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Pottery, for Artists, Craftsmen & Teachers

Chapter 25: MEASURES, WEIGHTS, ETC.
By George James Cox
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About This Book

A practical manual guiding artists, craftsmen, and teachers through pottery's materials, techniques, and teaching methods. It opens with a concise historical overview before examining clays and pastes, handbuilding, moulding and casting, jiggering, wheel-throwing, turning, tile-making, drying and finishing. Detailed chapters explain biscuit and glost firing, glaze formulation and decorative techniques, figurine modelling, and kiln construction. Emphasis balances artistic judgment with essential technical knowledge, while appendices outline equipment for small studios and a glossary, making the book a hands-on reference for both students learning fundamentals and practitioners refining craft and classroom instruction.

C = Combining Weight
E = Equivalent Weight
 SymbolC or EFusing Point
 
Alumina (calcined)Al2O3C 102Very infusible
Alumina (hydrated)Al2O3·3H2OC 156
AluminiumAlE 27627° C.
AmmoniaNH3 Volatile
AntimonySbE 120432° C.
Antimony oxideSbO
ArsenicAsE 75500° C.
Barium (metallic element)BaE 137Fuses above red heat
Barium carbonateBaCO3C 197
BarytesBaSO4C 233Fuses about white heat
Bauxite
BismuthBiE 28
Borax (crystals)Na2B4O7·10H2OC 382Very fusible
Boric acid (crystals)B2O3·3H2OC 124
Boric acid (dry)B2O3C 70High fusing point
Boron (metallic element)BE 11
Calcined bones  Infusible
Calcined kaolin
China clay (fine)		Al2O3·2SiO2C 222Very infusible slightly vitreous at highest fire
Calcium oxide (lime)CaOC 56Very refractory if alone but fusible with clays
Calcium carbonateCaCO3C 100
China stone
Cornish stone		8SiO2·2Al2O3·K2O13791300° C. about
Chrome oxideCr2O3C 79
ChromiumCaE 51Above platinum
CobaltCoE 591500° C.
Cobalt oxideCo2O3C 165
Cobalt oxide (black)Co2O4C 240
CopperCuE 631054°-1084° C.
Copper oxide (black)CuOC 79.5
Earthy colourants
  Ochres
  Siennas
  Umbers
Felspar6SiO2·Al2O3·K2OC 5561200°-1300° C. about, according to purity
Flint (calcined)SiO2C 601830° C. about
FluorsparCaF2 Much lower than felspar
Galena (lead sulphide)PbS Very fusible
GoldAuE 1471054°-1075° C.
Gypsum (plaster of Paris, if calcined)CaSO4·2H2OC 172
IronFeE 561530°-1600° C. about
Iron oxideFe2O3C 160
IridiumIrE 1931950° C. about
Kaolin (see calcined kaolin)Al2O3·2SiO2·2H2OC 258Infusible
Lead (metal)PbE 206326° C.
Lead carbonatePbCO2
Lead, red oxide ofPb3CO4
Lime (see calcium oxide or carbonate)CaO
Lynn sand (see silver sand)SiO2
Magnesia (calcined)MgOC 40430° C.
Magnesia (carbonate)MgO·CO2
Manganese, carbonateMnCO3C 115
Manganese (metal)MnE 551670° C. about
Manganese oxide (or black)MnO2C 87
Nickel (metal)NiE 581427°-1450° C.
Nickel oxideNiOC 75
NitreKNO3
Pearl ash or potashKOH
Plaster of Paris (calcined gypsum)CaSO4·1⁄2H2OC 145
PlatinumPtE 1971710°-1775° C.
Potash, bichromate ofK2Cr2O7 Fuses dull-red heat
Potassium carbonateK2CO3C 138
Potassium oxideK2OC 94
Quartz
Quartz sand		SiO2C 601830° C. about
Rutile (see titanium)
SaltNaCl 776° C.
SilicaSiO2C 60
Silver sand (or quartz sand)SiO2
Silver (metal)AgE 107945°-962° C.
Soda ash (calcined)Na2CO3C 106
Soda crystalsNa2CO3·10 H2OC 286
Sodium oxideNa2OC 62
Tincal (see borax)
Tin (metal)SnE 119233° C.
Tin oxide (white)SnO2C 150
Titanium oxide (rutile)TiO2 Infusible
Uranium (metal)UE 2391800° C. about
Uranium, oxide ofU3O8
Whitening (see lime carbonate)
Zinc (metal)ZnE 65443° C.
Zinc oxide (white)ZnOC 81

SEGER CONES. (STANDARD CONES. ABOUT 10° HIGHER.)

