+—————————————————+ | =Creer= (to believe). | +—————————————————+ |Pres. Part., Creyendo. | |Past Def., Creyo … creyeron.| +—————————————————+
But the Imperf. Indic.: creia, creias, creia, creiamos, creiais, creian.
Verbs ending in zar change the z into =c= before =e= (because, with very few exceptions, z is not used in modern Spanish before e or i), as—
+————————————————————————————-+ | =Gozar= (to enjoy). | +————————————————————————————-+ |Pres. Subj., Goce, goces, goce, gocemos, goceis, gocen.| |Past. Def., Goce … | +————————————————————————————-+
VOCABULARY.
=abedul=, birch =abeto=, fir =adjunto=, herewith =agradable=, agreeable, pleasant =arpillera=, bagging =asegurar=, to insure =atribuir=, to attribute =el billar=, billiards =bola=, ball =calzado=, footwear =camas, armazones de cama=, bedsteads =carne seca=, jerked beef =chalecos=, vests =consignacion=, consignment =correas=, belts, belting (machinery) =corresponsal=, correspondent =egoista=, selfish =encaminar=, to forward =entrar en el dique=, to dock (ships) =fresno=, ash =garbanzos=, Spanish or chick peas =a grande velocidad=, by passenger train =guisantes=, green peas =habas=, broad beans =haya=, beech =hortalizas=, green vegetables =instruir=, to instruct =judias=, French beans =laton=, brass =la leche=, the milk =loza=, crockery =a pequena velocidad=, by slow train =pino=, pine =plomo=, lead =porcelana=, china =productos quimicos=, chemicals =roble, encina=, oak =rotura=, breakage =semestre=, half-year =suprimir=, to suppress, to leave out =tacos=, billiard-cues =el viaje=, the journey =zinc=, zinc
EXERCISE 1 (35).
Translate into English—
1. Estimamos en mucho a nuestros corresponsales y los servimos de la mejor manera posible.
2. Comunica el capitan del vapor "Rios" que el jueves, al medio dia, se hallaba a seiscientas millas de Veracruz, sin novedad (all well).
3. Hoy publica la Gaceta dos cuadros estadisticos (statistical tables) formados por la Direccion general (Board) del Instituto Geografico y Estadistico, que expresan el movimiento de pasajeros por mar habido en nuestro puerto durante el semestre pasado, y por los cuales se viene en conocimiento (we can see) de la emigracion e inmigracion espanola.
4. Desde el dia 1 deg. de Enero proximo satisfara (will pay) el calzado extranjero 10% mas de derecho de importacion.
5. Una comision de Agricultores de Valencia visito ayer tarde (yesterday evening) al Presidente del Consejo (the Premier) para pedirle que se suprima el impuesto sobre el transporte de hortalizas que establece la nueva ley.
6. Tinendo estas telas con anilina se aumenta el coste de seis centimos por metro.
7. Bulleron[125] la leche y la esterilizaron.
8. Gocemos de las libertades a que tenemos derecho pero no abusemos de ellas.
9. Ellos creyeron lo que les dijimos (we said to them) y ya no nos atribuyen intenciones egoistas.
10. El Sr. Moreno sale para un viaje de negocios y visitara a Santo Domingo y la Habana.
11. He visto los Alpes y el Pirineo pero no el Himalaya.
12. He visitado a Espana.
[Footnote 125: "To boil" is generally hervir. Bullir is given as an example of the conjugation.]
EXERCISE 2 (36).
Translate into Spanish—
1. Kindly see Mr. Marino and inform him that we shall soon send him a consignment of timber, consisting of ash, beech, birch, fir, pine and oak.
2. We shall instruct our correspondent at Bilbao to forward to Vitoria the brass, lead, tin (estano), and zinc he holds (tiene) at our disposal.
3. By the boat (steamer) leaving (que sale) this week, we shall ship to your consignment the bagging, belting, and bedsteads.
4. The "Maria" docked yesterday with a cargo of broad beans, French beans, green peas, and Spanish or chick peas.
5. She also brings a parcel of jerked beef and canned tongues (lenguas en latas).
6. I have a friend who is a dealer in billiard tables, balls and cues.
7. The candles and chemicals have been despatched last week.
8. We flatter ourselves that we shall shortly be able to write to each other pleasanter letters.
9. We have insured the china and crockery free of particular average (franco de), but we insured them against breakage at a (al) premium of 4%.
10. Herewith please find claim (reclamo) for loss through (por) damage in your last shipment of clocks and watches.
11. Please send by slow train the coats, vests, and trousers and, by passenger train, the remainder of the articles.
LESSON XIX.
(Leccion decima nona.)
INTRANSITIVE VERBS.
Intransitive verbs express a state, as "to live," "to sleep," or an action that does not go beyond the doer, as "to go," "to walk."
The Spanish language abounds in Intransitive Pronominal verbs, i.e., verbs conjugated, same as the reflexive verbs, with a double pronoun =of the same person= all through, as—
=Quejarse= (to complain).
Pres. Indic., Yo me quejo, tu te quejas, el se queja, nosotros nos quejamos, vosotros os quejais, ellos se quejan.
Fut. Indic., Yo me quejare, tu te quejaras, el se quejara, etc.
These, of course, must not be confused with the Reflexive verbs. In the reflexive verb, we have an action that passes from the doer and falls on the doer itself, as—
Yo me amo: I love myself.
Whilst in a neuter pronominal the action =does not go beyond the doer=.
=Intransitive Pronominal Verbs= are of three kinds—
1. Those which are always pronominal, as—
+——————————————+———————————————+ |Quejarse (to complain) |Jactarse (to boast) | |Avergonzarse (to be ashamed)|Maravillarse[126] (to wonder) | |Alegrarse[126] (to rejoice) |Proponerse[126] (to intend, to| |Arrepentirse (to repent) | purpose) | |Hacerse[126], volverse[126] |Desanimarse[126] (to feel | | (to become) | discouraged) | +——————————————+———————————————+
[Footnote 126: Some of these verbs may be also Transitive verbs with a modified meaning, as: Alegrar (to gladden), Maravillar (to surprise), Proponer (to propose). Here the pronominal form marks the difference between Transitive and Intransitive.]
