Plants and their children

(For the convenience of teachers and other older readers, technical terms avoided in the body of the book are given in the index.)

• A
• Above-ground roots, 106-111.
• Acorn, seed of oak, 68.
• seed leaves of, 87.
• a fruit, 95.
• Adder’s tongue, yellow, 203, 216, 219.
• Air, composition of, 151.
• Air roots, 107.
• Alder, black, 49.
• Alder, speckled, 173.
• Alder, swamp, 173.
• Alder tassels, 207-209.
• Almond seed, a food, 91.
• Amphibious knotweed, 119, 123.
• Anemone, 203, 209, 216, 219.
• Animals and plants, difference between, 154, 155.
• Anthers, see “dust boxes.”
• Apple, study of, 11-19.
• seed of, 20, 24, 27, 29, 93.
• signs of ripeness of, 28, 29.
• Apple blossom, parts of, 14, 15, 32.
• buds of, 129.
• Ash, seed of, 62.
• Aster puffball, 59.
• Asters, 251, 252, 254.
• B
• Baneberry, red, 49.
• Baneberry, white, 49.
• Barberry, 49.
• stamens of, 193.
• Bark, defined, 120, 121.
• Basswood, leaves of, 165.
• Bean, planting of seed of, 80.
• seed leaves of, 81.
• development of seed, 81-83, 96-98.
• root of, 99.
• stem of, 115, 117.
• Bee, a pollen carrier, 17, 18, 189, 207, 226, 227, 233.
• Beech tree, 215.
• Beet, root of, 102, 103.
• Birch tassels, 208, 209.
• Birds, as seed transporters, 72, 73.
• Bittersweet berries, 42.
• Black alder, 49.
• Blackberry, development of, 235-237.
• Bladderwort, 179, 180.
• Bloodroot, 106.
• Bloom, 173.
• Blue daisy, 251.
• Blue flag, classified, 88.
• Bristles, 175.
• Bryophyllum, 132, 133, 150.
• Buckwheat seed, a food, 91.
• Buds, 125-133.
• protection of, 126, 127, 131.
• position of, 128, 132.
• unprotected, 130.
• on leaves, 132, 133.
• Bulb, described, 105, 106.
• an underground stem, 216, 217.
• Bulblets, defined, 132.
• Burdock burr, 35, 36, 52, 53, 95.
• Burrs, description of, 52.
• use of, to plant, 53.
• as seed cases, 67, 68.
• Buttercup, pistils and stamens of, 201
• Buttonwood buds, 130, 131.
• C
• Cabbage leaves, 173.
• Cabbage, skunk, 204.
• Caladium, 163, 164.
• Calyx (cup), described, 15.
• position of, 18.
• function of, 188.
• defined, 189.
• Carrion vine, 230, 231.
• Carrot root, 102.
• Carrot, wild, 246, 247.
• Castor-oil plant, seed of, 72.
• Cells, 139-143.
• description of, 139.
• passage of moisture through, 147, 148.
• water supply of, 149.
• functions of, 152.
• loosening leafstalk, 185.
• Cherry blossom, parts of, 37, 38, 188, 189, 218.
• development into cherry, 37, 38, 189.
• Cherry tree, branch of, 126.
• buds of, 129.
• Cherry, wild, 39.
• Chestnut, burrs of, 67, 68.
• seed leaves of, 87, 88.
• leaves of, 161.
• Chicory flower, pollen of, 197.
• Chlorophyll (leaf green), described, 137.
• function of, 151-161.
• Chokecherries, 39, 40.
• Clematis, seed appendages of, 58.
• fruit clusters of, 59.
• stem of, 115.
• “Clock,” dandelion’s fruit, 35.
• Clover, red and white, 117.
• leaf of, 168.
• a flower head, 243, 244, 247.
• Coal, origin of, 152, 153.
• Cocoanut, 69.
• Coffee seed, a food, 91.
• Color change in leaf, 185.
• Coloring of fruit, function of, 42, 43, 50.
• Columbine, plan of, 221.
• spur of, 226.
• Composite family, 248, 252, 254.
• Corm, 105, 106.
• Corn, seed of, 80, 88.
• seed leaves of, 88.
• stem of, 114, 117.
• stalk of, 120, 121.
• Corolla, position of, 15.
• of apple blossom, 19.
• function of, 188.
• defined, 190.
• Cottonwood seed, 61.
