere | | " nosotros hubieremos|Tuvieremos |Fueremos |Estuvieremos | | " vosotros hubiereis |Tuviereis |Fuereis |Estuviereis | | " ellos hubieren |Tuvieren |Fueren |Estuvieren | +———————————-+———————+——————+———————+
Imperative Mood. (This mood is used to command or beg.)
+————+————————————————-+—————————————-+
|Hablar |Habla[105](speak thou, sing.) |Hablad (speak you, plu.) |
|Temer |Teme (fear " ) |Temed (fear " ) |
|Partir |Parte (depart " ) |Partid (depart " ) |
|Haber |He[106] (have " ) |Habed (have " ) |
|Tener |Ten ( " " ) |Tened ( " " ) |
|Ser |Se (be " ) |Sed (be " ) |
|Estar |Esta ( " " ) |Estad ( " " ) |
+————+————————————————-+—————————————-+
[Footnote 105: The Imperative Mood has only a separate form for the 2nd pers. sing. and plu. It has no 1st pers. sing. and the 1st pers. pl. and 3rd pers. sing. and pl. are taken from the Pres. Subj.
The 2nd pers. pl. is derived from the Infinitive Mood by changing the final r into d—no exception.
The 2nd pers. sing. is the same as the 3rd pers. sing. of the Pres.
Indicative, with a few exceptions (among which are Haber, Tener, Ser).]
[Footnote 106: Given as a form only, as Haber has no Imperative Mood in modern Spanish, except in Heme, hete, hele, aqui, etc. (here I am, here thou art, here he is, etc.), and in some other rare cases.
N.B.—In Spanish there is no imperative negative, the Pres. Subj. negative being used instead, as—
=Hablar=. No hables (do not (thou) speak).
No hableis (do not (you) speak).]
VOCABULARY.
=*acordarse=, to remember =me acuerdo=, I remember =se acuerda=, he remembers =cartera=, pocket-book, portfolio =contestar a, responder a=, to answer =*decir=, to say =*devolver=, to return, give back =devuelto=, given back =devuelvo=, I return, give back =digo=, I say =dice=, he says =dije=, I said =dijo=, he said =disgustado=, annoyed, disgusted, displeased =flojedad=, slackness =*hacer escala=, to call at (steamers) =mucho me gusta=, I am very glad =negativa=, refusal =notas (billetes) de banco=, bank notes =*oir=, to hear =*perder=, to lose =perdiendo=, losing =*querer=, to want, to be willing to have =quiero=, I want, I am willing to have =quiere=, he wants, he is willing to have =responder=,[107] to answer =*seguir=, to continue =sorpresa=, surprise
[Footnote 107: "Responder"; past part., "respuesto"—otherwise regular.]
EXERCISE 1 (27).
Translate into English—
1. ?Quien respeta las leyes?
2. ?Cuales leyes?
3. Las de este pais. ?Que dice V.?
4. Lo que V. oye (you hear).
5. Estos panuelos y zarazas son cuales V. deseaba.
6. Mucho me gusta saberlo.
7. iQue hermosas telas! iy baratas!
8. iCuanto pide V. por ellas?
9 ?Cuantos dividendos ha pagado esa Compania? Tres.
10. ?Cuantos dijo V. (did you say)?
11. Tres o cuatro, no me acuerdo exactamente.
12. ?Cuya cartera es esta?
13. Es la cartera de mi hermano, cuya cartera, como V. habra sabido, la perdio con L500 en notas de banco y le fue devuelta.
14. ?De quien es el cargamento cuyo conocimiento ha llegado?
15. Es mio.
16. ?Que libro es este? Es el mio.
17. Ha seguido la flojedad en los valores, perdiendo mucho el amortizable.
18. Hubo pocas (few) transacciones en general.
19. iCual lo hallamos!
20. iAbsolutamente desanimado! iQue lastima!
EXERCISE 2 (28).
Translate into Spanish—
1. What reduction can you make?
2. Twopence a yard.
3. Which of the two will you have (quiere V.)?
4. What orders did you give?
5. Whose goods are these?
6. What a surprise!
7. How much money did you receive?
8. How many lots of white shirting have you placed?
9. Did you answer all his letters?
10. If we bought (si comprasemos) the (colonial) produce dearer than the figure you indicated we should have to answer for it (seriamos responsables).