2. A few which, when used pronominally, have their meaning intensified or more or less modified, as—
+————————————+—————————————————+ |Ir (to go) |Irse (to go away) | |Reir (to laugh) |Reirse (to laugh at = suggesting | | | scorn) | |Entender (to understand)|Entenderse de panos (to be a judge| | | of cloths) | |Dormir (to sleep) |Dormirse (to fall asleep) | |Correr (to run) |Correrse (to make a slip of the | | | tongue). | +————————————+—————————————————+
3. Many which may be used pronominally or otherwise without any appreciable or definable modification of meaning, as—
Estar, estarse (to be)
Quedar, quedarse (to remain)
Casar (con), casarse (con), (to marry)
Pensar, pensarse (to think)
Yo pienso, or me pienso que si (I think so)
Me escapo de la memoria or (it escaped my memory).
Se me escapo de la memoria (it escaped my memory).
In the case of this third kind, students should not indulge freely in the pronominal form, but should wait until they see it in the reading of good books, because, although the meaning is practically the same in all cases, still there are "finesses" of shade which practice alone can teach.
=Irregular Verbs=.
We shall give only those Primary Tenses which are irregular and the
Derivative Tenses when they are not formed regularly from the Primary
Tenses from which they are derived[127]—
[Footnote 127: For Primary and Derivative Tenses see Synopsis at the end.]
+———————-+——————————————————————+ | | =Pensar= (to think).[128] | |Pres. Indic.,|Pienso-as-a, pensamos, pensais, piensan. | |Pres. Subj., |Piense-es-e, pensemos, penseis, piensen. | |Imperative, |Piensa, pensad (reg.). | +———————-+——————————————————————+ | | =Acordar= (to agree).[128] | |Pres. Indic.,|Acuerdo-as-a, acordamos, acordais, acuerdan.| |Pres. Subj., |Acuerde-es-e, acordemos, acordeis, acuerden.| |Imperative, |Acuerda, acordad (reg.). | +———————-+——————————————————————+
[Footnote 128: And its group; see Appendix VI.]
VOCABULARY.
=agitarse=, to agitate (n.) =algo=, something, anything (interrog.) =amenaza=, threat =anticipacion=, anticipation =anticipar=, to anticipate =anticipo=, advance =arduo=, arduous, difficult =baja=, decline =bajo cubierta=, underdeck =botones=, buttons =callar=, to be silent, to abstain from saying =camaradas=, comrades =cepillo=, brush =cinta=, ribbon =cortarse=, to cut oneself, to stop short =damascos=, damasks =definitivo=, definite =descuidar=, to neglect =ejecutar=, to execute =encaje de cortinas=, curtain lace =espantarse=, to be frightened =estiva=, stowage =*imponer=, to impose =impuesto=, imposed =lienzo adamascado=, diaper =pasas=, raisins =patronos=, masters, employers of workmen =prisa=, haste, hurry =*producir=, to produce =produje=, I produced =produjeron=, they produced =razon= (=a razon de=), at the rate of =reglamento=, regulations =sobre cubierta=, on deck =sobre estadias=, demurrage =sobrecargarse=, to overload oneself =tonelada=, ton =*traer=, to bring, to carry =traje=, I brought, I carried =tranquilo=, quiet =uvas=, grapes =vista= (=a la=), at sight
EXERCISE 1 (37).
Translate into English—
1. Nuestros obreros se quejan del nuevo reglamento impuesto por los Patronos.
2. No se avergueenzan de decir que se arrepienten de no haber declarado la huelga hace quince dias y se alegran que sus camaradas en Francia se agitan por el dia de trabajo de ocho horas.
3. Este problema se va haciendo cada dia mas arduo.
4. Voy a escribir una carta y despues me ire.
5. ?Porque rie V.?
6. Se rie de mi sin duda porque no me espanto por sus amenazas, pero yo se bien lo que me hago (what I do) y V. no sabe lo que se dice.
7. Este fabricante se entiende muy bien de panos.
8. Nunca he visto a un hombre activo dormirse en medio de su trabajo.
9. Quedese V. aqui, estese tranquilo y no piense a nada, su primo se acuerda con V., me pienso verle esta tarde, y tal vez llegaremos a un acuerdo comun y definitivo.
10. No deseo que piense V. que descuido la ejecucion de sus ordenes a la mayor brevedad (as soon as possible).
11. Con la prisa me he corrido y he dicho algo que habria debido callar.
12. Despues de haber principiado a hablar muy bien se corto y no pudo hallar palabras para continuar.
EXERCISE 2 (38).
Translate into Spanish—
1. You have anticipated my wishes.
2. A further (nueva) decline in prices is anticipated (se preve).
3. We overloaded ourselves with stocks in anticipation (en la esperanza) of large orders.
4. To pay in anticipation.
5. Thanking you in anticipation (anticipando las gracias, or agradeciendoles de antemano) we remain.
6. The news from the East (Levante) produced a bad effect on the market.
7. To this effect (con este fin) I wrote him to draw (que girase) at sight.
8. Our efforts have all been to no effect (en balde).
9. His plans have been carried into effect (llevados a cabo).
10. The sailing vessel (velero) carried 800 tons of grapes and raisins, 600 under and 200 on deck.
11. She used 5 lay days in loading (la carga), having therefore 3 days left (quedandole), so that (asi que) we do not think we shall have to pay demurrage.
12. The captain paid for stowage at the rate of 1s. per ton.
13. The advance on account (a cuenta) of freight is L120.
14. I wonder if everything will be in order? (?Estara todo en orden?)
15. I send you several patterns of curtain-lace, damasks, diapers, ribbons, buttons, and brushes.
LESSON XX.
(Leccion vigesima.)
IMPERSONAL VERBS.
Impersonal verbs are those which are only conjugated in the 3rd pers. sing, of all the tenses.[129]
[Footnote 129: They are so called because they have no person or thing as their subject.]
The principal =Impersonal Verbs= are—
Llover-llueve (to rain, it rains)
Granizar (to hail)
Helar-hiela (to freeze, it freezes)
Lloviznar (to drizzle)
Nevar-nieva (to snow, it snows)
Relampaguear (to lighten)
Tronar-truena (to thunder, it thunders)
Alborear (to dawn)
Amanecer (to dawn)
Anochecer (to grow dark)
The subject (generally understood) of Impersonal verbs is ello. Sometimes we find the words Dios or el dia expressed as subjects, as—
Amanecera Dios y veremos: Let us wait for the morning and then we shall see.