• Cotyledons, see “seed leaves.”
• Crane’s bill, 65, 66.
• Crocus, bulb or underground stem of, 105, 150.
• an early flower, 216.
• Cup, green, see “calyx.”
• Cyclamen, underground stem of, 105.
• D
• Daffodil, 216.
• Daisy, pollen of, 196.
• plan of, 249-251.
• blue, 251.
• flower head of, 252.
• strap and tube flowers of, 254, 255.
• Dandelion, puffball of, 35, 36, 95.
• fruit cluster of, 60.
• plan of, 247, 248.
• flower head of, 252.
• strap flowers of, 254, 255.
• Dicotyledonous plants (plants with two seed leaves), 85-87.
• Dodder, 108-110, 114, 123.
• Dogwood, berries of, 42.
• Dogwood blossom, plan of, 245.
• Duckweed, 111.
• Dust boxes (anthers), position of, 14, 227.
• contents of, 17.
• function of, 188.
• varieties of, 193-195.
• Dutchman’s breeches, 203.
• E
• Easter lily, building plan of, 191.
• stamens of, 193.
• description of, 218, 219.
• Elm, seed of, 62.
• Enchanter’s nightshade, stamen of, 195.
• English ivy, 106, 107, 115, 116.
• Eucalyptus, perspiration of, 149.
• Evening primrose, a night-blooming
• flower, 229, 230.
• pollen of, 197.
• Evergreen leaves, 184.
• Evergreen plants, 171.
• Everlasting, 255.
• Eyes of potato, 104, 131.
• F
• False Solomon’s seal, 48.
• Ferns, 215.
• Fertilization, see “pollen.”
• Fibrous roots, 102, 103.
• Fir tree, trunk of, 121.
• Fireweed, pod of, 58.
• stamens and pistil of, 227, 228.
• Flax plant, 110.
• Fleshy root, 102-104.
• Flower cluster, 245, 246.
• Flower dust, see “pollen.”
• Flower head, 244, 247-255.
• Flower leaves, 192.
• Flowering plants, 22.
• Flowers, 187-255.
• with many pistils, 201, 202.
• with stamens only, 206-211.
• with pistils only, 207-211, 250.
• of trees, 209-211.
• night-opening, 228-230.
• design of odor of, 231.
• Food of plants, 143-148, 150.
• Forsythia, buds of, 129.
• Foxglove, garden, 225.
• Foxglove, yellow false, 112, 225, 226.
• Fruit, the plant’s object, 24.
• the seed holder, 33-36.
• defined, 34, 94.
• wild and cultivated, 39, 40.
• varieties of, 52-55, 95.
• function of, 95.
• formed from pistil, 202.
• Fruits and seeds, 9-73.
• G
• Garden foxglove, 225.
• Geranium, wild, 65, 66, 220.
• Golden-rod, fruit clusters of, 59.
• stamens of, 194, 195.
• plan of, 252, 253.
• description of, 254.
• Grass of Parnassus, pistil of, 200.
• Grass plants, classified, 88.
• H
• Hairy leaves, design of, 170-175.
• Hanging roots, 107.
• Haws, 49.
• Hemlock cone, 62.
• Hemlock tree, 171, 184.
• Hobblebush, leaves of, 215.
• buds of, 130.
• flower cluster of, 245, 246.
• Holly leaves, 174, 175.
• Hop hornbeam fruit, 62.
• Horse chestnut, buds of, 126, 128.
• Hyacinth, 216.
• I
• Indian corn, see “corn.”
• Indian cucumber root, 44, 45.
• Indian pipe, 112.
• Ivy, English, 106, 107, 115, 116.
• Ivy, Japanese, 116.
• Ivy, poison, 107, 115, 116.
• J
• Jack-in-the-pulpit, flower and berry of, 47.
• underground stem of, 105, 123.
• leaf of, 214.
• an early spring flower, 216.
• Japanese ivy, 116.
• Jewelweed, blossom of, 222.
• pod of, 65, 66.
• L
• Lady’s eardrop, 66.
• Lady’s slipper, 222.
• Laurel flower, pollen of, 197.
• Leaf blade, described, 136, 137.
• position of, 161.
• Leaf green (chlorophyll) described, 137.
• function of, 151-161.
• Leaf mouths, function of, 146, 159, 160, 171-173.
• perspiration of, 148, 149.
• Leaflets, defined, 168.