11. The cotton prints and union drills we sent you will answer your requirements (corresponderan a sus necesidades).
12. Mr. Perez seems annoyed by your refusal.
13. I am very sorry (lo siento mucho or infinito) but it is not my fault.
14. I could not accept the rebate under (en) the circumstances.
15. Has the steamer called at Malaga?
16. I believe she has (que si).
LESSON XV.
(Leccion decima quinta.)
INDEFINITE ADJECTIVES AND PRONOUNS.
(Those marked with an asterisk are Pronouns only.)
Alguno, *alguien (pronounced alguien), (some, somebody, anybody)
*Algo, alguna cosa (something, anything)
*Uno-a,-os-as (one, a person, some, some persons)
Uno a otro (one another, each other)
Uno u otro (one or the other, either)
Uno y otro, ambos, entrambos (both)
Ni uno ni otro (neither the one nor the other)
Ni uno (not a single one)
Los otros, los demas (the others)
Mismo (same, self)
Cierto-a,-os-as (a certain, certain)
Cada (each)
*Cada uno, *cada cual (each, each one)
Otro (other, another[108])
Todo (all, everything, every)
Todos (everybody, all)
Poco (little)
Pocos (few)
Unos pocos, unos cuantos (a few)
Mucho-a,-os-as (much, many)
Varios (several)
Cualquiera (sing.), Cualesquiera (pl.), (any, whichever)
*Quienquiera (sing.), quienesquiera (pl.), (any, whoever, whomever)
*Cualquiera cosa (anything, whatever)
Propio-a, os-as (own, self, same)
Tal (sing.), tales (pl. such a, such)
*Fulano, zutano, mengano (So-and-So)
Cuanto (todo lo que), (all that which)
Cuantos (todos los que), (all those who)
Ninguno (no one, nobody, not any)
*Nada (nothing), *nadie (no one, nobody)
*Quien … quien, *cual … cual (some … some)
[Footnote 108: "Another" is "otro," not "un otro."]
Cada is an adjective only, as—
Cada huelga de obreros dana la industria nacional: Each workmen's strike injures national industry.
Alguien, algo, cada, nada, nadie are invariable, and the verb accompanying them is always singular, as—
Alguien hizo un error de pluma: Somebody made a slip of the pen.
Algo es mejor que el dinero, el honor: There is something better than money, honour.
?Hay algo peor que la ingratitud? Is there anything worse than ingratitude?
Nada es absolutamente perfecto y nadie es infalible: Nothing is absolutely perfect and nobody is infallible.
Further difference in meaning between alguien and alguno—
Alguien refers to persons only, and cannot be followed by de. Alguno to persons or things, and may be followed by de,[109] as—
Alguien or Alguno se ha quejado: Somebody has complained.
Quiere naranjas y melocotones y yo tengo algunos: He wants oranges and peaches, and I have some.
Alguno de ellos lo hara: Someone amongst them will do it.
The English "any," "anything," are translated by alguno, alguna cosa (algo) when interrogative; ninguno, ninguna cosa (nada) when negative; and cualquiera, cualquiera cosa when affirmative, as—
?Quiere V. algun refresco o algo que comer? Do you want any refreshments[110] or anything to eat?
No quiero ningunos Holandillos: I do not want any Hollands.
Cualquier(a) muchacho de escuela echaria de ver que estas Batistas
Victoria son mas ordinarias: Any schoolboy could see that these Victoria
Lawns are of lower quality.
Alguno and Ninguno are left understood oftener than in English, as—
?Comprara V. (algunos) titulos de la nueva emision? Will you buy any stock of the new issue?
El no pide consejos: He does not ask any advice.
When nadie and ninguno, or any other =negative word=, as the adverb nunca (never), etc., precede a verb, no other negative is required; but when they =follow= it, =no= (not) must precede the verb, as: No he visto a nadie or a nadie he visto: I have seen nobody.
[Footnote 109: Same difference between nadie and ninguno.]
[Footnote 110: In Spanish the singular is found instead of the plural, as: ?Tiene V. algun libro que prestarme? (have you any books to lend me?).]