Amanecio el dia: The day dawned.
Amanecer and anochecer may be used as personal verbs, as—
Amanecimos en Madrid y anochecimos en Guadalajara: We were in Madrid at daybreak and at nightfall in Guadalajara.
Tu anocheciste bueno y amaneciste malo: You passed the night well, but you had a bad morning.
Many ordinary verbs are used sometimes impersonally, as—
Bastar (to suffice).
Convenir (to suit).
Parecer (to appear).
Faltar[130] (to be wanting).
Hacer falta (to be wanted).
Suceder[131] (to happen).
[Footnote 130: As a personal verb, it means also "to fail."]
[Footnote 131: As a personal verb, it means also "to succeed."]
EXAMPLES—
Basta ganar la vida: It is enough to earn a living.
No conviene explotar esta mina: It does not pay to exploit this mine.
No parece justo que se aprovechen de este modo: It does not seem right that they should take advantage in this way.
Falta hacer algunos arreglos: Some arrangements are still wanting.
Sucedio que se declaro en quiebra: It happened that he filed his petition in bankruptcy.
In the sentences:
Me bastan diez libras: L10 are enough for me.
Me parecen justas sus razones: His reasons seem to me to be right.
Le sucedieron muchas desgracias: Many misfortunes happened to him.
the verb is =personal=, and this accounts for its being in the plural. In "me bastan diez libras," "diez libras" is the subject.
The verb is impersonal when referring to a whole statement, as—
(Ello) es necesario: It is necessary.
Of Haber and Hacer as impersonal verbs, we have treated in Lesson
VIII and Lesson XVI.
We add here that Hacer is used impersonally before certain nouns to denote the state of the weather or of the temperature, as—
Hace calor, frio, lluvia, viento, sol, etc.: It is warm, cold, rainy, windy, sunny, etc.
Valer used impersonally = "to be better," as—
Mas vale asi: It is better so.
Expressions like "?Que se dira?" or "?que diran?" (What will people say?) may also be called impersonal uses of the verb.
+——————————+————————————————————+ | =Irregular Verbs= (contd.). | +——————————+————————————————————+ | =Andar= (to walk, to go). | |Past Def., | Anduve,-iste,-uvo,-uvimos-uvisteis-uvieron.| +——————————+————————————————————+ | =Dar= (to give). | |Pres. Indic.,| Doy,[132] das, da, damos, dais, dan. | |Pres. Subj., | De, des, de, demos, deis, den. | |Past Def., | Di, diste, dio, dimos, disteis, dieron. | +——————————+————————————————————+
[Footnote 132: Only 6 verbs in Spanish do not end in o in the 1st pers. sing., pres. indic., viz., Doy (I give), Soy (I am), Estoy (I am), Voy (I see), He (I have), Se (I know).]
VOCABULARY.
=algo=, somewhat =asunto=, matter =calor=, heat =carranclanes, guingas=, ginghams =cerrar el trato=, to conclude the bargain =cheques=, cheques =circular=, to circulate, to go round =cobrar=, to collect (money) =comprometer=, to compromise =costa=, coast =cuesta=, slope =cuidar=, to take care =cuidarse=, to take care of oneself =decididamente=, decidedly =decidir=, to decide =despues=, afterwards =drogas=, drysalteries =durante=, during =faltar, hacer falta=, to be wanting, to be wanted =el fin=, the end =fustanes=, fustians =gasa=, gauze =gastos=, expenditure =ingresos netos=, net revenue =jamon=, ham =letras=, bills of exchange =maiz=, maize =malbaratar=, to undersell =mantas con franjas=, fringed blankets =merceria=, haberdashery =paseo=, promenade, walk, stroll =puerto=, port, harbour =recursos=, means =*reducir=, to reduce =reduje=, etc., I reduced, etc. =reduzco, reduces=, etc., I reduce, etc. =*seguir=, to follow, to continue =sigo, sigues=, etc., I follow, etc. =el temporal=, the storm =*valer mas=, to be preferable =vencer=, to fall due =vidriado=, glassware
EXERCISE 1 (39).
Translate into English—
1. Amanecio el dia hermoso pero algo frio.
2. Hizo mas calor despues y por la tarde hizo or soplo (blew) viento fuerte.
3. Anochecio cuando aun no habiamos llegado, pero como hacia luna el paseo siguio siendo (continued to be) agradable.
4. Ayer llovio, granizo, nevo y llovizno sucesivamente todo el santo dia (the livelong day).
5. Me parece que no le conviene de cerrar el trato con el banco bajo estas condiciones.
6. Me hace falta dinero pues es menester (it is necessary) proporcionarme (to get) el importe que me falta para completar las L1,000 que vencen el 15 del corriente.
7. Mas vale aceptar las condiciones del banco que tener que malbaratar los generos.
8. Ande V. con cuidado (be careful) no sea (lest) que vaya V. a comprometer su credito.
9. Reina por estas costas muy violento temporal a cuya consecuencia ha resultado el vapor "Juan" con el arbol de la helice (shaft of the screw) roto, por lo cual hubo de ser traido a remolque a (to be towed into) este puerto.
10. El "Juan" navegaba con rumbo a (was bound for) Cadiz.
11. Los modernos medios de fabricacion de que disponemos, el abaratamiento (cheapening) de la mano de obra (labour) y las facilitaciones de que disfrutamos (we enjoy) merced a (thanks to) nuestros cuantiosos (abundant) recursos, nos permiten, ahora mas que nunca, realizar nuestras ventas en condiciones que no cabe competencia posible (which preclude …).
12. Hemos asegurado buenas partidas de fustanes, mantas con franjas, gasas, y carranclanes.
EXERCISE 2 (40).
Translate into Spanish—
1. San Paulo (Brazilian) Railway.—The net revenue for the half-year from the main line (linea principal) amounted to L607,297 as against (contra) L743,077 in 1909.
2. The expenditure in England and the Interest on Stores (sobre los depositos) reduce the amount to L594,714.
3. The Stock Exchange (la Bolsa) will be closed from this evening (esta tarde) until next Monday morning.
4. The turnover (giro) of the day's transactions has been small.
5. Sentiment turned somewhat bearish (hubo disposicion a la baja) during the forenoon (la manana), but became (se volvio) decidedly bullish (a la alza) towards the end of the day.