Numbers. Turning Points. Colour, etc.
 
   Centi-
grade
 
Commences to show colour╔.022600°╗Soft enamel or over-glaze colours.
║.021650°║
╚.020670°╝
Dull red╔.019690°╗Enamels on metals. Fluxes and lustres.
║.018710°║
║.017730°║
╚.016750°║
Red to cherry╔.015790°╝
║.014815°╗Very soft glazes and hard enamel colours. Some lustres. Gilding.
║.013835°║
║.012855°║
║.011880°║
╚.010900°╝
Dull cherry to light cherry╔.09920°
║.08940°
║.07960°╗Majolica glazes or coloured glazes and stanniferous or tin glazes.
║.06980°║
║.051000°║
║.041020°║
║.031040°╝
╚.021060°╗Earthenware glazes. Soft China glazes.
Dark orange to pale orange╔.011080°╝
║11100°╗Soft to hard or fine earthenware biscuit.
║21120°║
║31140°╝
║41160°
╚51180° Sèvres soft bisque.
Yellowish white╔61200°╗Vitreous ware. Granite ware. Salt glaze. Stoneware.
║71230°║
║81250°╝
╚91280° English bone porcelain or China biscuit.
White╔101300°
╚111320°
Intense white╔121350°╗German and Chinese porcelain.
║131380°╝
╚141410° Sèvres porcelain.
 151430°
Bluish white╔161460°
╚171480° Copenhagen porcelain.

To convert temperatures:

Centigrade into Fahrenheit.—Divide by 5, multiply by 9, and add 32.

Fahrenheit into Centigrade.—Subtract 32, divide by 9, and multiply by 5.

MEASURES, WEIGHTS, ETC.

Apothecaries
  1 grain=.0648 gramme.
20 grains=1 scruple=1.296 grammes.
3 scruples=1 drachm=3.888 grammes.
8 drachms=1 ounce=31.103 grammes.
Troy
  1 grain=.0648 gramme.
24 grains=1 pennyweight=1.555 grammes.
20 pennyweights=1 troy ounce=31.1035 grammes.
Avoirdupois
16 drams=1 ounce.
16 ounces=1 pound.
14 pounds=1 stone.
28 pounds=1 quarter.
112 pounds=1 hundredweight (cwt.).
20 hundredweight=1 ton (2240 lbs.).
Capacity (Wet)
  1 gill=1.42 decilitres.
4 gills=1 pint=.568 litre.
2 pints=1 quart=1.136 litres.
4 quarts=1 gallon=4.545 litres.
2 gallons=1 peck=9.09 litres.
4 pecks=1 bushel.
8 bushels=1 quarter.

BOOKS OF REFERENCE

Technical
Chemistry of Pottery. Langenbeck, Karl.
Chemistry of Pottery. Shaw, Dr. S.
Clays. Occurrences, Properties, and Uses. Ries.
Colouring and Decorating of Ceramic Ware. Brongniart, A.
Ceramic Technology. Binns, C. F.
Notes on the Manufacture of Earthen Ware. Sandeman, E. A.
Notes on Pottery Clays. Fairie, Jas.
Pottery Decoration. Hainbach, R.
Technical and Historical
Leadless Decorative Tiles. Furnival, W. J.
Faience and Mosaic, and other volumes. Furnival, W. J.
Manual
Pottery. Lunn, Richard.
Grand Feu Ceramics. D’oat, Taxile.
The Potter’s Craft. Binns, C. F.
Practical Keramics for Students. Janvier, C. A.
Historical and Artistic
Art of the Old English Potter. Solon, L. V.
Chinese Porcelain. Gulland.
Chinese Porcelain. Monkhouse, Cosmo.
Ceramic Art in Great Britain. Jewitt, L.
History of Pottery and Porcelain. Marryat.
Majolica. Fortnum, C. D. E.
Potters, Their Arts and Crafts. Sparkes and Gandy.
Pottery and Porcelain in the United States (and other volumes). Barber.
Persian Ceramic Art (and other volumes). Wallis, H.
Illustrated catalogue of the Faience of Persia and Near East. Burlington Fine Arts Club.