Verbs ending in car or gar change the c and g into =qu= and =gu= respectively before =e=, as—
+—————————+——————————-+——————————-+ | | =Embarcar=[111] | =Cargar=[111] | | |(to embark, to ship) | (to load) | | Past Def. |Embarque |Cargue | | Pres. Subj. |Embarque,-ques, que, |Cargue,-gues,-gue, | | |-quemos,-queis,-quen.|-guemos,-gueis,-guen.| +—————————+——————————-+——————————-+
[Footnote 111: The primary parts (except, of course, the Infinitive) will be omitted in future when they are regular. The derivative parts will also be omitted when they are regularly formed from their primary parts according to the rules given. See synopsis at the end of the book.]
VOCABULARY.
=agricola=, agricultural =amontonar=, to pile up =apertura=, opening =bajar=, to lower, to go or come down =bonito=, pretty =comarca=, region, district (of a country) =detenidamente=, at length =duplicar=, to double, to duplicate =exigua=, slight, trifling =fabricas de algodon=, cotton mills =generos alimenticios=, food stuffs =*hacer caso=, to take notice =hilador=, spinner =impuesto=, tax =(la) incertidumbre=, uncertainty =industria=, industry =legislatura=, parliamentary session =ligero=, light (adj.), slight, small =limitacion=, curtailment =(la) luz=, light (n.) =*mantener=, to hold up, to maintain =mejora=, improvement =ministerio=, ministry =obligaciones=, debentures =olvidar=, to forget =para que=, so that =patria=, country, fatherland =preferible=, preferable =*prevalecer, reinar=, to prevail, to rule =subir=, to go or come up =tejedor=, weaver =timbre=, stamp =tomar la delantera a=, to take the start on. =trigo=, wheat =varios=, several =vinicola=, wine (adj.)
EXERCISE 1 (29).
Translate into English—
1. Alguien pretende que se duplicara el impuesto del timbre sobre las acciones y obligaciones de las companias anonimas y que habra algunos que protestaran energicamente.
2. Algo hay de eso y uno y otro partido politico se interesan de la cuestion pero ni uno de los periodicos locales echa luz sobre las intenciones del ministerio.
3. Los demas proyectos de ley con ciertas modificaciones se presentaran (will be introduced) en esta misma legislatura, y cada uno se discutira detenidamente.
4. Se anuncian varias empresas industriales en grande escala.
5. Cuanto se hace es poco cuando se piensa en lo que se deberia hacer para que nuestros competidores no nos tomen la delantera.
6. Cualquiera echa de ver (can see) eso.
7. Cuantos hay que miran al verdadero interes de su patria deben olvidar sus propios intereses en favor del fomento de la industria vinicola y agricola de esta comarca.
8. Cada casa tiene su sistema propio.
9. Yo no imito a Fulano, Zutano y Mengano, soy cauto y evito los riesgos.
10. Negocio papel extranjero, pero solo letras bancarias, o de firmas de primera clase y con dos endosos, nada mas.
EXERCISE 2 (30).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Somebody thinks that the imports of food-stuffs will increase.
2. Some wheat buyers take little notice of the higher American cable advices (las subidas que se han telegrafiado desde America).
3. Weavers and spinners are all holding up their prices.
4. Each week shows an improvement.
5. We hear the same reports (noticias) from all quarters (partes).
6. Neither of these machines will suit (conviene a) our requirements.
7. We accept these bills but refuse the others.
8. Anybody who has his own interests at heart will contribute to the realisation of the scheme.
9. I did all I could (podia) so that nothing should be lost (no se perdiera nada).
10. Some say the market will go up, some say it will go down, and such is the position that one does not know (no sabe) what to do.
11. Anything is preferable to this uncertainty.
12. I have not seen anything so pretty before.
13. Mail advices (los anuncios por la mala) from America report an abnormal (anormal) curtailment of production in the United States Cotton Mills.
14. They cannot take the risk of piling up stocks when the demand is so slight (exigua).
15. Foreign Bourses.—Berlin. A weak tone ruled at the opening. During the later dealings (operaciones posteriores) a slight (ligera) improvement was noticeable (se observo).
LESSON XVI.
(Leccion decima sexta.)
THE VERB.
The verb is a word by which we affirm something. It is the essential word in a sentence: without it (expressed or understood) no sentence can be construed.
Verbs are divided into Auxiliary, Transitive and Intransitive.
The Auxiliary verbs in Spanish are: Haber, Tener, Ser, Estar.