6. The following figures show the amount of bills and cheques which passed through the banker's clearing-house (por el banco de liquidacion) during the week ended April 12th (que acabo el 12 de abril).
7. We must not attach (atribuir) too much importance to the rumours (los rumores, las especies) which are circulating in the market.
8. You should take care that the bales are properly (bien) packed.
9. I was ignorant of the fact that (no sabia que) he had been declared a bankrupt.
10. I shall do all that depends on me (de mi dependa) to collect the money in full (por entero).
11. As far as we are concerned (en cuanto a nosotros), we have decided not to take (dar) any steps in the matter.
12. We do not wish to throw good money after bad (echar la soga tras el caldero).[133]
13. We shall invoice by next mail your glassware and haberdashery.
14. Ham is a drug in the market (no tiene salida).
15. A good business is done at present in drysalteries.
16. A good crop of maize is announced from Cape Town (desde el Cabo).
[Footnote 133: Lit.: to throw the rope after the pail.]
LESSON XXI.
(Leccion vigesima primera.)
DEFECTIVE AND PRONOMINAL VERBS.
=Defective Verbs= are those only certain parts of which are in use, the rest having never existed in the language or having died out of it.
The principal ones are—
Soler. "To be wont," "to be accustomed to." Used in the pres. indic., Suelo, sueles, suele, solemos, soleis, suelen; in the imperf. indic., Solia, solias, etc.; and in the pres. perf., He solido, has solido, etc., as—
En su juventud solia trabajar con ahinco—ahora ya ha aflojado un poco: When he was young he used to work with fervour, now he begins to flag a little.
Yacer. "To lie"; generally on tombstones, as: Aqui yace: Here lies.
(In poetry, but seldom in prose, it is found conjugated throughout.)
Salve and Vale used in the Imperative for "Hail!" and "Farewell!"
Placer (to please). Generally used in "Plegue a Dios" (may it please God) and "Pluguiera (pluguiese) a Dios" (might it please God).
It is still used also in the 3rd pers. of Pres. Indic., Imperf. Indic, and Past Def. (the Past Def. is "Plugo").
EXAMPLES—
Mucho me place: It pleases me much.
Plegue a Dios que no se declare la huelga: May it please God that a strike is not declared.
Abolir (to abolish) is irregular like "mover" (viz., changes o into ue when stressed). Its irregular parts are however never used, and are substituted by giving a different turn to the sentence, as—
Digo que =se debe abolir= instead of =se abuela=: I say that it must be abolished.
Ataner (to bear upon) is only used in the 3rd pers., as—
Lo que atane al asunto: What bears on the subject.
Las noticias que atanen a nuestro proyecto: The news that bears on our scheme.
Concerner (to concern) is only used in the pres. participle—concerniendo (concerning) and in the 3rd persons, as: concierne (it concerns), etc.
=Pronominal Verbs= are verbs conjugated throughout with a double pronoun of the same person, as—
Amarse—Yo me amo, tu te amas, el se ama, nosotros nos amamos, vosotros os amais, ellos se aman.
These are—
1. Reflexive Verbs (when the action falls back on the subject. See Lesson XVIII), as—Yo me amo: I love myself.
N.B.—The second pronoun must be direct object. If the second pronoun is indirect object, the verb is called Transitive Pronominal, as—
Procurarse una clientela: To get a clientele (a connection).
2. Intransitive Pronominal Verbs (see Lesson XIX).
3. Intransitive Verbs made Pronominal from verbs ordinarily transitive (see Lesson XIX), as—
Hacerse, Volverse: To become.
La competencia se ha hecho imposible: Competition has become impossible.
4. The 3rd pers. pronominal forms the Passive Voice, same as the verb ser, as—
La sabiduria se alaba or es alabada: Wisdom is praised.
N.B.—If the doer is expressed after using ser it may be preceded by de or por, as—
La sabiduria es alabada de or por todos[134]: Wisdom is praised by all.
[Footnote 134: When the verb does not mean a physical action de is preferable.]
If it is expressed after using se, =Por= must be used, as—
La sabiduria se alaba por todos: Wisdom is praised by all. (Grammar of the Academy.)
Pronominal Verbs are used in Spanish very frequently in conjunction with the article to avoid the use of the possessive adjective before parts of the body, or articles of dress,[135] as—
Me he quebrado la pierna: I broke my leg.
Se ha danado los ojos, or la vista: He has damaged his eyes or eyesight.
[Footnote 135: The article is most generally substituted for the possessive pronoun referring to parts of the body or articles of dress, whenever this can be done without producing ambiguity, as—
Me dio la mano: He gave me his hand.
Tiene los ojos azules: His eyes are blue.
Le cogi el brazo: I caught his arm.
Me duele la cabeza: My head aches.
Me lastiman las botas: My boots hurt me.]
=Irregular Verbs= (contd.).
+————————————————————————————————-+ | =Entender=[136] (to understand). | +————————————————————————————————-+ |Pres. Indic.,| Entiendo-es-e, entendemos, entendeis, entienden.| |Pres. Subj., | Entienda-as-a, entendamos, entendais, entiendan.| |Imper. Mood, | Entiende, entended (reg.). | +————————————————————————————————-+
[Footnote 136: And its group (see Appendix IV)]
+——————————————————————————-+ | Mover[137] (to move). | +——————————————————————————-+ |Pres. Indic.,| Muevo-es-e, movemos, moveis, mueven.| |Pres. Subj., |Mueva-as-a, movamos, movais, muevan. | |Imper. Mood, |Mueve, moved (reg.). | +——————————————————————————-+
[Footnote 137: And its group (see Appendix IV)]
VOCABULARY.
=acusar recibo=, to acknowledge receipt =ascensor=, lift, hoist =bien estar=, well being =coleccion=, collection, set of samples =confiar a=, to entrust =confiar en=, to trust in =corresponder a las necesidades=, to meet the requirements =corriente, el que rige=, inst. =cucharas=, spoons =cuchillo=, knife =cueros=, hides =*deshacerse=, to get rid of =deshecho=, got rid of =distrito=, district =empacar=, to pack =empaque, etc=., I packed, etc. =*establecerse=, to establish oneself =me establezco, etc=., I establish myself, etc. =fantasias=, fancies =herramientas=, tools =manga=, sleeve =*manifestar=, to inform, to say by letter =manifiesto, etc=., I inform, etc. =moeres=, mohair =nanquines=, nankeens =pieles=, skins =planchas de hierro=, sheet iron =principio=, beginning =telas para trajes= (=de Senora=), dress goods =tenedores=, forks =*torcer=, to twist =tuerzo, etc=., I twist, etc. =vale=, farewell, adieu =viajante=, traveller (commercial) =viajar=, to travel =vivamente=, earnestly, vividly
EXERCISE 1 (41).