APPLIANCES AND MATERIALS, ETC.

  Sold By
 
Ball Mills. Wengers, Ltd. Eng. (Hanley, Stoke on Trent.)
  Abbey Engineering Co. 220 Broadway, N. Y. City, U. S. A.
 
Biscuit Shapes. Hirshberg Art Co. Baltimore, Md.
 
ClaysChina and Ball.Mandle and Sant. East Liverpool, Ohio, U. S. A.
 China and Modeling.Stewart & Co. N. Y. City, U. S. A.
  Wengers. Hanley, Great Britain.
 Modelling and Stoneware.Western Stoneware Co. Monmouth, Ill., U. S. A.
 Saggar and Stoneware.W. H. Cutter, Woodbridge, N. J., U. S. A.
 
Cones. Wengers, Ltd. Hanley, Eng.
  Drackenfeld & Co. Murray St., N. Y. City, U. S. A.
  Professor Ed. Orton. Columbus, Ohio.
 
Glazes. Wengers, Ltd. Hanley, Eng.
  Drackenfeld & Co. Murray St., N. Y. City, U. S. A.
  Roessler, Haslacher Chemical Co. William St., N. Y. City, U. S. A.
 
Kilns. Gas. Fletcher, Russell. Warrington, Eng.
 
Kilns. Gas and Oil. Bellevue Perfection. Detroit, Mich., U. S. A.
 
Kilns. Oil. Caulkins Revelation. Detroit, Mich., U. S. A.
 
Kilns. Trial. Wengers. Hanley, Eng.
 
Lawns and Sieves. Drackenfeld & Co. 50 Murray St., N. Y. City.
  A. Sartorious & Co. Murray St., N. Y. City.
  Wengers. Hanley Staffs, Eng.
 
Plaster. Wengers. Hanley, Eng.
  Drackenfeld & Co. N. Y. City.
  Calvin Thompkins. Battery Pl., N. Y. City.
 
Quartz, Flint, Felspar. Wengers, Ltd. Hanley, Eng.
  Drackenfeld & Co. Murray St., N. Y. City, U. S. A.
  Golding & Sons. Trenton, N. J., U. S. A.
 
Scales. Wengers. Hanley Staffs, Eng.
  Hy. Troemner. Philadelphia, Pa., U. S. A.
 
Stilts, etc. Trenton Stilt & Spur Co. Trenton, N. J., U. S. A.
  Wengers. Hanley, Eng.
 
U. G. Colours, etc. Wengers. Eng.
  Drackenfeld & Co. N. Y. City, U. S. A.
 
Wheels. Crossley Mfg. Co. Trenton, N. J., U. S. A.
  T. S. Nickerson. Newburyport, Mass., U. S. A.
TRANSCRIBER’S AMENDMENTS

Transcriber’s Note: Blank pages have been deleted. On pages that remain, some unnecessary page numbers may have been deleted when they fall in the middle of lists. Some illustrations may have been moved. When the author’s preference can be determined, we have rendered consistent on a per-word-pair basis the hyphenation or spacing of such pairs when repeated in the same grammatical context. The publisher’s inadvertent omissions of important punctuation have been corrected.

The following list indicates any additional changes. The page number represents that of the original publication and applies in this etext except for illustrations since they may have been moved.

Page          Change

20  the highest fire (around 17000°[1700°] Centigrade).
91  but it is [a] waste of time to attempt it
181  The slip is allowed to settled[settle] and the water siphoned off.
193  AL[Al]_2O_3 · 2SiO2193  Cobalt                 |             C6[Co]
194  Felspar                |6SiO2·Al2O3·K2O[K2O]

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