Haber is a true auxiliary because it helps to form compound tenses[112] but it presents the following peculiarities—
1. It is used as an impersonal verb (as well as the verb hacer which is given here for the sake of completeness) for expressions of time, as—
Dos anos ha (or ha dos anos) or hace dos anos la exportacion de los Caldos espanoles estaba muy floreciente: Two years ago the exportation of Spanish wines and oils was very flourishing.
Ha dos anos (or hace dos anos) que la casa Guillermo Fernandez y Cia esta establecida en La Coruna como Comisionistas: The firm, G.F. & Co., has been established in Corunna as Commission Agents these last two years.
?Cuanto tiempo ha (or hace) que estudia V. el castellano? How long have you been studying Spanish?
[Footnote 112: The Past Part. following "haber" IS ALWAYS INVARIABLE.]
2. It is also used impersonally as "there to be" (French, "y avoir"), as—
Hay mucha pimienta, clavos, y canela en el mercado de Londres: There are much pepper, cloves, and cinnamon in the London market.
Si, hubo muchas especias el ano pasado tambien: Yes, there were many spices last year also.
Cuando estaba en El Cairo habia miedo de que estallara algun motin: When
I was in Cairo there was the fear of some riots breaking out.
(N.B.—Impersonal verbs are only used in the 3rd pers. singular.)
In English we have "there is" and "there are," because "there to be" is not used impersonally, the meaning being, e.g., "a man is there"; "two men are there." In Spanish, however, haber is used impersonally and both "there is a man" and "there are two men" are translated "Hay un hombre," "Hay dos hombres."
It will be noticed that Haber used for "there to be" makes Hay instead of Ha for the present indicative. All its other tenses remain unchanged: habia, hubo, habra, habria, etc.
Hay que followed by an Infinitive (French "il faut"), it is necessary to …, as—
Hay que tener mucho cuidado: It is necessary to be very careful. I, you, etc., must be very careful.
Tener is generally a =principal= (viz., not an auxiliary) verb, used to denote possession; but it is used sometimes as an =auxiliary= instead of haber, as—
Tengo recibido su catalogo ilustrado y lista (or boletin) de precios: I have received your illustrated catalogue with price list.
Tenemos recibida[113] su apreciable carta de 20 del que rige (or del corriente): We have received your favour of the 20th inst.
?Tiene V. recibidas las cotizaciones? Have you received the quotations?
Los presupuestos, que tenemos recibidos del Trapiche para nuestro
Ingenio de la Habana: The estimates which we have received for the Sugar
Mill for our Factory in Havana.
In all the preceding examples tener used instead of haber introduces an additional idea of "=possession=".
"He recibido su carta" might be followed, in Spanish, by "pero la he perdido" (but I have lost it). "Tengo recibida su carta" implies that the receiver holds it now.
[Footnote 113: The Past Part. following "tener" agrees in gender and number with the direct object.]
Sometimes this idea of possession is very distantly implied, as—
?Que me dice V.? tengo leido ese proyecto de Ley: What are you talking about? I have read that (Parliamentary) Bill.
Meaning that the effect of the reading is extant in the mind.
Colloquially the people will use tener for haber without any allusion to possession, but this should be avoided.
VOCABULARY.
=anteayer=, the day before yesterday =apresurar=, to hasten, to urge (a.) =apresurarse=, to hasten (n.) =apresurarse con sus ordenes=, to rush one's orders =arbol de eje=, axle shaft =camara de comercio=, chamber of commerce =cigueena, arbol de cigueena, cigueenal=, crank-shaft =compania de ferrocarril=, railway company =con manchas=, (designs)—spot =con puntitas, con bolitas=, (designs) spot =contestar=, to answer, to reply =cuadritos=, (designs) checks =cuenta simulada=, pro forma account =culpa=, blame, fault =dano=, damage, injury, breakdown =de buena tinta=, from a good source =derecho=, right =duda=, doubt =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =existencias=, stocks of goods =expedidor=, sender =fecha de=, dated =listados=, (designs) striped =a listas, a rayas=, (designs) striped =malcontento=, uneasiness, discontent =mundial=, world (adj.) =proximamente=, about, approximately =pues=, well =redactar=, to write out =repentinamente=, suddenly =representacion exclusiva=, sole agency =responsabilidad=, responsibility =retardar=, to delay, to be delayed =*romperse=, to break (n.) =roto=, broken =todavia=, yet =vivir=, to live, to reside =ya=, already
EXERCISE 1 (31).