Translate into English—
1. Sin ningunas de sus gratas a que referirnos dirigimos a Vs. la presente para manifestarles que estando muy a corto (short) de fondos nos hemos visto precisados (we have been obliged) a girar a su cargo (on you) por el saldo de nuestra factura de Planchas de Hierro y Herramientas.
2. iPlegue a Dios que nuestros buenos deseos tengan pleno cumplimiento (may be fully realised)!
3. ?Quiere V. encargarse (take charge) de ese asunto?
4. Mucho me place (with much pleasure).
5. Se dice que pronto se abolira esta ley.
6. Tendre mucho gusto que sea abolida (not se abuela).
7. Todo lo que atane al desarrollo de la agricultura o que concierne el bien estar general del pais me interesa vivamente.
8. La honradez (honesty) es alabada de (or por) todos pero nunca se alaba tanto como por los de manga ancha (those who themselves are not over-scrupulous).
9. El comerciante despues de haberse muy bien establecido se consumio el capital en especulaciones bursatiles.
10. Nos hemos deshecho de los cuchillos, tenedores y cucharas sin tanta perdida como temiamos.
11. El cajero bajando en el ascensor se ha torcido el pie y se esta en casa guardando cama (in bed).
12. ?Entiende V. las razones porque ha de subir el cambio?
13. Para que las entienda debo leer la revista de la Bolsa (Exchange Review).
14. Entienda V. que esto no ha de hacerse otra vez. iEntendido!
EXERCISE 2 (42).
Translate into Spanish—
1. With reference to your esteemed order of 1st inst. for skins and hides, we understand exactly what you want, but we much regret to say that we are unable to get in (obtenerlos) at your limit.
2. We acknowledge receipt of your favour (apreciable) of the 1st inst. with note of purchase we are to make on (de or por) your account, and we shall report thereon (contestaremos, relataremos) by our next.
3. We have picked up (escogido) a few suitable clearing lines (saldos), which are awaiting shipment (se embarcaran) by next steamer.
4. Stripes and checks.—Owing to a breakdown in the works these will not be ready for (antes de) another fortnight.
5. The goods were packed according to (de conformidad con) your instructions, but we take no responsibility for sending them (haberlos mandado) in bales instead of cases as usual (como de costumbre).
6. We hand (pasamos) you enclosed the invoice amounting to (importando en, ascendiendo a) L155 6s. 7d. to the debit of your account, value (valor al) 15th inst.
7. We can assure you that any (cualesquiera) orders entrusted to our care (que se nos confien) will receive careful attention.
8. Our traveller will be in your district by the beginning of September, and he will have much pleasure in waiting upon you (en visitarles) with our full (completa) collection of dress goods and fancies.
9. We hasten to offer you a lot of cheap mohairs and nankeens and hope they will meet your requirements.
Hoping to receive a favourable reply,
Yours faithfully,
SMITH AND Co.
Prices are (van or estan) marked on (en) the samples.
S. & Co. (Vale).[138]
[Footnote 138: Used instead of initialling a postscriptum.]
LESSON XXII.
(Leccion vigesima segunda.)
THE MOODS.
Mood is that form or modification of the Verb which marks the mode in which an action is viewed or stated.
There are =5= moods in Spanish: one the Infinitive and =4= Finite, viz., the Indicative, Conditional, Subjunctive, and Imperative.
The =Infinitive Mood= (Modo Infinitivo) represents the action or state of being without any reference to time or person. The present and past participles are parts of the Infinitive Mood.
The Infinitive Mood may be used in the capacity of a noun either as Subject or Object of the sentence. It is then generally (but not necessarily) accompanied by the def. article, as—
El leer es util: To read is useful.
Me es necesario el leer: It is necessary for me to read.
The form of the Pres. Part. used in this capacity in English is inadmissible in Spanish, e.g., we could never say "leyendo" for "el leer" (or "la lectura").
The Infinitive Mood preceded by a may have a passive meaning, as—
Una consignacion a hacer or also a hacerse (a ser hecha): A shipment to be made.
The Infinitive Mood preceded by a may be used instead of the Finite
Mood introduced by "if," as—
A saber yo que V. era accionista de aquella compania, le habria comunicado luego aquella relacion: If I had known (or had I known) that you were a shareholder in that society, I would have sent you at once that report. The =Present Participle= after "to be" is used in both languages to form the continuous or progressive tenses; in Spanish this happens much less frequently than in English, and only with verbs whose action implies =duration of time= and besides when it is spoken of as =actually in progress=. This form is never possible with the verb "to go," and is very rarely found with "to come," as—
Miro aquellas Mantas y Terlices que me gustan: I am looking at those
Blankets and Tickings which I like.
Grita: He is shouting.
Nos escribe continuamente: He is continually writing us.
Hoy como con el arquitecto: To-day I am dining with the architect.
Estoy haciendo mi correspondencia, no puedo dejar el despacho: I am writing my correspondence, I cannot leave the office.
A =Preposition= before a Pres. Part. is either translated by a preposition followed by the Infinitive Mood or by the Pres. Part. without a Preposition, as—
Al ir _(or _yendo) a la Bolsa; On going to the Exchange.
EXCEPTION—
After en we find the Pres. Part. used with the following meaning—e.g.
En acabando saldre: As soon as I have finished, I shall go out.
"I, acting as trustee," is translated "Yo, procediendo como sindico"; but "I wrote to the party acting as umpire" would be "Escribi a la persona que funcionaba (not funcionando) de arbitro."
After "Intentar,"[139] "Ver," "Oir," "Sentir," and "Simular" the
Infinitive only can be used in Spanish, as—
[Footnote 139: Or verbs of similar meaning.
Intento (or pienso) hipotecar la casa: I intend mortgaging the
house.
Le veo pasar: I see him passing.
"My coming," "my going," etc., are translated: "El venir or el
haber venido yo," etc.]