• Leafstalk, use of, 115.
• a bud protector, 131.
• defined, 136.
• Leaves, 135-185.
• protection of, 126, 127.
• buds on, 132, 133.
• parts of, 135-137.
• edges of, 135, 136, 168.
• functions of, 145.
• perspiration of, 146, 149, 150, 170-173.
• as storehouses, 150.
• position of, 160, 161.
• shapes of, 161, 167, 168.
• effect on roots, 162.
• net-veined, 165, 166.
• parallel-veined, 166.
• covering on, 170-175.
• hairy, 170-172, 175.
• woolly, 172.
• as traps, 176-183.
• fall of, 184, 185.
• color change of, 185.
• Life everlasting, 171, 172.
• Life substance of plants (protoplasm), 140, 141.
• Lily, classified, 88.
• underground stem of, 123, 150.
• flower leaves of, 191.
• plan of, 191, 192.
• pollen of, 196.
• pistil of, 197, 198.
• development of, 199.
• coloring of, 226.
• Lily, Easter, plan of, 191, 218, 219.
• Lily family, 45, 219.
• Liverwort, 203, 219.
• Locust leaf, 168.
• M
• Mallow, stamens of, 195.
• Mangrove, fruit and stem of, 92-94.
• Maple, keys of, 86, 210.
• winged seed of, 61, 86.
• seed leaves of, 90.
• branch of, 126.
• buds of, 129.
• leaf of, 136, 165, 167.
• flower of, 210.
• Maple, red, 92, 127.
• Maple, silver, 210.
• Maple, sugar, 92, 210.
• Maple, swamp, 210.
• Marsh marigold, a spring flower, 203.
• plan of, 218.
• pistils of, 219.
• Midrib of leaf, 137.
• Milkweed, pod of, 35, 95.
• seedbox of, 57.
• seeds of, 61.
• Mistletoe, 110, 111.
• Monocotyledonous plants (plants with one seed leaf), 88.
• Morning-glory, seed leaves of, 78.
• seed of, 83, 90.
• development of, 112, 113.
• stem of, 114, 115, 117, 123.
• Mountain laurel, buds of, 129.
• arrangement of stamens of, 226, 227.
• Mullein leaves, 170, 175.
• N
• Nasturtium spur, 226.
• Nepenthes leaf, 178, 179.
• Nettles, 175.
• Net-veined leaves, 165, 166.
• Nightshade, enchanter’s, 195.
• Nightshade, garden, 115.
• Nourishment of plant, 150.
• O
• Oak, seed of, 68.
• root of, 145.
• leaf of, 167.
• Oat seed, a food, 91.
• Orchid family, 107, 223, 224.
• Orchids, 123, 223, 224, 226.
• Ovary, see “seedbox.”
• P
• Palm tree, trunk of, 121.
• Pansy, plan of, 220.
• Parallel-veined leaves, 166.
• Parasitic plants, 108-111.
• Parsley family, 247.
• Partridge berries, 45, 46, 51.
• Partridge vine, 46, 184, 231.
• Pea, seed of, 80, 87, 90, 242.
• seed leaves of, 87.
• stem of, 115.
• pod of, 241, 242.
• Pea blossom, stamens of, 194, 241, 242.
• pistil of, 200, 241, 242.
• analysis of, 240-242.
• Pea family, 54, 240.
• Peach, compared with apple, 36.
• blossom of, 38.
• Persian origin of, 40.
• buds of, 129.
• Pear, compared with apple, 31.
• blossom of, 32.
• buds of, 129.
• Pear, wild, 118.
• Peony seeds, 75, 76.
• Perspiration of plants, 148, 149, 160.
• Petals (handkerchiefs), used as signals, 17, 18, 188, 192, 221, 223, 226.
• functions of, 188.
• Pine, cone of, 62.
• classified, 88, 89.
• leaves of, 171, 184.
• flower of, 197.
• Pins with dust boxes, see “stamens.”
• Pins without dust boxes, see “pistils.”
• Pistils (pins without dust boxes), described, 15, 18, 197-202.
• function of, 188, 198, 199.
• defined, 190.
• varieties of, 200.
• flowers with many, 201, 202.
• fruit formed from, 202.
• position of, 227, 228, 248.
• of strawberry, 233, 234.
• of berries, 236.
• Pit or stone, 37.
• Pitcher plant, 176-178.