Translate into English—
1. En la Asociacion de Agricultores de Espana (Society of Spanish Agriculturists) dara manana viernes a las seis y media de la tarde una conferencia (lecture) el ilustrado Sr. Fulano.
2. ?Como manana? ya la ha dado esta manana.
3. No sabia que la habia dado ya.
4. Pues tengo esta noticia de buena tinta y no hay duda que asi es.
5. Tenemos recibida su estimada, fecha de anteayer.
6. Mucho tiempo ha que tengo proyectadas estas empresas.
7. Habra un mes que me escribio y no le he contestado todavia.
8. La Camara de Comercio de Londres voto, despues de larga discusion, una protesta contra el nuevo Tratado de Comercio con Cuba y redacto una peticion que sera dirigida al gobierno.
9. El vapor ingles "Raleigh" que sale para Montevideo ha recibido un marconigrama anunciando que reina alli el malcontento politico.
10. El aviador acaba de batir el "record" mundial de velocidad y distancia recorriendo (covering) ciento veintidos kilometros en hora y media, a saber (namely) proximamente 80 kilometros por hora.
11. No se equivoca V. en la interpretacion de lo que hemos escrito acerca de las facturas simuladas.
12. El arbol de eje y el cigueenal se han roto.
EXERCISE 2 (32).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Have you obtained the sole agency for (de) that firm?
2. Not yet, but I hope to get it.
3. How long have you been living in England?
4. Two weeks ago prices were so high that buyers were rushing their orders; now they have suddenly fallen to an unprecedented level (nivel sin precedente).
5. He has examined the samples and found that the designs of the light grounds (fondos claros) are not as ordered.
6. He also complains of the checks and stripes.
7. The spot muslins have been delayed owing to a breakdown in the works (la fabrica).
8. The senders are trying to throw the blame on (a) the Railway Company, but we have no right of claim (derecho de reclamar) against the latter (esta); it is they who (son ellos quienes) must indemnify us for the loss.
9. It is a well-founded (bien establecida) and respectable firm and they will not deny their responsibility—there is no doubt about (de) that.
10. Is it long since you received their last (ultima) letter?
11. Have they been long established? (Hace mucho tiempo que….)
12. They have been for 15 years.
13. Our friends have large stocks but they say the market is looking up (mejorando).
LESSON XVII.
(Leccion decima septima.)
"SER" AND "ESTAR."
=Ser= is used as a true auxiliary, when it forms the passive voice.
=Estar= is an auxiliary when it forms the progressive tenses, as
Estoy escribiendo (I am writing).
Estaba escribiendo (he was writing).
The difficulty in the employment of ser and estar is, by some, unduly magnified. Others give the following rule—
Ser denotes a permanent state. Estar "temporary"
This rule should not be adopted because often it would not apply, as the following two examples will show—
El es soldado porque se ha alistado por dos anos: He is a soldier as he has enlisted for two years.
Aquellos montes estan eternamente cubiertos de nieve: Those mountains are perpetually covered with snow.
The following simple and true rules will enable the student to understand the difference between ser and estar and to apply them correctly.
Ser is used—
1. To form the Passive Voice, as—
El cartero trajo las cartas—Active: The postman brought the letters.
La carta fue traida[114] por el cartero—Passive[115]: The letter was brought by the postman.
[Footnote 114: The Past Part. following "Ser" and "Estar" agrees in gender and number with the subject of these verbs.]
[Footnote 115: Este cuarto es barrido todos los dias (this room is swept every day) is passive voice, because we speak of the action of sweeping, viz., somebody sweeps the room every day. Este cuarto esta barrido—no voice; "barrido" is used as an adjective to denote state or condition.]
2. To denote an inherent[116] quality, as—
La nieve es blanca: Snow is white.
El hombre es mortal: Man is mortal.
[Footnote 116: Inherence = a fixed state of being in another body. A quality may be inherent "for the time being," as: Juan se ha alistado por dos anos, entonces es soldado: John has enlisted for two years, then he is a soldier.]
Estar is used to denote—
1. State in locality, viz., to be in a place, as—
Estoy aqui I am here.
Londres esta en Inglaterra: London is in England.
2. A condition, as—
Estoy candado: I am tired.
Esta enfermo: He is ill.
SUPPLEMENTARY RULES.