The Past Part. may be used in an absolute manner, as—
Entregada la carta se fue: The letter (being) delivered, he went.
Sellados los sobres, los echo al correo: Having sealed the envelopes he posted them.
VOCABULARY.
=abogado=, lawyer, barrister =bombas de aire=, air pumps =*contribuir=, to contribute =contribuyo, etc=., I contribute =convenio=, agreement =desperdiciar=, to waste =diseno=, design =embajador=, ambassador =empenos=, obligations, engagements =estacion, temporada=, season =Estados Unidos=, United States =excelentemente=, excellently =forma=, shape =forros=, linings =gorras=, caps =*hacer frente=, to face, to meet (bills, etc.) =honrar=, to honour =locomotora=, locomotive =malgastar=, to waste, to squander =Navidad=, Christmas =necesitar, desear=, to require =paso= step =*poner en conocimiento=, to inform =ponerse de acuerdo=, to agree =pormenores=, particulars =presupuesto=, estimate =proyectar=, to project, to plan =representar=, to represent, to act for =rizo del ala=, curl of the brim (of a hat) =secretario=, secretary =senado=, senate =someter=, to submit =supondre, etc=., I shall suppose, etc. =*suponer=, to suppose =supongo, etc=., I suppose, etc. =supuse, etc=., I supposed, etc. =tarea=, task =tratado de arbitraje=, arbitration treaty =varar=, to ground (a ship) =variedad=, variety =vendre, etc=., I shall come, etc. =vengo, vienes, etc=., I come, etc. =*venir=, to come =vine, etc=., I came, etc.
EXERCISE 1 (43).
Translate into English—
1. El escribir concisa y claramente contribuye al buen exito (success) de una casa comercial.
2. Quedan muchos pasos a dar.
3. A suponer yo que no honrara sus aceptaciones no le habria concedido el credito.
4. ?Que hace V.?
5. Estoy escribiendo un presupuesto para una locomotora y cuatro bombas de aire que se piden para Chile; en acabando mi tarea saldre (I shall come out) con V.
6. Debemos escribir al abogado que representa al Sr. Fulano para ponerle en conocimiento de los pormenores que puedan interesarle.
7. Si, Senor, pensaba hacerlo manana.
8. Siento tener que informar a V. que he encontrado al Sr. Smith y le he oido decir que no puede hacer frente a sus empenos.
9. Ejecutada esta primera orden, y pagada que sea (once paid) le manifestare claramente que no me conviene continuar bajo estas condiciones.
10. Se asegura que el secretario del departamento de Estado y el embajador de Inglaterra se han puesto de acuerdo, hace poco, sobre los principales puntos del tratado de arbitraje proyectado por el Presidente de los Estados Unidos.
11. Se supone que dicho (said) convenio sera sometido al senado antes de Navidad.
12. Se han recibido noticias de haber naufragado (shipwrecked) un buque en la costa de Marruecos (Morocco) y de haber varado otro en Almeria.
EXERCISE 2 (44).
Translate into Spanish—
1. I do not consider (no creo que) I have been fairly (equitativamente or bien) treated.
2. Silk and Cotton Linings.—We note (nos enteramos de) your complaints but you know they were bought as job lots (imperfectos) and in buying such lots, one has to put up with (conformarse con) some imperfections (defectos, imperfecciones).
3. The hats and caps have turned out (salido) excellently.
4. The former (aquellos) are exactly of the shape and curl you require and the latter (estas) include (abarcan) a large variety of designs.
5. They will reach you (le llegaran) in plenty of time (con bastante anticipacion) for the coming (entrante) season.
6. Please report (hacer sus comentos) on samples as soon as received (luego que las reciban).
7. Reading good papers is necessary to keep oneself posted up (mantenerse al corriente), but reading the sensational news (noticias sensacionales) of a certain press (prensa) is wasting one's time.
8. Are you going to Spain this year?
9. I do not think so, my correspondent is coming to England.
10. We shall write to the gentleman acting as secretary to send us (que nos envie) a copy of the report.
11. Did you hear him saying that?
12. I regret having to inform you that once I have paid what I owe (to owe = deber), I shall not continue my transactions with your firm.
LESSON XXIII.
(Leccion vigesima tercera.)
THE MOODS (contd.).
The =Indicative Mood= (Modo Indicativo) is that form of the verb that expresses the action in a =positive manner=, as a =fact=.
The =Conditional Mood= (Modo Condicional)[140] affirms like the
Indicative Mood in a positive manner, =but subject to a condition=.
The =Imperative Mood= is used to command or to beg. This mood has only one tense and one distinct form of person: the second, as—
Habla tu: Speak thou.
Hablad vosotros: Speak ye or you.
The 1st pers. sing, does not occur and the other persons are taken from the Present Subjunctive.[141]
In the 3rd person (and sometimes even the 1st plural) the pres. subj. may take the place of the Imperative used affirmatively. This becomes apparent by the use of Que, which precedes the Subjunctive and when an object pronoun occurs in the sentence, as—
Escribalo el or Que lo escriba el: Let him write it.
There is no Imperative Mood negative in Spanish.[142]
[Footnote 140: English form: (auxiliary) should + verb for 1st persons; (auxiliary) would + verb for 2nd and 3rd persons.]
[Footnote 141: With only one exception—
=Ir= (to go). 1st pers. pl., Pres. Subj.—Vayamos. 1st pers. pl.,
Imperative—Vayamos or vamos (more used).]
[Footnote 142: It is borrowed entirely from the Pres. Subjunctive, as: No hables, no hable, no hablemos, no hableis, no hablen. The difference is of course, only apparent in the 2nd person.]
=The Subjunctive Mood=.
This mood offers some difficulty to English students; this arises from the fact that in English this mode of viewing the action of the verb is often rendered by the indicative mood or by the semi-auxiliary verbs "may," "might," "should," "would."
=Note=.—The Spanish rule on the Subjunctive mood must be therefore applied irrespective of the English construction.
GENERAL RULE.
The Subjunctive Mood can only be used in dependent clauses, as—
Yo quiero que el venga: I wish him to come.
Yo quiero que el vaya: I wish him to go.