• Pith, defined, 120, 121.
• Plants, flowering, 22.
• object of life of, 22, 23.
• use of, to world, 26, 27.
• service of, to animals, 26, 27, 156, 157.
• young, 75-98.
• nourishment of, 75, 76, 77, 150, 156-160.
• with two seed leaves (dicotyledons), 85-87.
• with one seed leaf (monocotyledons), 88.
• with many seed leaves (polycotyledons), 88, 89.
• parasitic, 108-111.
• development of, 112, 113.
• absorption of water by, 147.
• perspiration of, 148, 149, 160.
• as air purifiers, 151-153, 158, 159.
• breathing of, 158-160.
• storing of food in, 185, 216, 217.
• protection of, 214, 215.
• Plants and animals, difference between, 154, 155.
• Plum, compared with apple, 36.
• blossom of, 38.
• Plum, wild beach, 40.
• Pods, 35, 54, 55, 58, 65-67, 241, 242.
• Poison ivy, 107, 115, 116.
• Pollen (flower dust), described, 14, 196-199.
• carriers of, 17, 18, 189, 207, 213, 223, 224, 226-230, 233.
• effect on pistil, 18, 20.
• fertilizing power of, 18, 20, 196-199.
• transportation of, 18, 207, 211, 213, 226, 227, 229-231, 233, 250.
• function of, 188, 198, 199.
• varieties of, 196, 197.
• defined, 199, 200.
• Polycotyledonous plants (plants with many seed leaves), 88, 89.
• Polygala, 222.
• Poplar tassels, 211.
• Poppy seed, dispersal of, 70, 71.
• Potato, a stem, 104, 131.
• eyes of, 131, 174.
• Potato, sweet, 102.
• Prickles, 174, 175.
• Primrose, evening, 197, 229, 230.
• Protoplasm (life substance), 140, 141.
• Puffballs, 35, 36, 59, 95.
• Pussy willow, 129.
• tassels of, 205-207.
• Q
• Quince leaf, 135, 136, 137, 165.
• R
• Radish root, 102.
• Raspberry, development of, 237-239.
• Red baneberry, 49.
• Red clover, stem of, 117.
• Red maple, seed of, 92.
• leaves of, 127.
• buds of, 127.
• Rhubarb plant, 164.
• Robin’s plantain, 251, 252.
• Root branches, 162-164.
• Roots, origin of, 81, 113.
• hairs of, 81, 99-102, 104, 123, 143.
• function of, 99-103.
• fibrous, 102, 103.
• fleshy, 102-104.
• as food, 103, 104.
• above-ground, 106-111.
• varieties of, 106-112.
• hanging, 107.
• underground, 111.
• water, 111, 112.
• absorbing capacity of, 146.
• spreading of, 162, 163.
• position of, 163, 164.
• Roots and stems, 99-122.
• Rootstocks, function of, 106, 217.
• Rose, petals of, 32, 33.
• stem of, 120.
• Rose family, 31, 32, 36, 40, 235.
• Rose hip, 33, 34.
• Rose mallow, 258.
• Rose of Jericho, pod of, 71.
• Rose, wild, 32.
• S
• Saint John’s-wort, pistil of, 200.
• Saxifrage, pistil of, 200.
• Sea pinks, 228, 258.
• Seaweed, 258.
• Seed sailboats (appendages), 56-60, 207.
• Seedbox (ovary), described, 15, 18.
• function of, 188.
• in berries, 236-239.
• Seed coat, 80-84, 86, 113.
• Seed leaf, plants with one (monocotyledons), 88.
• of corn, 88.
• Seed leaves (cotyledons), description of, 78, 81-90.
• plants with two (dicotyledons), 85-87.
• of acorn, 87.
• of pea, 87.
• of walnut, 87, 88.
• of chestnut, 87, 88.
• plants with many (polycotyledons), 88, 89.
• development of, 113.
• number of, 120, 121, 165.
• Seeds, growth of, in the apple, 18-20.
• the object of the plant’s life, 24.
• importance of, to world, 27.
• protection of, 28, 29.
• reason for scattering of, 50, 51.
• transportation of, 52-64, 69-73.
• winged, 61
• shooting, 63-67.
• nourishment of, 75-77.
• planting of, 79-87, 95, 96.
• germination of, 80-89, 92, 198, 199.
• as food, 89-91.
• as storehouses, 90, 91.