Ser must be used—
1. Before any noun (even if an adjective or article intervenes), as—
Soy negociante: I am a merchant.
Es un corredor de cambios bien conocido: He is a well-known exchange broker.
Son buenos valores: They are good securities.
2. When "to be" is used to denote possession, as—
Los trapiches son de estos fabricantes: The sugar mills belong to these makers.
3. When "to be" us used impersonally, as—
Es necesario tomar medidas legales: It is necessary to take legal proceedings.
4. Before the words "Feliz," "Infeliz," "Pobre," and "Rico."[117]
[Footnote 117: These are not, strictly speaking, "inherent qualities," but they are spoken of as such.]
Estar must, of course, be always used before Present Participles,[118] as—
Esta activando sus esfuerzos: He is making still further efforts.
Estamos extendiendo nuestras relaciones: We are extending our connection.
[Footnote 118: A Pres. Part. can only express a condition, not a quality.]
Verbs ending in cer, cir, ger and gir change the c into =z= and the g into =j= before a or o as—
+———————————+———————————-+ | =Vencer= (to win) | =Dirigir= (to direct)| +———————————+———————————-+ |Pres. Indic., venzo| dirijo | |Pres. Subj., venza| dirija | +———————————+———————————-+
Verbs ending in guir and quir change the gu into =g= and the qu into =c= before a or o, as—
+————————————-+————————————-+ | =Distinguir= | =Delinquir=[119] | | (to distinguish) |(to commit a delinquency)| +————————————-+————————————-+ |Pres. Indic., Distingo| Delinco | |Pres. Subj., Distinga| Delinca | +————————————-+————————————-+
[Footnote 119: The only verb ending in quir.]
VOCABULARY.
=acabar de=, to have just =accesorio=, accessory =activo y pasivo=, assets and liabilities =antiguo=, old, ancient =averia=, particular, particular average =balance=, balance, balance sheet =bastar=, to suffice, to be enough =biela=, connecting rod =caldera=, boiler =cilindros=, cylinders =citar=, to quote, to mention a passage =*convenir=, to agree, to suit =cotizar=, to quote prices =cuenta de ganancias y perdidas=, profit and loss account =dejar=, to leave, to let =disposicion (a su)=, (at your) disposal =durar=, to last =el engranaje=, the gearing =entregar=, to deliver =equipo=, equipment =es decir, o sea= viz., namely =a saber= viz., namely =franco de porte=, carriage paid =grifo=, cock (machinery) =hasta la fecha=, (made up) to date =huelga=, strike =imprevisto=, unforseen =a la izquierda=, to the left =llegar a ser=, to become, to contrive to be =*mantenerse=, to be maintained =maquina=, machine, engine =mercerizar=, to mercerize =para con=, towards =transporte seguido=, carriage forward =porte pagadero al destino=, carriage forward =presentar=, to present =proveer=, to provide =provisto (proveido)=, provided =semejante=, similar =*sentir=, to be sorry, to feel =sin embargo=, however =soportes, coginetes=, bearings =tornillos=, screws =transporte pagado=, carriage paid =tubos=, tubes =valvula=, valve =el volante=, the fly-wheel =y pico= (=veinte y pico=, etc.), odd, (twenty odd, etc.)
EXERCISE 1 (33).
Translate into English—
1. La marca (the make) de estas maquinas y calderas es una de las mas antiguas.
2. Son fabricadas en Inglaterra por los Srs. Fulano y Cia.
3. Estan aqui para su inspeccion y estan todas provistas de sus accesorios: cilindros, volantes, bielas, soportes, engranajes, valvulas y tornillos.
4. ?No se fabrican tambien en Francia maquinas semejantes?
5. Si, Senor, estas a la izquierda son francesas y son buenas maquinas.
6. Es cierto sin embargo que las inglesas son mejores y que estan en primera linea en la industria mundial.
7. Los Srs. Fulano y Cia. han llegado a ser los primeros entre los constructores que han comprendido que se podian entregar maquinas excelentes a un precio relativamente bajo.
8. Para no citar mas que un ejemplo de la importancia de esta casa basta decir que son suyas las 1,000 maquinas y pico que se han exportado ultimamente para Italia y la Argentina.