And then, only when, by reason of what precedes in the Principal Clause, the action of the Subordinate verb is not expressed in a positive manner (i.e., as a fact) but as merely contingent (i.e., only conceived in the mind), as—
Yo declare que el vino (or vendria): I say that he came or that he would come. Yo espero que el venga: I hope that he may come. Yo esperaba que el viniese: I hoped that he might, or would come.
SPECIAL RULES.
I. A verb in a dependent clause is placed (generally) in the Subjunctive Mood after verbs expressing an action, or emotion of the mind, when the subjects of the principal and of the subordinate verbs are different.
EXAMPLES of principal verbs which govern the following verb in the
Subjunctive Mood—
aconsejar (to advise) alegrarse de que (to be glad that) avergonzarse de que (to be ashamed that) conceder (to grant) conseguir (to obtain) desear (to desire) esperar (to hope) evitar (to avoid) impedir (to hinder) mandar (to order) querer (to wish) rogar (to ask, to beg) sentir (to regret) temer (to fear) confiar en que (to trust)
N.B.—(a) If the 2nd verb should have the same subject, use the
Infinitive Mood, as—
Deseo que venga: I wish him to come.
Deseo venir: I wish to come.
(b) After verbs expressing joy, shame, sorrow, or fear, the Indicative may be used instead of the Subjunctive.
(c) After "mandar" (to order) the subordinate verb is often in the Infinitive instead of the Subjunctive, as—
Mandele V. que lo haga: Order him to do it.
Mandeselo V. hacer: Order him to do it.
VOCABULARY.
=agradar, favorecer=, to oblige =almacenero, dependiente de almacen=, warehouseman =celebrar=, to be glad of =colorido=, colouring =*complacer=, to oblige =complazco, etc=., I oblige, etc. =(el) cortapluma=, penknife =cortesmente=, politely =coste flete y seguro=, cost, freight and insurance =*dar las gracias=, to hank =demora=, delay =*demostrar confianza=, to show confidence =deplorar=, to deplore =dictados=, dictates =en seguida=, at once =franco de averia particular=, free of particular average =*hacer una remesa=, to send a remittance =intereses=, interests =justificarse=, to justify oneself =mucho=, much, exceedingly, greatly =navajas de afeitar=, razors =obrar=, to act =patines=, skates =primer dependiente=, chief clerk =propio=, own =*rogar=, to beg, to request =ruego, etc=., I beg, etc. =sin novedad=, safe and sound =tela para pantalones=, trousering =tijeras=, scissors
EXERCISE 1 (45).
Translate into English—
1. En nuestra anterior les rogamos[143] nos enviasen una muestra de las telas de nuestros competidores.
2. Celebraremos mucho que encuentren ventaja en el cambio de via (route) que hemos adoptado para sus envios.
3. Siento haber hecho este error y siento tambien que mi primer dependiente no me lo haya hecho observar.
4. Me avergueenzo que por culpa de un dependiente de almacen negligente haya recibido V. un genero por otro (the wrong goods).
5. Nunca me avergueenzo de hablar a las claras (openly, clearly).
6. No podemos ni deberiamos querer impedir a los otros que piensen como quieran; lo que si debemos hacer es aconsejar a todos que obren segun los dictados de su propia conciencia.
7. Lo que me este bien (is my duty) hacer lo hare.
8. Espero me mande pronto los coloridos para las telas para pantalones.
9. Deploro que el quiera justificarse con argumentos que se quiebran de sutiles (which do not stand the light of day).
10. Explicate para que te entienda.
11. No te justifiques con malas razones (by quibbling).
12. Expliqueme V. de que se trata (what it is about).
13. No le explique V. mas de lo necesario.
[Footnote 143: The 1st pers. plural Past Definite of the 1st Conjugation may take an accent to distinguish it from the Present Indicative.]
EXERCISE 2 (46).
Translate into Spanish—
1. We should like to do more business with your firm.
2. You would greatly oblige (us) by sending us a remittance.
3. He would do well to write it to them.
4. Let him write at once.
5. We hope you may arrive safe and sound, and we advise you to take care of yourself.
6. From what we can gather (por lo que tenemos entendido) the firm is doing a successful (buenos) business.
7. We trust this information will be of service (de utilidad) to you.
8. The documents appear to be in order and we hope there will be no difficulty.
9. We are glad the goods have arrived before the time stipulated (estipulado).
10. We do not want you to lose any money; on the contrary, we wish you to realise a substantial (buena) profit.
11. Tell the clerk to write more politely.
12. Order them to do it quickly.
13. I may come (es posible que venga) to-morrow.
14. We notice (observamos) that the Razors, Scissors, Penknives and Skates are ready to be shipped, and trust (confiamos) that, as announced (nos anunciaron Vs.), they will come to hand (llegaran a manos) without delay.
15. We thank you for the confidence you have shown in us which we hope to justify and you may be sure that we shall do our best for (por) your interests.
16. I request you kindly to insure the cargo against total loss or f.p.a.[144]
17. Sell at 21s. c.i.f.[145]
[Footnote 144: Free of particular average.]
[Footnote 145: Cost, insurance, freight.]
LESSON XXIV.
(Leccion vigesima cuarta.)
THE SUBJUNCTIVE MOOD (contd.).
II. The Subjunctive Mood is used after Impersonal verbs, as
Es menester que lo haga: It is needful that he does it.
Es necesario que lo haga: It is necessary that he does it.
EXCEPTIONS—
1. When the Impersonal Verb expresses certainty, as—
Es cierto que lo hara: It is certain that he will do it.
2. When the dependent verb has not its own subject, both the following constructions are correct—
Es necesario hacerlo: It must be done
Es necesario que se haga: It must be done
III. The Subjunctive Mood is used after the following locations—-
Antes que (before)
En caso que (in case)
De miedo que (lest)
Por mas que (however much, although)
Sin que (without)
Para que (so that)
A menos que (unless)
Salvo que (except that)
Con tal que (provided that)
Sea que (whether … or)
Aunque (even if)
IV. The Subjunctive Mood is generally used after the following locations, when the action refers to future time, but the Indicative is used when the action refers to the past or present—
Despues que (after)
Aunque (although)
De modo que (so that)
No obstante que (notwithstanding)
Cuandoquiera que (whenever)
Hasta que (until)
Luego que (as soon as)
Quienquiera que (whoever)
Comoquiera que (however)
Cualquiera que (whichever, whoever)
Dondequiera que (wherever)
El 1 deg., 2 deg., 3 deg., etc., que (the 1st 2nd 3rd, etc., that)
El unico que (the only one that)
El solo que (the only one that)
El ultimo que (the last that)
Nada que (nothng that)
Ninguo, nadie que (no one that)
El mejor (or any other superlative) que (the best etc., that)
E.g.—
Escribio de modo que su padre quedo contento: He wrote so that his father remained content.