• Shin leaf flower, stamen of, 193.
• Shooting seeds, 64-67.
• Silver maple, 210.
• Skunk cabbage, description of, 204.
• Snowberry, stem of, 117.
• Snowdrop, 216.
• Solomon’s seal, fruit of, 48.
• underground stem of, 105, 216.
• scars of, 105, 106.
• Solomon’s seal, false, 48.
• Speckled alder, 173.
• Spice bush buds, 129.
• Spikenard, 49.
• Spring beauty, 203, 216.
• Spur, 226.
• Squash, seed of, 80, 85, 86, 90.
• Squirting cucumber, 67.
• Stamens (pins with dust boxes), description of, 14.
• function of, 188.
• defined, 190.
• varieties of, 193-195.
• position of, 248.
• Steeple bush, leaves of, 172.
• Stems, development of, 81, 112, 113.
• of bean plant, 96.
• underground, 104-106, 150, 216-219.
• varieties of, 104, 112-120.
• use of, to plant, 113-117.
• habits of, 117-119.
• hairy, 118, 119.
• sticky, 118.
• parts of, 120.
• as water carriers, 146-148, 163.
• Stick-tight, 55.
• Stone or pit of fruits, 37.
• Strap flowers, 247-255.
• Strawberry, stem of, 117.
• pistil of, 201.
• development of, 233, 234.
• description of, 238.
• Sugar maple, seeds of, 92.
• blossom of, 210.
• Sumac, 43.
• Sun (Sunbeam), factor in plant life, 151-161.
• Sundew, leaf of, 182, 183.
• pistil of, 200.
• Sunflower, plan of, 255.
• Sunflower plant, perspiration of, 149.
• Swamp alder, 173.
• Swamp maple, 210.
• Sweet potato root, 102.
• T
• Thistle, 56, 59, 118, 174, 254, 255.
• Thistle down, 56.
• Thorn, 49.
• use of, to plant, 117, 118.
• Thorn apple, 199.
• Tick trefoil pod, 54, 55.
• Ticks, transportation of, 55.
• Tiger lily buds, 132.
• Touch-me-not pod, 65-67.
• Trailing arbutus, a spring flower, 203, 209.
• plan of, 217, 218.
• Transportation of pollen, 18, 207, 211, 213, 226, 227, 229-231, 233, 250.
• Transportation of seeds, 52-64, 69-73.
• Traps of plants, 176-183.
• Trees, flowers of, 209, 211.
• Trunk, a stem, 119.
• section of, 121, 147.
• Tube flowers, 249-255.
• Tuber, defined, 217.
• Tulip, stem of, 148.
• parts of, 193.
• an early spring flower, 216.
• Turnip root, 102.
• U
• Underground roots, 111.
• Underground stems, 104, 105, 150, 216, 217, 219.
• V
• Veinlets, described, 137.
• function of, 160.
• Veins, described, 137.
• function of, 160.
• significance of, 165.
• Venus’s flytrap, leaf of, 181.
• Violet, a spring flower, 203, 209.
• plan of, 220.
• spur of, 226.
• Violet, yellow, 203.
• Virginia creeper, 116.
• W
• Wake-robin, a spring flower, 216.
• plan of, 219.
• Walnut, seed leaves of, 87, 88.
• seed of, 90.
• a fruit, 95.
• Water lily, stem of, 116, 117.
• Water roots, 111, 112.
• Wheat seed, a food, 91.
• White baneberry, 49.
• White clover, stem of, 117.
• White elm, flower cluster of, 210.
• Wild beach plum, 40.
• Wild carrot, 246, 247.
• Wild geranium, plan of, 220.
• seed dispersal of, 65, 66.
• Wild ginger, a spring flower, 216.
• plan of, 219.
• seedbox of, 219.
• Wild pear, 118.
• Wild rose, 33.
• Willow, seed appendages of, 61.
• roots of, 111, 112.
• Willow herb, pod of, 58.
• seeds of, 61.
• Wintergreen, leaves of, in winter, 184.
• berries of, 49.
• Witch-hazel, flower of, 63.
• nut of, 63-65.
• seed of, 64.
• Wood lily, stem of, 105.
• Woolly leaves, 172.
• Y
• Yellow adder’s tongue, an early spring flower, 203, 216.
• plan of, 219.
• Yellow false foxglove, 112, 225, 226.
• Yellow violet, 203.