9. Soy feliz de saberlo.
10. Son fabricantes ricos y al mismo tiempo generosos para con los que son pobres e infelices.
11. Comprare diez fardos de Estampados Mercerizados si me los deja V. a 5-3/16 d. por yarda.
12. Esta bien; iesta convenido!
EXERCISE 2 (34).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We have just received your Price List, but we are sorry to say your prices are too dear.
2. The cylinders and boilers are now ready.
3. Every engine is sent out with its complete equipment, viz., tubes, valves, cocks, etc.
4. The Directors are preparing a balance sheet to be laid before (para presentar a) the company at the next ordinary general meeting.
5. It will show the assets and liabilities and a profit and loss account made up to date.
6. There will also be a report on the position and transactions of the company.
7. It is your action which has done us more harm (dano) than anything else (cualquier otra cosa[120]).
8. It is we (somos nosotros) who are tired of our agreement (convenio).
9. The goods are at your disposal.
10. We think the shares will be inactive (flojas).
11. The demand for steel, iron and copper was very steady (firme) but it is probable that it will not last.
12. Are you rich? No, I am poor but I am happy.
13. Our quotations will be maintained except in case of strikes or other unforeseen circumstances.
14. The four bales of linens will be delivered to you carriage paid, but the boilers and (y sus) accessories you will receive (los recibiran) carriage forward.
15. The whole (todo) will be insured with particular average.
[Footnote 120: Or: =que nada mas=.]
LESSON XVIII.
(Leccion decima octava.)
TRANSITIVE VERBS.
A verb is Transitive when its action passes from the subject of the action to the object.
=Transitive Verbs= are divided into—
=1. Active= (when the subject of the verb stands for the doer or agent of the action), as—
Renovamos nuestros ofrecimientos de servicios: We renew our offers of services.
=2. Passive= (when the subject of the verb stands for the real object of the action, viz., when it suffers the action instead of doing it), as—
Los ofrecimientos de sus servicios nos fueron renovados en su ultimo escrito: His offers of services were renewed to us in his last letter.
The Passive voice in Spanish is formed with the verb ser as above, or by using the =active voice= with the pronoun se, as—
Se nos renovaron los ofrecimientos de sus servicios: His offers, etc.
Active verbs become reflexive when their subject and object are the same person or thing, as—
Nos lisonjeamos poderlos servir por lo mejor de sus intereses: We flatter ourselves that we can serve them to the best of their interests.
Reflexive verbs in the plural are also reciprocal, as—
Nos comprendemos: We understand each other.
Nos escribimos muy frecuentemente: We write to each other very frequently.
"Uno a otro" and "los unos a los otros" may be added for greater clearness, as—
Procuramos convencernos (a nosotros mismos). We try to convince ourselves (each other).
Procuramos convencernos (el uno al otro). We try to convince ourselves (each other).
The direct object of a transitive verb,[121] if a proper name of a person or place, must be preceded by a, as—
Vimos al Senor Guillermo: We saw Mr. William.
Visitamos a Francia[122]: We visited France.
[Footnote 121: With the exception of "Tener."]
[Footnote 122: But not geographical names preceded by the article, as:
Avistamos La Habana (we sighted Havana).]
A is also generally used before any noun =indicating= a person,[123] as—
Empleamos a este corresponsal: We employ this correspondent.
[Footnote 123: This part of the rule is not very strict, as we find it sometimes omitted before persons, and at others used before names of things, as: El hecho precedio a la palabra (the action preceded the word).]
But a should be avoided whenever it would engender confusion, or when the verb governs an accusative and a dative at the same time, as—
Enviamos nuestro dependiente: We send our clerk.
Recomendamos el Sr. Perez a nuestro fabricante: We recommend Mr. Perez to our manufacturer.
A is also omitted when the noun following it does not refer to a particular individual, but to =any= individual of a certain class, as—
Busco criado: I am looking for a servant.
Juan no quiere socios en su empresa: John does not want any partners in his undertaking.
Verbs whose root ends in ll or n take =e= and =o= instead of ie and io, as—
+———————————————+———————————————-+ | =Bullir= (to boil). | =Grunir= (to growl, grumble).| +———————————————+———————————————-+ |Pres. Part., Bullendo |Grunendo | |Past Def. Bullo, bulleron|Gruno, gruneron[124] | +———————————————+———————————————-+
[Footnote 124: The Imperf. and Fut. Subj. follow the Past Def.]
Verbs in whose conjugations i should come =unstressed= between two vowels change the unstressed i into =y=, as—