Escriba V. de modo que su padre quede contento: Write so that your father may remain content.
Le pague aunque no hizo su trabajo: I paid him, although he did not do his work.
No le pagare aunque haga su trabajo: I shall not pay him although he may do his work.
The above rules have liberties and exceptions to be learnt by practice, generally turning on whether the action is intended to be alluded to =as a fact= or as =a mere conception=.
V. The Subjunctive Mood is used after cuando, asi como, luego que and similar expressions when the action of the verb refers =to the future=, as—
Lo hare cuando tenga tiempo: I shall do it when I have time.
N.B.—The Future Subjunctive is often used in this case.
VI. The Subjunctive Mood is used after si (conditional if) when the context requires the following verb in the past form, as—
Lo haria si tuviese (tuviera) dinero: I should do it if I had money.
N.B.—If the context requires the verb in the present form, the
Indicative Present must be used, as—
Lo hago si tengo tiempo: I do it if I have time.
Lo hare si tengo tiempo: I shall do it if I have time.
When, as in the latter example a future time is indicated, the Future
Subjunctive may be used instead of the Pres. Indicative, as—
Lo hare si tuviere tiempo: I shall do it if (ever) I have time.
VII. After como the Subjunctive Mood is used idiomatically but not necessarily, as—
Como le vio le hablo: As soon as he saw him he spoke to him.
Como le viese le hablo: On seeing him he spoke to him.
VIII. After creer, pensar, opinar, and similar verbs, the following verb is generally in the Indicative; but after no creer, etc., the verb is in the Subjunctive mood. After creer, etc., used interrogatively, the verb may be Indicative or Subjunctive.
VOCABULARY.
=abaca=, Manilla hemp =calcetines=, half-hose, socks =canamo=, hemp =cancelar=, to cancel =coger=, to catch *=conseguir=, to succeed in =contado (al)=, (in) cash =dificultad=, difficulty =un dineral=, a mint of money =encogerse=, to shrink =equivocarse=, to be mistaken =la gente=, the people =mecanismo=, mechanism, contrivance =medias=, stockings, hose =ocurrir=, to happen =perfeccionar=, to perfect =persona=, person =por mas que=, however much, whatever *=probar=, to prove, to attempt, to try =pruebo, etc=., I try, etc. *=reconvenir=, to reprimand =repasar=, to look over *=saber=, to know =se, sabes, sabe, etc=., I know, etc. =sepa, sepas, sepa, etc=., I may know, *=ser menester=, to be necessary =telefonear=, to telephone =trabajo=, work =yute=, jute
EXERCISE 1 (47).
Translate into English—
1. Es conveniente (proper) y aun absolutamente necesario que se acabe esta cuestion.
2. Es cierto que se acabara.
3. Es posible que suba el mercado; tal vez suba mas de lo que se crea.
4. Es el unico cliente que no haya pagado su factura.
5. Es menester pues escribirle y apremiarle para que cumpla con su deber (to fulfil his duty).
6. Antes que escriba V., repase sus libros para que no haya miedo de que haya ocurrido alguna equivocacion (mistake).
7. A menos que pague le citaremos ante los Tribunales (we shall summon him) de miedo que otros sean pagados con nuestro dinero.
8. Por mas que V. diga, las medias, calcetines, y guantes no son iguales a las muestras que sirvieron de base (as a basis) al contrato.
9. Sin que V. me lo diga lo hare, salvo que intervenga algun contratiempo (any hitch should happen) y con tal que, interin (in the meantime) llegue su remesa.
10. Sea que llegue, sea que no, V. deberia hacerlo aunque le fuese en ello todo su capital (all your capital were at stake).
11. Telefonee V. cuando quiera.
12. Celebrare lo haga luego que le sea posible.
13. Asi como sepa algo le telefoneare.
14. Enviaria las zarazas si estuviese seguro que no me viniera (imp. subj. of venir) despues con quejas.
15. No creo que cueste muy cara esta seda.
16. No me parece que salio ventajosa aquella transaccion.
EXERCISE 2 (48).
Translate into Spanish—
1. It is impossible for us to obtain the goods.
2. He spoke as if he were sure of it.
3. I may (es posible que) accept your price, provided you pay cash.
4. It is certain the white shirtings have shrunk too much in bleaching (en el blanqueo).
5. He insisted until he paid him something and now he will continue to insist until he pays him something more.
6. The foreign correspondent (el corresponsal de lenguas extranjeras) did his work so that his employer was satisfied.
7. Write clearly so that people may read your writing (su letra) without difficulty.
8. Whenever I spoke to him he was very polite, therefore, I shall put (dire) a word in his favour whenever I can do so.
9. I reprimanded him notwithstanding that he was my son, and I shall do so whenever it is necessary in spite of his being now a man.
10. The first to come was the office-boy (muchacho, hortera [joc.]), and he will be the last to go (a salir).
11. The first firm that attempts it will burn its fingers (se cogera los dedos).
12. He was the only one who understood us.
13. He is not the only one who is mistaken.
14. They will not be the only persons who will be mistaken.
15. Whoever succeeds in perfecting this contrivance will be sure to make (es seguro que hara) a mint of money.
16. We shall be thankful if you will cancel our order for flax, hemp, Manilla hemp and jute.
LESSON XXV.
(Leccion vigesima quinta.)
THE TENSES.
The Tenses in Spanish being mostly used as in English, we shall only call attention to such of the principal differences between the two languages as have not yet been treated.
=Present—=
The English emphatic Present, "I do say," must be expressed by "Lo digo en efecto," "lo digo de veras," "lo digo si."
"I do" with a verb understood after, as "Do you understand? I do" is translated by "Si," "Si, senor," or "Si entiendo."
"Are you an engineer? Yes, I am"; "He is generous with me, and I am with him"; "He is my surety, and I am his"; must be translated by "Es V. ingeniero? Si, lo soy"; "Es generoso conmigo y yo lo soy con el"; "El es mi fiador y yo lo soy suyo."